فهرست مطالب لیلا سلیمانی

The first method used by Islamic historians under the influence of muhaddithin (traditionists) in narrating and writing history is narrative history, where the historian, like a narrator, is content with merely quoting hadith and in the case of criticism, he is limited to checking the authenticity of the narrator.  At the beginning, the historian has established the competence of the hadith narrators in the manner of scholarly knowledge and the art of jarh (criticizing) and of ta'deel (praising), and due to the similarity of the style of criticism and review of history to hadith, having sufficient knowledge of hadith documents, the degree of authenticity and unauthenticity, the narrator's injury and modification, and the content of hadith. In this way, a series news documents endeavors to gain the help of ilm al-rijāl; literally meaning 'Knowledge of Men', but more commonly understood as the Science of Narrators) as well as jarh (criticizing) and of ta'deel (praising) and it shows a clear picture of the origin of history from inside the hadith. Islamic scholars as well as western historians such as Shakht, Yanbal and Motsky, who have a background in criticizing hadiths, have relied upon the method of historical analysis of texts and evaluating them through independent and external examples in their research. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the historical atmosphere of the narrators about whom there are criticisms and corrections (jarh (criticizing) and of ta'deel (praising)) and according to the necessity of resolving the conflict in the way of (document-text analysis) focusing on the conflict part of the Rijal’s opinions, this research validates these statements and analyzes and looks into a bit of the history of these conflicts. This research is organized with the descriptive-analytical method and the use of organized library sources and by implementing the document-text analysis method in the science of Shia scholars, narrators such as Hisham bin Hakam and Yunus bin Abd al-Rahman, who have conflicts in their validation and weakening, are known as common texts and by taking advantage of the series of Rijali’s documents and drawing a chain of confirming and weakening narrators, it is possible to date and validate the history of these conflicts. As a result, by drawing a network of Jarh narrations and traditions of Hisham bin Hakam and Yunus bin Abd al-Rahman, the common link of these traditions is Yaqub bin Yazid and Abdullah bin Hajjal, and it can be found that they played a central role in the publication of Jarh traditions.

With the increasing development of broiler industry, increasing feeding costs and concerns, environmental pollution caused by nitrogen and phosphorus disposal, finding ways to increase the bioavailability of nutrients, including phosphorus, is of great interest. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of the combination of phytase and synbiotic in phosphorus deficient diets on the performance of broiler chickens.

360 one-day-old broiler chickens of Ross 308 strain were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 18 birds per replication. The birds were fed with the same rations in the first seven days and the experimental diets were given to them from the age of 8 days. Experimental treatments include 1- Control group (diet containing recommended levels of phosphorous), 2- Diet with phosphorus level less than recommended (75% recommended; low phosphorus diet), 3- Low phosphorus diet + phytase, 4- Low phosphorus diet + Synbiotic, 5- Low phosphorus diet + Synbiotic + phytase. Body weight and feed intake were measured in each period and daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were calculated. At the end of the period, low density serum  cholesterol concentrations, high density poprupe (HDL) and low density poprupe L (LDL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes were measured.

During growth period (24-7 days), the weight gain of birds that received phytase, synbiotic and synbiotic diets with phytase was higher than birds fed control or phosphorus deficient diets and these birds had higher live weight (P<0.05). There was no difference in carcass yield and relative weight of liver and ventricular fat between treatments. Experimental treatments had no effect on serum concentrations of cholesterol, HDL and LDL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in broilers. The level of triglyceride in the blood of birds fed phosphorus-deficient diets was lower than that of birds fed control diets containing synbiotics or synbiotics + phytase (p<0.05).

The use of synbiotec + phytase in phosphorus-deficient diets, while reducing the need for phosphorus mineral source, improves the growth performance of broilers and also reduces phosphorus excretion into the environment.

Different views on the issue of predestination and liberty have spread to the realm of history with little difference. Historians have different tendencies depending their regard to history as the arena of human play or the manifestation of God’s will. Providence is a general term for referring to a range of approaches that make God's will effective in historical events. fatalism can be considered as one side of this range, which considers man with no will, and captive in God's providence and conditional legalism is the other side of this range which, while believing in the will of human beings, considers God that have general attention in all fields and direct involvement in some affairs. This article has tried to examine the belief in divine providence in the works of Muslim historians in the third to sixth centuries AH using the method of qualitative content analysis as well as quantitative. The research findings indicate that Tabari and Beihaqi can be considered among the historians of fatalism, and Yaqubi, Masoudi, Miskawayh, and Moghaddasi can be considered as conditional law-abiding historians.

Regarding the important role of educational institutions in educating proper human resources for society, strategic planning is necessary to perform strategies that meet the goals of these institutions. Drawing a strategy plan, using a balanced scorecard approach is a step towards the implementation of the strategies. The strategy map, through identifying the cause and effect relationship between the strategic goals, creates value and provides a great illustration of the strategies supported by the measurable goals. This research was conducted to design a strategy map and performance measurement indicators for nonprofit educational institutions. A logical mechanism is also used to indicate causal relationships between strategic goals. For this purpose, after extraction of strategic goals, by the literature and the research background, the indicator of the measurement of performance was commensurate with the objectives. Judging by the experts through the questionnaire, performance indicators with the highest score were classified according to strategic goals. These indicators were based on the dimensions of the balanced scorecard approach. In order to design a strategy map, By extracting 11 strategic objectives and selection of 27 Performance Measurement Indicators also matches the goals which are determined by the experts. The determination of the cause and effect relationships between the goals has been done using the Dematel technique. The results of the research has been extended in many educational institutions.

