لیدا سلیمی

Arsenic is one of the heavy metals with a very high health priority. High concentrations of arsenic in water sources can cause many problems, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular problems, and even some cancers in consumer populations. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the methods of removing arsenic from drinking water with emphasis on metal nanoparticles (titanium dioxide and zinc oxide) and activated carbon.

This study was a review that was reviewed to study all articles in domestic and foreign databases such as IranModex, IranDock, SID and Google Scholar, Direct science, World Health Organization information base, Pubmed. The keywords heavy metals, arsenic, arsenic removal method, metal nanoparticles, surface water and groundwater were used to search.

A review of studies on the removal of arsenic from water sources showed that since the separation and removal of arsenic from drinking water is very important, various methods such as coagulation and flocculation, ion exchange, filtration and adsorption to remove arsenic from water have been used. Due to good efficiency, low cost and ease of use and other management and environmental considerations, adsorption methods for arsenic removal in water resources have been well introduced. Which is one of the optimal methods of activated carbon. Among the various adsorption methods, activated carbon is a good adsorbent for the removal of 5-valent arsenic (As V), and its efficiency requires pre-oxidation to remove 3-valent arsenic (As III), which is best done with some modifications on activated carbon. For this purpose, nanoparticles have been considered much more for arsenic removal because they can greatly improve the removal efficiency and eliminate the need for pre-oxidation in the water treatment process.

The results showed that iron nanoparticles alone or in combination with other metals, titanium in combination with other metals, especially zinc, cerium and zirconium had significant efficiency.

Today, the production of effluents containing medicinal compounds, including tetracyclines, is one of the major threats to the environment and endanger human health. Accordingly, the need for an efficient system to remove these compounds from aquatic environments is felt. Therefore, the aim of this study was to optimize and model the removal of tetracycline antibiotics using TiO2 / N / S nanocatalyst in the presence of visible light in aqueous solutions.

In this experimental study conducted in 2019, nanocatalyst was synthesized by sol-gel method and then its characteristics were analyzed using SEM, XRD, EDS and BET analyzes. Secondly, by changing the reaction conditions such as changing the synthesized photocatalyst dose (0.1-2) g/l, antibiotic concentration (1-50) mg/l, reaction time (2-90) minutes and solution pH (2-10) and by visible light irradiation to remove tetracycline from synthetic effluent and the effect of these variables on process performance by response surface method and CCD method and determination of optimal conditions, investigation of reaction kinetics, tetracycline mineralization and photocatalyst performance in real wastewater treatment Was evaluated. Tetracycline was determined by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance.

The software has proposed a complete quadratic model as the best model, based on ANOVA analysis of variance. The maximum removal efficiency of tetracycline with this process in optimal conditions with a pH of 6 and a time of 56 minutes and a concentration of tetracycline of 13 mg/l was the catalyst value of 1.2 g/l was 77%. The mineralization efficiency of tetracycline antibiotics under optimal conditions was 47% and the kinetic study presented that the data followed the quasi-first-order model well and eliminate the tetracycline process in the wastewater of Imam Sajjad Hospital of Yasuj by 72%.

The results indicated that the efficiency of TiO2/N/S photocatalytic process exposed to visible light radiation in the removal of tetracycline due to lack of by-products as well as mineral end products (carbon dioxide and water) as a desirable process.

In this study, the Scallop bivalves were used for biofiltration of wastewater in shrimp farms during spring 2018 from Guowater Bay. Sedimentation, biological and aeration ponds were prepared for biofiltration around the main pool, then, oyster bivalves were collected from natural environment (sea) and were placed in these pools. Concentration of quality parameters were investigated in four sampling stations including station 1 (sea water), station 2 (inlet water), station 3 (outlet waste) from main pond, and station 4 (water sampled before entering the sea). The results showed that the concentration of parameters were significantly higher in the outlet waste of main pond (station 3) than the other stations (P<0.05). The results of the correlation test showed there was significant negative correlation between biofiltration ratio and quality parameters, so that concentrations of parameters were decreased with increasing in filtration rate. The concentration of nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, EC, TDS and dissolved oxygen were 0.67, 1.52, 22.36, 39.78, 20.21 and 9.49 mg/l in main pond, and 0.56, 0.79, 16.81, 38.68, 16.45 and 12 mg/l after biofiltration, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences between parameters before and after biofiltration. There were significant differences in the biofiltration rate between the different time intervals (P<0.05), so that the highest and lowest filtration rates were observed in the fifth and first day, respectively. The rate of 20, 48, 27, 22 and 2.5 % of nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, TDS and EC were removed from wastewater during biofiltration process. Therefore, the Scallop bivalve has a high ability for biofiltration of wastewater in shrimp farms that can be used as a good indicator for biofiltration of fish and shrimp farms.

