فهیمه قاسمی چراتی

Shortly after the emergence of COVID-19, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic, which brought numerous challenges to the field of education worldwide. Consequently, this study was conducted to explore the teaching and learning processes of officials during the pandemic.

This qualitative research study was conducted using a comprehensive content analysis approach from April to November 2023. The participants included 11 officials from Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, specializing in the teaching and learning process, who were selected purposefully. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews and by evaluating documents from the university's directorate and vice-chancellor. To ensure the validity of the qualitative study, four criteria—credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability—were employed. Credibility was established through prolonged engagement and sufficient interaction with participants, gathering accurate information, and validating it with participants. Dependability was ensured through peer review by two qualitative research experts, who confirmed the validity of the data analysis process. Confirmability was obtained through the perspectives of the research team colleagues. All research processes were documented and reported in detail to ensure the transferability of the results.

From the in-depth analysis of interviews and documents, 520 initial codes were extracted. After reviewing and summarizing the codes multiple times, they were classified based on similarities and correlations. The underlying meanings were identified through analysis and comparison, and the codes were conceptually and abstractly named based on their nature. Ultimately, two main categories, "challenges" and "strategies," emerged from the process of code abstraction. The "challenges" category was derived from three sub-categories: psychosocial pressures, challenges in theoretical teaching, and challenges in clinical education. The "strategies" category evolved from eight sub-categories: strategies to improve virtual teaching of theoretical courses, strategies to improve clinical and practical teaching, the formation of virtual groups for students and enhanced communication with them, managing the physical presence of students and professors according to the pandemic situation, providing facilities for students to access virtual education content, emerging educational strategies, facilitating educational regulations with increased flexibility, and providing the necessary resources to adhere to in-person education protocols.

The COVID-19 pandemic introduced various challenges for both professors in adapting their teaching methods and students in adjusting to online learning. However, these challenges also presented opportunities. The pandemic forced changes in educational processes, providing a new experience or opportunity to learn, understand, and adapt to the evolving needs of medical education for all stakeholders. These changes may also have long-term impacts on healthcare. The experiences gained during the pandemic can be used to revise health-related policies, and documenting these experiences can help in better managing future epidemics.

One of the response areas of Iran's health system in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic is the area of health and prevention. In many countries of the world, the primary strategy against COVID-19 is prevention and health, and this issue was considered before treatment. Considering that the COVID-19 pandemic was a new event and a new experience for health systems around the world, there is a need to investigate the different effects of this emerging phenomenon in different populations. Therefore, this study was conducted to explain the experiences of the health management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

This applied research was conducted in terms of the qualitative paradigm and by the method of summative content analysis. In this study, semi-structured interviews and existing documents of university vice-chancellors during the COVID-19 pandemic were used. In this study, interviews were conducted with 16 officials of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (The president of the university, vice president of health, health managers, doctors, experts of health centers, and also experts who worked in the university headquarters in the department of health vice) and a three-hour focus group of 15 people. The participants were selected based on the goal of maximum diversity. For the validity and strength of the study, the criteria proposed by Goba and Lincoln were used. The researcher tried to increase the credibility of the research with long-term involvement and sufficient interaction with the participants, collecting valid information and confirming the information by the participants. The researcher tried to increase the reliability of the data by repeating step by step and collecting and analyzing the data, taking advantage of the review by the experts. To increase the data Confirmability criteria, the approval of the associate professors of the project and their supplementary comments were used. To be able to transfer the data of the study, the researcher tried to provide a rich description of the research report to evaluate and applicability of the research in other fields so that other researchers can also be able to understand the data and achieve the same, as well as the participation quotes. The participants were presented in the same way as said. In this study, MAXQDA software was used for data analysis.

From the data analysis, two main layers (health challenges, preventive and coping strategies) and eight sub-layers (challenge of lack/delay in receiving health-treatment services, epidemiological challenge, health management challenge, vaccination challenge, strategies Receive health-treatment services on time to promote community health, epidemiological strategies, strategies for implementation of health guidelines, strategies for implementation of COVID-19 vaccination) and twenty-six sub-categories were extracted.

Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences faced many challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, by holding decision-making meetings and coordinating various health units, in line with the policies of the ministry, providing suitable solutions for prevention and countermeasures. The results of this study can be used to teach other university officials to deal with other emerging diseases and the future planning of health policymakers. It is suggested to conduct a study comparing the rate of acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in normal people and medical staff and related factors at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

Learners prefer to use a system for learning that improves their interaction; therefore, self-regulated learning is important. The present study aimed to determine online self-regulated learning (OSRL) and its related factors among medical science students during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2021.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 249 students affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran, using a non-randomized quota sampling method. The required data were collected using a demographic form, an Online Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire, and a researcher-made questionnaire of related factors of OSRL based on a literature review. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, such as ANOVA, t-test, Pearson, and multivariate linear regression using the Enter method.

The mean of the total score of self-regulated learning was 80.2±15.5 and in a good range. Among the related factors, students' gender (β=-0.239), marital status (β=-0.210), age (β=0.195), and time management (β=-0.125) explored 16.5% of the variance OSRL. The other variables had no significant relationship with OSRL.

In the present study, marital status, gender, age, and time management significantly correlated with the variance of OSRL. Different studies are necessary to investigate the variables that explore OSRL so that educational managers can provide a better virtual learning environment for students by considering these variables.

Kawasaki is an acute childhood vasculitis of unknown cause that if left untreated can cause coronary aneurysms in 25% of cases. The disease is reported as the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiological and clinical features of Kawasaki disease in northern Iran.

In this descriptive-analytic review study, all registered cases of Kawasaki disease in Mazandaran province between 2007 and 2019 were investigated. Epidemiological, demographic, clinical, periodical tests, risk factors, disease burden, complications, and follow-up information were collected. Data analysis was done applying descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and logistic regression.

The data of 136 children with Kawasaki disease were assessed. Clinical symptoms were found to be significantly different between children with complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease (P<0.001). Most children with complete and incomplete Kawasaki disease had heart disease (63.2% and 75.5%, respectively), and coronary artery disease (52.6% and 58.2%, respectively) but no significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of cardiovascular involvement (P>0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that fever for more than 5 days is a predictor of coronary artery involvement (P= 0.001).

The study showed that fever for more than 5 days is a risk factor for heart and coronary artery involvement as one of the complications leading to death in these children. Therefore, accurate control of fever and heart examinations are important in children with symptoms of

Moral distress is a stressful experience in the face of clinical decision making that causes severe psychological stress. This common phenomenon occurs when a person cannot take appropriate action despite being aware of that. Nursing students are also exposed to moral damage during clinical education, so, this study was conducted to investigate moral distress and related factors in nursing students.

In a descriptive correlational study, 350 nursing students in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences participated in 2019. They were selected via available sampling. Demographic information and educational information were recorded, and Moral Distress Scale-Revised (MDS-R) was completed. In this scale, the scores range from zero to 336 and a high score indicates a higher level of moral distress. The scale examines moral distress from two aspects; frequency of an event and its severity. Data analysis was done using SPSS V25.

The mean score for moral distress in nursing students was 78.59±35.79. The mean score for frequency of moral distress was 31.66±10.05 and the mean score for the intensity of moral distress was 42.76±13.38. Findings showed low levels of moral distress in nursing students. Linear regression analysis also showed a significant relationship between moral distress and age, place of residence, and type of residence (P= 0.0010, r2= 0.09).

Moral distress is experienced by nursing students, therefore, clinical education programs should focus on morally stressful events and help the students to cope and reduce any negative consequences.