The positive effect of mesenchymal stem cells in healing of various types of tissue damage such as burn has been reported. The therapeutic potential effects of mesenchymal stem cells influenced by certain agonists from their surface called Toll like receptor (TLR) can be modified into proinflammatory and anti-inflamation phenotypes. It is believed that modification of phenotypes of mesenchymal stem cells can affect their therapeutic function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of Poly(I:C) (TLR3 agonist) versus LPS (TLR4 agonist) in stimulating mesenchymal stem cells and alteration of the therapeutic potential of these cells for the treatment of third-degree skin burns in mice which was performed at institute of Bio-technology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Total 36 male mice aged 7-8 weeks with 25-30 gr average weights were selected. Based on burn standard method, a stainless-metal rod was heated to 100 in boiling water and burn wounds of 9 second duration were created on each mouse. Within an hour of burn induction, the mice were randomly assigned to four groups, control group with daily application of silver sulfadiazine gel, treatment 1 was treated by receiving subcutaneously 106 unstimulated mesenchymal cells, treatment 2 was treated by receiving subcutaneously 106 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mesenchymal cells, treatment3 was treated by receiving subcutaneously 106 Poly (I:C)-stimulated mesenchymal cells. Biopsies were taken from wounds and some normal tissues around it on days 7, 14 and 21 after burn induction. All samples were examined histopathologically by Hematoxilin-Eosin and masson trichrome stains in terms of thickness of the granulation tissue, tissue repair process, array of granulation tissue and deposition of collagen fibers in the repairing area. Checking normality test was processed using SPSS 18.0 Software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) and data then were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey and post hoc test.
Thickness of the granulation tissue on day 7 differed significantly between the control group and treatment 1 (P Increased therapeutic potential of LPS -stimulated mesenchymal stem cells versus reduced therapeutic potential of Poly (I:C)-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells can be as a result of attaining the proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells in response to the respective agonists, respectively.

Develomental assets consist of opportunity, values and skills that increase adolescent's achievements at school and result in reduction of risky behaviors and play a protective role in psychological well-being. Current study aims to review mediating role of psychological capital in relationship between developmental assets and academic achievements. For this purpose, 463 students (junior and senior high-school) of Bushehr city (259 boys and 204 girls) were selected by cluster sampling method and they responded to Developmental Assets Scale of Minnesota and Psychological Capital Scale of Luthans. Structural equation modeling was used and the results of analyzing data indicated that there was a meaningful and positive relationship between psychological capital and developmental assets. Also, meaningful relationship between psychological capital and educational achievements, mediated by developmental assets was obtained. The results of structural equation modeling suggests that the model fitted the data. With regard to these findings, it can be said that psychological capital has a mediating role in the relationship between developmental assets and educational achievements. Accordingly, with regard to such variables as developmental assets and increase of psychological capital, the rate of student's academic achievements could be increased.

Burning provides irreparable effects on the affected patient. Several studies show that these cells may contribute to tissue regeneration whether through producing a variety of bioactive growth factors and/or by differentiation into mesoderm lineage. Several studies demonstrate that stimulated mesenchymal stem cells have more therapeutic potential than unstimulated cell in accelerate tissue wound healing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of subcutaneous administration of stimulated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with lipopolysaccharide in repairing or regeneration of skin wounds induced by third-degree burn and to compare it with unstimulated Mesenchymal stem cell in mouse model.
The third-degree skin burn was induced on male mice (N=27). After 1 hour, based on the equal physical condition mice were randomly divided into three separate groups which included control, mesenchyme and LPS groups and then respectively subcutaneously administered with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 400 µl), mesenchymal stem cells and stimulated mesenchymal stem cells with LPS (106 cell in 400µl PBS) at the burn site. In order to check the speed of the process of 21-days wound repair, tissue section at days 7, 14, and 21 after induction of burn were prepared and stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Masson’s trichrome.
Considering investigated parameters including formation of granulation tissue, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition and the rate and quality of healing of third-degree thermal burns were significantly accelerated in mesenchyme and LPS groups when compared to the control group (P The results demonstrate that stimulate cells whit LPS improve BMScʼs therapeutic effect in some factors of burn wound healing.

An adequate quantity and an acceptable quality are cornerstones of achieving sustainable development for a human settlement. These are double important in regard to groundwater, which has been utilized through the ages due to its accessibility and acceptable quality relative to the surface waters. To assess the Qorveh plain’s groundwater quality, 1816 water quality data obtained from 45 production wells during the 1984 to 2012 period by the province of kurdistan Regional Water Company were analyzed using the AqQA software and evaluated by the Piper, Schuler, Wilcox, Gibbs stiff and Durou diagrams.