In addition to damage to individual and social health, drug abuse can seriously endanger the aquatic environment through access to aquatic ecosystems. In this research, narcotic drugs (methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and codeine) in the input and output wastewater, the sludge arising from wastewater treatment in the wastewater treatment plant of Tehran municipality, and the output effluent in one of the hospitals in Tehran (Tehranpars Hospital) have been examined via GC gas chromatography and Solid Phase Micro Extraction.
Solid-phase micro-extraction is an equilibrium extraction method through which it is possible to use pollutants in low concentrations and with high sensitivity without using solvents by means of a proper calibration method. Gas chromatography is the analyzer, initially used with SPME, and, to date, many of its applications are based on separation and analysis by this device.
The results of this study showed that high concentrations of codeine and morphine exist in urban sewage and the efficacy of treatment plants in removing these contaminants was not significant (elimination percentages were 23% and 43%, respectively). It has also been observed that there is no cocaine in the study samples.
The findings of this study have health-medical implications and points.

Awareness of the quality of water resources is essential for assessing pollution trends for each region. The study area is located in the villages of Damavand city in Tehran, which is used to study the water quality parameters . Within 8 months , from January to August 2016, has focused on sampling and measuring physical parameters (Ec, TDS, turbidity, pH, hardness and alkalinity) of the water from 11 wells in the villages of Damavand city, which was chosen according to the location of the village's residential texture and its proximity to agricultural areas as sample wells. Also, by sampling and analyzing for two times, the quality of each parameter in the studied area and finally a qualitative map for each parameter was prepared. The results of this study suggest that given the fact that the southern marginal areas of Damavand area, especially the village of Wadan, have the highest concentration in most water quality parameters, this area can be considered as a narrow zone of high-risk man-made pollution hazard due to the rise of the rock floor and reduced permeability. In addition, the state of governance of the village of Wadan at the end of sedimentation basin has caused the role of the effectiveness of natural (geological) and hydrogeological factors in this section to be quite evident, the effects of which are increasing the concentration of physical parameters in this area. Due to the fact that some of the qualitative parameters have been observed in the groundwater resources of the area and, on the other hand, the only source of water supply in the Damavand area is groundwater, it is necessary that the quality of drinking water of the inhabitants of the area should always be considered.

Antioxidant is a substance which inhibits production of free radicals, autooxidation in foods and cancers. This study focuses on the antioxidant property and polyphenol compounds of enriched jelly gums enriched with green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Moisture, ash and acidity of samples were also evaluated. Jelly gums were produced with different amounts of dried powder of green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Antioxidant property of microalgae and products were evaluated by DPPH and polyphenol compounds were evaluated by folin-ciocalteu assay. Moisture, ash and acidity were compared with standards for jelly gums. According to the results, jelly gums hadsignificant antioxidant properties because of Chlorella vulgaris which was27 ± 0.3 mg gallic acid g/dw. This microalga contains the acceptable level of polyphenol compounds and also about 2 ± 1.3 mg equivalent gallic acid g/dw. Moisture was stable in all samples and equal to 12.2. Ash was increased in each evaluation but acidity was decreased every time. Comparing the results of antioxidant properties of these samples with different groups of foods in other studies, it can be perceived that the samples are in the category of high antioxidant property. Using green Chlorella vulgaris assures the presence of polyphenol compounds in the products. Neither moisture, ash nor acidity were non-compliant with the standards.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physical and chemical parameters and determine detergent levels in Taar River (from Taar Lake to Mamlou dam region). In this study, physical and chemical parameters of the river, including pH, DO, EC, COD, BOD, Cl- l levelsand also detergent levels were determined. For this purpose, 5 stations were designated alongside the river. The results showed that the pH levels were between 8.89 -10.12, EC was measured between 380-800 µs/s, DO levels were between 2.14 – 2.8 mg/l, levels of Cl- were between 1.2 - 47 mg/l, BOD measurements showed levels between 0-16 mg/l, COD levels were between 2-36 mg/l and detergent concentrations were less than 0.02 mg/l in all stations. Comparing the results with Department of Environment standards for surface waters, at the time of sampling, the chemical and physical parameters measured and detergent levels of Taar river were in the recommended standard range.

Nowadays the destructive effects of oil pollutions that produced by different resources in waters and aquatic organisms have been defined with the intention of studying effects of crude oil in different concentration, on variations of anti-oxidant enzymes level (SOD, CAT)in Tetraclita rufotincta and the possibility of introduce these enzymes as biomarkers. Metod: Barnacles Tetraclita rufotincta were sampled in Bahrekan region. Barnacles exposed to 250ppb, 125ppb, 62.5ppb, 31.25ppb, 15.625ppb and 3ppb as a control, crude oil after 24,48,72 and 96 h. 15 barnacles removed from aquarium in average. Animals were examined for levels of Antioxidants enzymes (SOD, CAT) in their tissues. this study detected that in aquarium 1, with 3ppb concentration, after 24,48,72 and 96 h Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively 128/98, 30/04, 75/8, 62/0 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 2 and 3, with 15.625ppb and 31.25ppb concentration, after the period mentioned, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively 104/45, 74/95, 13/57, 10 U/ml/mg protein and 69/96, 61/56, 60/5, 86/46 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 4 and 5, with 62.5ppb and 125ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shownrespectively 98/79, 193/9, 42/75, 124/77 U/ml/mg protein and 69/22, 40/08, 81/86, 59/95U/ml/mg protein and in aquarium 6, with 250ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively 62/11, 87/1, 20/71, 93/47U/ml/mg protein. The results also detected that in aquarium 1, with 3ppb concentration, after 24,48,72 and 96 h Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 13/29, 15/31, 15/5, 16/25 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 2 and 3, with 15.625ppb and 31.25ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 13/03, 16/74, 13/65, 13/61U/ml/mg protein and 11/46, 16/54, 15/, 13/58U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 4 and 5, with 62.5ppb and 125ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 18/74, 11/86, 11/91, 16/22U/ml/mg protein and 21/1, 15/8, 15/04, 39/22U/ml/mg protein and in aquarium 6, with 250ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 15/54, 18/8, 15/81, 15/97U/ml/mg protein. There was no correlation between Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and different concentrations of crude oil, during the animals exposed to crude oil. It also detected that CAT enzyme is sensitive parameter than SOD and that could be useful biomarker for the evaluation of contaminated aquatic ecosystems in Tetraclita rufotincta barnacles.

Azolla filiculoides Lam. a small aquatic and planktonic fern, is found floating on the surface of canals, lakes, wetlands and ponds. Azolla can be used as a bio-filter in the entrance pathway of industrial waste materials to wetlands and rivers, to absorb and remove heavy metals. This research was done in the summer (hot season) and the winter (cold season) of 2011-2012, in three stations Pesikhan (Eastern region), Siah Darvishan (Central region) and Siah Kashim and Abkenr (Western region), in Anzali lagoon. Roots and leaves of sampled Azolla were separated and after digestion, the concentration of chromium and zinc, in mg/kg of the dry weight, was measured using electrothermal atomic absorption. Results showed that the concentrations of zinc and chromium in the east of Anzali Lagoon were higher than the west and central regions. Average concentrations of zinc and chromium in the eastern section of the lagoon were (62/84 ±3/13, 3/14 ± 1/07), in the west (27/64 ±22/03, 1/3 ± 1/1) and in the center (29/97 ±23/3, 2/33 ±1/8) ppm, respectively. The highest contamination was noticed in the eastern area, then central, and finally in the western region of Anzali Lagoon. Results showed that in all regions of Anzali Lagoon, concentration of Cr and Zn were significantly higher in roots in comparison to leaves of Azolla (P<0.05). Also, in summer there were higher levels of heavy metals in roots and leaves than in winter. In present research, there were a positive correlation between concentration of heavy metals and temperature, but there was no correlation with other parameters. According to the results, the mean concentration ​​ of chromium (2.25 ppm) in Azolla was significantly higher than the permissible limit of chromium for plants (1.30mg/kg), recommended by WHO, while zinc (40.15 ppm) was lower than WHO’s recommended limit for zinc in plants (50 mg/kg).

Background and Aquatic ecosystems are important sources of food for human which are sometimes highlycontaminated. It is important to determine their levels of contaminations, so, in this study, theconcentrations of lead, cadmium and nickel was investigated in the gills and musclesof Barbusxanthopterus captured from Dez River, Iran. Thirty samples of Barbusxanthopterus were captured from the central basin of Dez River using gillnet. The tissues were isolated, and the samples were digested. The concentrations of lead, cadmium and nickel were measured using a PE-4100 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. The levels of lead, cadmium and nickel in gills were 0.322 ± 0.006, 0.182 ±0.006, and 0.004 ± 0.219, respectively. The concentration of these metals in muscle were 0.277 ± 0.014, 0.005 ± 0.0146, and 0.013 ± 0.165, respectively. Higher concentrations of heavy metals were found in gills. T-test revealed significant differences in the levels of nickel, lead, and cadmium between the gills and muscle. According to thisresearchthe concentrations of studied metals were lower than the WHO standards.

Rivers are important water resources which to have broad application. Heavy metal are considered as important factors in pollution of water resources. On the other hand, the entry of pollutants into rivers, cause physical and chemical changes in them. The recognition of these metals and the knowledge of their parameters and trends is essential. This study aimed to determine physical and chemical parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, EC) and the amount of zinc, nickel and cadmium of Shatereh river (Its water used to irrigate farm) located in the southwest of Tehran. Sampling was done at 3 stations in Esfand 1392 (Persian calender before the bridge Shatereh, industrial areas and agricultural areas) with 3 replications.Average ater temperature of 8.25 ° C, mean dissolved oxygen 8.03 , pH levels ranging 8.02 and the average amount were abserved EC 493.32 cm .Average amount of heavy metals, zinc, nickel and cadmium were respectively 0.4206, 38.135, 39.180 micrograms per liter. The variance of zinc, nickel and cadmium of there station at sig <0.05 showed that there was significant difference betwean 3 station. According to the EPA standard of measured parameters, the data are shown t in to be in the acceptable range and the results for zn showed that the levels in all 3 stations are within standard leveland heavy metal content of nickel a

In the present study common kilka from Guilan province coastal area (Port of Anzali) and fish meal produced from it، have been examined to investigate the type and amount of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Bio monitoring is very important because these pollutants are carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds، if they enter human food chain. Sampling process was completed in Anzali fishing port. For sampling 2 kg of fishes randomly selected and sent to laboratory for biometric experiments including fork length (cm)، weight (g) and age (year) by inner ear otolith method. For determining PAH''s frozen samples were eventually sent to laboratory. HPLC was used and a total 16 PAH''s in EPA table were determined. For 3 year old fish، the compounds found were: Naphthalene، Indeno (1،2،3…cd) pyrene، Pyrene، Fluorene، Anthracene and Dibanzo (ah) anthracene with quantities of 90. 67، 19. 75، 8. 42، 5. 93، 3. 30 and 0. 37 (ppb)، respectively. For 5 year old fish the PAHs were Naphthalene، Indeno (1،2،3…cd) pyrene and Fluorene found with quantities of 74، 14. 25 3. 96 (ppb)، respectively، while for 7 year old one no PAHs were found. The results also showed that PAHs amounts in tissues of kilka are fortunetly below the standard levels.

In present study common Klika from Guilan province coastal area (Bandar–e- Anzali) and fish meal produced from that, has been examined to investigate types and amount of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Bio-monitoring of pollutants is very important because they are carcinogenic and mutagen components, if they enter human food chain. Samples were collected from Anzali fishing port. 300Kg of fish sample sent to fish meal producing plant after fish containers were coded. 2 Kg of randomly selected sample was sent to laboratory for biometric analysis including fork length, weight and age determination by inner ear otolith method. For measuring PAHs, frozen samples were eventually taken to the laboratory and out of 16 PAH's compounds in EPA table for 3 year old fishes, 6 compounds were found namely: Naphthalen, Indeno (1,2,3…cd) pyrene, Pyrene, Fluorene, Anthracene and Dibanzo (ah) anthracene with quantity of 90.67, 19.75, 8.42, 5.93, 3.30 and 0.37 ppb respectively. In 5 years old fishes 74.00, 14.25 and 3.96 ppb Naphthalen, Indeno (1,2,3…cd) pyrene and Fluorene were determined respectively. While for 7 years old fishes no PHA has been found. For all age combinations 2 compounds i.e. Naphthalen and Indeno (1,2,3…cd) pyrene were present found with amount of 17.67 and 8.97 ppb respectively. In fish meal sample only Naphthalen and Indeno (1,2,3…cd) pyrene were recorded with amount of 11.73 and 5.98 ppb in order. The results also show that there is a significant difference between age increase and decline of Naphthalen, Pyrene, Indeno (1,2,3…cd) pyrene and Dibanzo (ah) anthracene. However there are no significances found between meal texture and produced meal in spite of decreasing trend. The results also showed that PAH amounts both in fresh Kilka and fish meal fortunately are below standard levels.

Ten specimen of Vimba vimba persa fish were caught using a bach seine net by local fishermen in December 2013 from the Anzali coasts (Anzali Wetland openings). Samples were transferred to the laboratory and then the fish gender was determined. Biometry of each was done. Samples consisted of 6 female and 4 male. Average length of females and males were 19.21 ± 1.01 and 18.65±0.264 cm respectively and the average weight of females and males were 68.8± 8.160 and 62.9±2.201 gr respectively. Then, 1 gram of every fish muscle was separated and Al, Ni, Cr, Pb were measured in the muscles after chemical digestion using ICP. Hg measurement in muscles was done by atomic absorption using cold vapor method. Each treatment had 3 replicates. The amount of metals in both females and males was as follows Al> Ni> Pb> Hg> Cr. Significant differences between the concentrations of these metals were not observed in both males and females (P≥0.05). By comparing the concentration of studied heavy metals with international standards (WHO, FAO, SAW, FEPA) showed that mercury levels in males and females were 0.22± 0.05 and 0.20±0.06 milligram in kilogram respectively (WHO=0.1-0.5), chromium in both sex was less than 0.01 milligrams in kilogram (WHO=0.15) and lead in males was 0.85± 0.44 and in females were 0.58± 0.36 milligram in kilogram (WHO= O/5-1/5) and each 3 metals were less than the international standard levels. The concentration of Aluminum in males was 1.95±0.51 and in females was 1.23±0.59 milligram in kilogram (SAW=0/03) and Nickel was 1.60±2.00 and 0.766± 0.18 milligram in kilogram in males and females respectively (WHO=0.5-0.6), which exceeded of international standards.

Anzali Lagoon is an internationally protected lagoon located in west-south of Caspian Sea which has special ecologic, economic, social importance with vast diversity of plants and animals. According to entrance of contaminants into this lagoon, concentration of several heavy metals in muscle of Esox lucius fish have been investigated in this study. First stage of sampling from three stations of lagoon, have been fulfilled at dry season of September and second stage have been implemented at rainy season of November 2010. In each season nine samples of fish have been collected and transported to laboratory in freezed condition. Evaluation and measurement of heavy metal concentration has been fulfilled by Graphite furnace atomic absorption equipment. Maximum mean concentration of Hg, Ni, Se, Zn, Al, and Fe have been detected in the summer and maximum mean concentration of Cu has been detected in the winter. Maximum mean value of Hg, Ni, Zn,Al in Abkenar, maximum mean value of Se in Siah Darvishan and maximum mean value of Cu, Fe in Komeh Aghajani have been detected, while concentraton of Mo, Cd, V and Pb are equal in the three above mentioned stations. Statistical analysis of this study has been fulfilled by SPSS, V14 software. Pearson correlation test, showed a positive strong correlation between temperature and the amount of Fe (r=0.83, P<0.05). Only significant difference in concentration of Fe has been obtained between summer and winter seasons (P=0.016, df=16, P<0.05). Significant difference in concentration was detected only for Hg between Abkenar and Komeh Aghajani stations (P=0.05).This study shown that, the concentration of Ni, Hg, and Cd in the muscle of Esox lucius are high and it is considered as a serious warning.

Background and

Heavy metal contamination of aquatic ecosystems is a major concern for animals and human health. Pollutants such as heavy metals accumulate the food chain and at the end, they transmit to the human body. In this research, the concentrations of nickel, lead and cadmium in Barbus grypus of Dez River, Iran, were determined and compared with international standards.

30 Barbus grypus were caught from the central area of Dez River (city of Dezful). Then, the fishes were digested in concentrated nitric acid, and nickel, lead and cadmium concentrations were measured using graphite furnace device.

The concentrations of lead, cadmium and nickel in the gill tissues were 0.281 ± 0.013, 0.156 ± 0.009, and 0.315 ± 0.070 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of lead and cadmium were significantly higher in gill tissue compared to muscle (P < 0.05).

The results indicate that the concentrations of nickel, lead and cadmium in Barbus grypus of Dez River were less than the World Health Organization standards.

To determine the heavy metals Zinc, Lead, Chromium and Copper in soft tissues of Thais mutabilis (gastropod) in three transect of tidal coast of Bandar Abbas, sampling was done in winter of 1389 (2011). Each Transect had three stations; Upper, mid and lower tidal zone. Sampling was done randomly with 0.5 square meter quadrate. Each area was sampled 9 times. The samples were analyzed for determination of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu). The results showed that in the gastropod, zinc (577/18 ±438.9 ppm) was at the highest concentration between the heavy metals and Lead (0/17±0/6 ppm) was at the lowest. Generally, the highest concentration of Zinc (9/438±18/577), Lead (8/0±67/0) and Chromium (8/0±23/1) in soft tissues of gastropod was in Golshahr jonobi station, and the highest concentration of copper (6/134±77/88) was in the Posht shahr station. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference (P≤0/05) in the concentration of chromium metal in soft tissue of gastropod in Golshahr jonobi transect with Soro. However, there is no significant difference between the concentrations of lead, copper and zinc in samples of soft tissue of gastropod in each transect (P≥0/05). The concentration of lead and chromium in this aquatic environment is lower than admissible range (WHO, 1985). It shows that the input of pollution containing these metals to this environment is low. The concentration of heavy metals such as zinc and copper is higher than admissible range (WHO, 1985) in every 3 transect. The result of bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Zink, Lead, Copper, and Chromium) in soft tissues of Thais mutabilis (Gastropoda) exhibited the following order: Zn> Cu> Cr >Pb.

Effect of Copper، Zinc and Vanadium on growth of Gracilaria salicornia were carried out over 21days under laboratory conditions. The macroalga was collected from coasts of Gheshm island in February 2012. For each treatment، the algae were inoculated into 20 litre water with diameters of 60×30×40 cm. The suspension method used for culture. All treatments (tanks) were carried out in triplicates. The length، width and weight of the thalli were measured on 2، 5، 7، 14، 21 days and relative growth was calculated. The results of this study showed significant differences on growth of G. salicornia between treatments (P<0. 05). Increased growth in low concentrations and reduce the high rate of the investigated metals shows that these metals initially as essential elements for the growth of the practice، and so increase the toxic effects too.

The objective of this study is to determine oil pollutants (PAHs) and investigate PAH source in the sediments of Anzali Lagoon (in Mahrozeh & Selke stations) that can be of high importance from monitoring. Therefore, sampling is made in two wet and dry seasons at Mahrozeh & Selke stations. Finally, making use of GC, the related analyses were performed to determine PAHs. The results showed that mean PAHs in sediments of Mahrozeh were 34.839 in dry season and 61.439 ng/g dw in wet season, and in Selke were 80.432 in dry season and 45.439 ng/g dw in wet season. The amounts of PAHs in Mahrozeh & Selke stations were lower than PAHs in sediments of the Persian Gulf countries, (except of UAE and Oman sediments).and also PAHs in Mahrozeh & Selke stations were lower than sediments of Caspian Sea. The source of PAHs in Mahrozeh & Selke sediments were both pyrogenic and petrogenic.Statistical examinations didn’t show significant differences between PAHs in sampling seasons.

Anzali Lagoon is an international lagoon in North of Iran. It has specific ecosystem characteristics and is a suitable environment for aquatic animals and molluscs, therefore environmental monitoring is very important in this lagoon. On the other hands in recent year'sattention to heavy metals increased. Entry of industrial sewage into aquatic environments and with consideration to bioaccumulation of heavy metals in food chain, the utilization of the polluted aquatic animals by human can bring about irrevocable hazards. The present research aimed to assess Ni, V levels, as oil pollution index, in surface sediments and bivalves (Anodonta cygnea) in 2 stations (Mahrozeh and Selkeh). Samples were collected during 2 different periods of the year, dry and rain seasons, (June & September 2009). Heavy metal (Ni, V) concentrations were determined by Atomic Absorption in Anodonta cygnea and the sediments in Anzali Lagoon. The vanadium concentration in bivalve and sediment was ND (not detected)- 0.3243 µg/g and 2.1796 -306.9603 µg/g respectively. Nickel concentration in bivalve and sediment was 0.0231-1.3351 µg/g, 0.4949-19.5326 µg/g respectively. These amounts in Anzali Lagoon were lower than those of Ni and V in aquatic ecosystems in other countries, and are not in the effect range low (ERL). Besides, the average Vanadium amount is much lower than the sediments in the similar spots, and since ERL and effect range medium (ERM) are not defined for Vanadium, there is no room for judgment. Bioaccumulation sediment factor (BASF) was low for Ni, V (

Five heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cd, Ni, V) in whole body tissue of Solen rosemaculatus of Bandar-e Khamir in summer and winter 2010 were determined. Bandar-e Khamir is one of the major fishing ports in Hormozgan Province in Iran. A sample size of 5-7 cm was harvested from three stations in tidal zone of Bandar-e Khamir. Bivalves transferred to laboratory and biometry whole tissue of  bivalves were separated after preparation and digestion process. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (graphite furnace) amount of heavy metals were measured. Results indicated that: In summer and winter MeanSD concentrations of Cobalt, Chromium, Cadmium and Nickel were (0.0750.026 and 0.0830.034), (0.1000.038 and 0.1420.042), (0.0260.017 and 0.0130.009), (0.9840.287 and 1.1040.344) micrograms per gram dry weight, respectively. Vanadium concentration were in trace amounts below detection limit of the AAS. Results of this study showed that concentration of heavy metals in all samples were less than the permissive international standards. There was a significant difference in the specific concentration of Cr between samples from either different sites or seasons (P<0.05). A significant difference was also observed in comparison of Cd concentrations between samples of different seasons (P<0.05).

Concentrations of PAH’s known as carcinogenic compositions were studied in the muscle of Pike fishes (Esox lucius) in Iranian international wetland of Anzali in year 2010. Fifteen samples were taken at three stations of Mahruzeh, Koumeh Aghajani and Siah darvishan in dry (early September) and wet (early December) seasons. Some environmental parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen and water temperature were also measured at the same time. Biometry and age determination were done for each sample prior to their preparation for measurement of PAH’s concentrations using HPLC method. Acenaphtene with the concentration of (31.9 ± 11.37 ppb) and Benzo[a]pyrene with (0.2 ± 0.1 ppb) were the highest and lowest recorded concentrations in each season respectively. In both seasons, significant negative correlations (P<0.05) were observed between Naphthalene and Acenaphtene with fish age (2 year and under 1 year) and also between Benzo[b]fluoranthene and Benzo[ghi]perylene with dissolved oxygen. In both seasons, significant correlation were observed between dissolved oxygen and pH with PAH’s while  between PAH’s and fish weight it was significant only in cold season (P<0.05).Considering the 52.63 ppb (dry weight) as the highest measured concentration of PAH’s in this study and 30 µg/kg (wet weight) as the maximum allowable contamination level for aquatic organisms it can be concluded that the PAH’s concentration in Pike’s muscle is almost within the allowable limit in Anzali Wetland.

Shark cartilage, liver and muscle may have an inhibitory effect on mutagenicity and accordingly there is a correlation between antimutagenesis and anticarcinogenesis. The use of antimutagens and anticarcinogens in everyday life is the most effective procedure to preventing human cancer and genetic diseases. In this research, we studied the effects of cartilage, muscle and liver extracts of family Sphyrnidae in Persian Gulf on antimutagenicity and antioxidant by Ames test, using Salmonella typhimurium strains in the second phase, especially in the presence and absence of liver microsomal fraction (S9). The number of revertant colonies was compared with negative and positive controls. The results showed that, percentage of antimutagenic and antioxidant effect of cartilage was around 90%. Cartilage extract showed stronger antimutagenic effect in comparison with muscle and liver extracts.Antimutagenic substances may prevent cancer because they can destroy mutagens both inside and outside body cells, and block mutagens that damage DNA and cause mutation in cells. These extracts exhibited an antimutagenic activity that could be beneficial in late as well as early stages of cancer development