The process of infiltration is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle. On the other hand, the direct measurement of infiltration process is difficult, time spending and expensive. Infiltration models play a main role in managing water resources. Therefore, different types of models with various degrees of complexity were developed to reach this aim. So, this research carried out to the determination of the best infiltration estimation model in Rangeland, forest, agriculture land uses, in the Kakasharaf Watershed in Lorestan province. In this study, infiltration measurements were carried out using the infiltrometer double rings and Philip, Horton, Green-Ampt, Kostiakov and Soil Conservation Service of America (SCS) models, and use to estimate the infiltration. The results of this study showed that in rangeland use, the infiltration of all parameters (cumulative infiltration, the final infiltration rate, infiltration rate and the average time until stabilizing infiltration), is less than forestry and agriculture land use. It also compares the models, in the rangeland, Soil Conservation Service Model, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient 0.910 and coefficient of 0.915, and in land use of forest and agriculture, Philip Model with Nash efficiency coefficient, respectively 0.850 and 0.784, were selected as the best models in the three land uses. The Horton model was selected the weakest model in all of the three land uses as well.

In the current research،the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Discharge Index (SDI) were used to analyze the temporal characteristics of droughts and its effect on discharge reduction of lake Keeyow. In this regard، first، the relation between participation and discharge was assessed and time lag of participation effect on Keeyow spring discharge was calculated. Then the standadized discharg data (SDI) was bilaterally compared with SPI series in four time intervals (3، 6، 9 and 12 months)، using coefficient of determination and pearson correlative coefficient. Then، time lag of effect of metrological drought on hydrological drought was calculated. Results showed that the temporal relation between occurrence of meteorological and hydrological droughts is significant on 99% level of confidence. This significance has a maximum in 6 months interval. Also، drought has decreased discharge of lake Keeyow. So that drought has affected on discharge of the spring in the same month (3 and 6 months time intervals)، or one month later (9 and 12 months time intervals).

Aging is a critical period of human life and the problems and needs of this stage is a social necessity. Taking into account of the special needs of this time such as nutrition in elderly is important but it is often neglected. This survey aimed to determiner about Knowledge, attitude and practice declaration elderly in Ahram city toward nutrition behavior. In this cross-sectional study, 200 subjects aged 75-60 years in Ahram city (Tangestan - Bushehr), participated. A four-part questionnaire is used to this study that included demographic, knowledge, attitude and feeding behavior. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software and using descriptive and analytical statistics (One-way ANOVA, T-test,Chi-square and Logistic Regression). The mean age of participants, 66.2±5.5. 67% of them were female and others were male. The knowledge score of 80% of this people was lower than expected.The average of knowledge scores didn’t have any relationship with sex, grade and job, but the attitude scores have significant different between 2 sex groups (p>0.001(, so that perceived susceptibility (p=0.001), Perceived barrier (p=0.017) and self-efficacy (p=0.004) scores in men were bigger than women. In attitude extent, perceived susceptibility, alone relationship had to grade (p=0.008). We didn’t observe any relationship between nutrition behavior in 5 nutrition groups and sex or job. Also in that extent logistic regression analysis declared that in cereal group, only perceived benefits had a significant direct effect (p=0.045), and in meat group, only perceived barrier had a significant indirect effect (p=0.020). As regards the level of knowledge scores toward nutrition are low; a detailed and comprehensive planning to train them would seem to be necessary.

Recently، bone-marrow-derived cells have introduced new therapeutic approaches to the management of wound healing in severe skin injuries. Bone marrow-derived stromal cells are described as a heterogeneous population، including mesenchymal stem cells، hematopoietic stem cells، and fibro-blast cells. Results derived from several studies indicate that these cells may contribute to tissue regeneration whether through producing variety of bioactive growth factors and/or by differentiation into mesoderm lineage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of subcutaneous administration of bone marrow-derived stromal cells in repairing or regeneration of skin wounds induced by third-degree burn in a mouse model. In an experimental study that was performed in Urmia University research center from December 2011 to June 2012، The third-degree skin burn was induced on the shaved backs of healthy 7-8 week old male mice (N=18) using a metal rods heated in boiling water. After 1 hour، based on the equal physical condition mice were randomly divided into two separate groups and then subcutaneously administered with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 400 µl) or bone marrow-derived stromal cells (106 cell in 400µl PBS) at the burn site. 7، 14 and 21 days after induction of burn injury، biopsies were taken from burn wounds and then the sections were prepared. Subsequently the prepared sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Masson''s trichrome to explore histopathological changes evoke by administration of bone marrow derived stromal cells in comparison with control subjects. Considering investigated parameters including formation of granulation tissue (respectively on days 7، 14 and 21 P≤ 0/007، P≤ 0/0013 and P≤ 0/001)، angiogenesis (on day 21 P≤ 0/002) and collagen deposition، in mice treated with bone marrow-derived stromal cells the rate of healing of third-degree thermal burns was significantly accelerated when compared to the PBS-treated mice. This experimental modulation of wound healing suggests that bone marrow-derived stromal cells can significantly enhance the rate of wound healing possibly through stimulation of granulation tissue، angiogenesis، fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition.