لیلا علیخانی

This research aims to determine the effectiveness of spiritual therapy based on communicational skills on cultural security, law-avoidance, and psycho-social health of the youth. The current research is semi-experimental and is based on the framework of pre-test, post-test, and unequal control group. The statistical population of this research included all the medical students of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, 30 of them were selected using available sampling; Among them, 15 people were randomly assigned to the control group and another 15 to the experimental group. In this research, in order to collect data, three cultural security questionnaires of Sarmad et al. (2013), Keyes' 14-question psycho-social health (2004), and Azizi and Partovi's law-avoidance questionnaire (2015) were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics indicators of multivariate covariance analysis. The findings indicated that the training to the experimental group in the post-test stage compared to the control group had a significant effectiveness at the statistical level of 0.999 on increasing cultural security, reducing law-avoidance, and increasing the psychological-social health of the youth (P-Value= (0.001)). Therefore, after the effect of the independent variable, i.e. therapeutic spirituality, the score of all three variables of the experimental group changed substantially and the difference with the control group was significant.

Verses 6 to 8 of Surah Al-Duha, in the capacity of expressing God's special gifts to the Holy Prophet, have caused many interpretations of these verses by commentators. This diversity and difference arises from the vocabulary used, the structure of the sentences and of course the polysemy of the three verses. Multiple meanings in the verses is a reflection of God's power and wisdom in the selection of words and the arrangement of structures that cause a linguistic unit to have multiple meanings in a single use and in a specific text, and all those meanings can be accepted as God's intention. The purpose of this article is to analyze the interpretation of the sixth to eighth verses of Surah Al-Duha, in the first step, it explains the point of view of the commentators, and then, by analyzing the words used and the structure of the sentences, and examining the interpretive traditions, the appropriateness and agreement of these two in the multiple meanings of the verses proved. This research, which has been carried out with a descriptive and analytical method, comes to the conclusion that interpretive narratives in accordance with the vocabulary and structure of the discussed verses, confirm the possibility of different readings and understanding multiple meanings from them

The fourth verse of Sūrat al-Balad, about which various viewpoints have been brought up by commentators in its interpretation and by translators in its Persian translation, is a polysemic verse. The meaning of polysemy in the verse is not the same as ambiguity of meaning that occurs without the intention of the speaker; rather, it indicates the power and wisdom of God in choosing words and combinations that express multiple meanings at the same time and all meanings have also been intended by Him. With the aim of examining the interpretation and translation of the fourth verse of Sūrat al-Balad, the present research has premised the polysemic feature in it. Understanding and a desirable translation of the verse necessitates knowing the applied words, the juxtaposition relationship in the verse as well as the ambience of the sūrah. The present article, which is carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, comes to the conclusion that two meanings can be understood from the verse as it is intended by the Lord, which is reflected in the Persian translation of the verse, will be a parallel application of words due to the impossibility of one-to-one (one word for one word) making equivalents.

The first six verses in Surah al-Mursalāt are examples of verses from which the commentators have understood different meanings. It seems that the type of selection and arrangement of words in these verses has made it difficult to understand the meaning; a difficulty that the previous and subsequent contexts of the verses do not diminish, and this issue has led many commentators to understand an example of it. The argument of some other commentators who have chosen the approach of leaving a specific example is based solely on the application of these verses. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method by explaining the opinions and arguments of commentators, relying on the interpretation of the Qur'an to the Qur'an and counting the narrations, presents the preferred view in not being exclusive to an example. Also evaluate the selected view by explaining the context of the verses and determining the purpose of Surah al-Mursalāt. The result of the reasons is that the limitation of the six verses on a single instance reduces the semantic meaning of the words used in the verses. Therefore, it seems that the verses under study include several examples, which are: Riyah, angels, verses, prophets and spiritual successors.

The nineteenth verse of Sūrah al-Inshiqāq, in which the commentators have expressed different views and sometimes called it concise, has several meanings. The meaning of polysemy in the verse is not in the sense of ambiguity of meaning that occurs without the intention of the speaker in the word; Rather, it indicates the power and wisdom of God in choosing words and combinations that express several meanings at the same time and all meanings are also His purpose. The present study, which is written with a critical-analytical method, first explains the views of the commentators and after a brief review of the views, examines the polysemy hypothesis in the verse. The contexts and factors affecting the occurrence of this issue in the verse under discussion are: polysemy of the morpheme and words of the verse, multiplicity of readings, syntactic structure of the sentence and the linguistic context of the surah or method. The aspects of the meanings that can be enumerated for the verse are: 1- following the predecessors and the occurrence of divine precedents (practice, approved) among the audience of the Qur'an, 2- Generation transformation, 3- Entering the resurrection desert, 4- Entering among the previous Ummah (followers) in hell, 5- Human ascent to heaven, 6- The Ascension of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Due to the non-conflict between the mentioned meanings with each other, with the totality of the text and the axiomatic (certain) religious teachings, all of them can be accepted as various meanings of the verse and the possible meaning of God Almighty.

Subjective mental retardation is one of the agents that in the condition people have less activity than other normal one because of their mental and psychological problem. Based on type of society approach to them, they have less active in comparison with healthy people, and due to this lack of mobility, suffer from physical–motor weakness. One of ways to improve motor behavior of children with intellectual disabilities is physical activity and exercise. Experts believe that physical fitness is a prerequisite for success in other forms of movement. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to compare effects of functional exercises and school games on motor skills of educable intelligence girls.

This study was semi experimental and pre–test and post–test. The statistical samples of this study was 30 girl students 10–16 year’s old schoolchildren of psychology and exceptional school from Neiriz city (Fars province, South of Iran). Participants were identified based on diagnosis of mentally retarded psychiatrists and at Raven's intelligence test; they scored 50 to 70, indicating that they were educable. Then the participants were ranked from top to bottom according to the score in the test. Therefore, based on three consecutive scores divided in the exercise practice group, control group and primary game group. The instrument for collecting data in this study was the Brinhinks–Overstrain expiratory test, which is a normal reference for general and subtle motor skills. Some functional exercises practice included walking forward, sitting and getting up from the chair, spiral movement from eight cones for distance of 1 meter, standing on the soles and heels of feet, along with changes in the direction of the side to side, front and rear. In the primary games group, 45 minutes played after 15 minutes warming, were considered smooth running. The exercise practice group, as well as the primary school group, trained for 8 weeks and the control group was only followed up and did not receive an intervention. For data analysis, SPSS software version 21 was used for comparison between paired t–test and covariance analysis was used for comparison between groups. A significant level of p≤0.001 was considered.

The results of covariance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the scores in the exercises practice and primary school game and the control group. These deference were in the large motor skills (F=81.54, p≤0.001), balance (F=28.8, p≤0.001), coordination (F=19.47, p≤0.001), running speed (F=74.22, p≤0.001) and foot strength (F=98.9, p≤0.001). Also, post–test results showed that there was no significant difference between the scores in the functional training group and the games in the variables of gross motor skills, balance, coordination, running speed and strength of the feet.

Functional exercises and primary school games can be used to improve motor skills and balance, leg strength, speed, and coordination of girls with intellectual disabilities.

Identification of genetic diversity and sustainable management of genetic resources is essential for confronting against degrading pressures of local dwellers on genetic resources of oak-dominated Zagros forests. The goal of this study was to investigate genetic diversity among 150 individuals of Quercus infectoria representing ten populations from north-Zagros forests using start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism marker and leaf morphological and biochemical characteristics. High variability was revealed between populations according to both morphological and biochemical characteristics of leaves. Based on morphological and biochemical data the studied populations divided into three main clusters. Ten selected SCoT primers generated 136 bands, of which 135 bands (99%) were polymorphic. Genotypic analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most of the genetic variability (76%) existed within populations but significant differences were also found between populations. Extensive gene flow via wind-mediated pollination in oaks might be important factor for explaining this situation. SCoT primers-based cluster analysis grouped the populations into distinct clusters without any clear relationship with their geographic origin. The information documented in this paper could be valuable for establishment of conservation strategies for genetic resources of gall oak of north-Zagros forests.

In this work, the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of 109 individuals from nine populations of Lebanon oak (Quercus libani) of north-Zagros forests was investigated using start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular marker, and leaf morphological and biochemical characteristics. Cluster analysis of all phenotypic data grouped the studied populations into five main clusters. Totally, ten SCoT primers produced 101 amplification products, of which 92 fragments (90%) were polymorphic. Nei’s gene diversity (h) and Shannon’s diversity index (I) were relatively high at the both species (h =0.284, I = 0.431) and population (h = 0.258, I = 0.279) levels. High phenotypic and genetic diversity demonstrated that Lebanon oak populations in north Zagros forests maintained a high level of variation. The estimated GST (0.29) showed that the most revealed genetic diversity resided within populations (87%), which was identified with the moderate gene flow level (Nm = 1.175). The relatively high intra-population genetic diversity and low inter-population genetic differentiation was largely attributed to long distance dispersal of pollen, and continuous distribution of populations. Mantel test indicated no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances among populations. Breeding systems characteristics, genetic drift and extensive gene flow are probably important factors for explaining this differentiation.

Inter- and intra-population diversity of nine brant oak (Quercus brantii) populations، comprising of 125 genotypes from north-Zagros forests was investigated using start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular marker، and seed and leaf biochemical characteristics. Variance analysis of 12 biochemical properties disclosed significant inter-population differences for most of the estimated parameters. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first three components contributed in 63% (seed) and 71% (leaf) of revealed phenotypic diversity. Cluster analysis of phenotypic data grouped the studied populations into three distinct main clusters. Ten SCoT primers amplified 118 amplicons، of which 113 products (95%) were polymorphic. The primers revealed a high genetic diversity at species level (He =0. 231; PPL% = 95. 7%). Analysis of molecular variance attributed only 23% of total revealed genetic diversity to intra-population diversity. Low-level genetic differentiation of populations seemed to be due to extensive gene flow by wind-pollination of the populations، which occurs naturally on oaks. SCoT markers-based cluster analysis divided the Q. brantii’s populations into distinct groups. According to Mantel’s test، there was no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances among the studied populations. In conclusion، this study indicated that both phonotypic and molecular markers could be useful to conduct studies when investigating the geographic pattern of genetic diversity of oak natural populations.

In this study, the intra- and inter-population genetic diversities of 125 genotypes representing nine populations of Quercus brantii from North-Zagros forests were studied using leaf morphological characteristics, inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) andinter retrotransposal amplified polymorphism (IRAP) markers. Cluster analysis based on morphological characteristics differentiated significantly the nine Q. brantii populations into six main groups. Eighteen ISSR and 10 IRAP primers amplified a total of 233 and 129 fragments of which 224 and 126 fragments were polymorphic, respectively. Both ISSR and IRAP marker systems revealed high genetic diversity at species level (ISSR: h= 0.24, PPL = 98.71%; IRAP: h= 0.21, PPL = 99.22%). Estimated coefficient of genetic differentiation (ΦST) based on ISSR and IRAP primers were 0.23 and 0.16, respectively indicating most of the total genetic variation distributed within populations than between populations for both marker systems that confirmed with molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA). The low level of genetic diversity between populations and high genetic differentiation among individuals within populations were probably due to extensive gene flow resulted from wind pollination of oaks. Cluster analysis for both molecular marker systems grouped these nine populations into distinct clusters within UPGMA dendrograms. There was no significant correlation between genetic distances of populations and geographic distribution distances with mantel test.

Eighteen inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and 10 inter-retrotransposal amplified polymorphism (IRAP) markers were applied to investigate the genetic diversity of 150 natural gall oak (Quercus infectoria) and 109 Lebanon oak (Q. libani) individuals in North-Zagros forests. Among the Q. infectoria populations، ISSR and IRAP primers amplified 202 and 136 bands، respectively، of which 194 and 135 bands were polymorphic. While، the primers amplified 178 and 134 polymorphic bands from a total of 187 and 137 amplicones in Q. libani genotypes، respectively. High level of genetic diversity at the specific level was revealed in both species. Analysis of molecular variance shawed that a major proportion of total genetic diversity belonged to within populations. In both species، the Nie’s gene diversity index (h) was higher for ISSR than IRAP primers. No significant genetic relationship was detected among genetic distance of the populations and their geographical distribution، demonstrating the genetic relationships among isolated Q. infectoria and Q. libani populations via gene flow. Cluster analysis grouped the populations of both species into distinct groups، showing efficiency of studied markers to assessment of genetic polymorphism of oaks natural populations.

One of the most important tools of human in manipulating upon the righteous path is thinking and wisdom so this research firstly depicts the position of thinking through Quran’s perspective. Also the reasons and obstacles of thinking are being debated . This research fields answers to questions like: From Quran`s perspective thinking lies in which classification? How can we elevate or debilitate thinking? And here’s the upshot that Quran emphasizes upon such thinking and contemplation which eventuates in faith and worship. Quran count such thinking in as a criteria of value and dignity before God so that introduce lack of sense as a reason of falling into beastliness. Some individual traits or environmental conditions of such sins, blind emulation ,following desires, haste ,doubts, vain attempts, impedes human to distinguish the right and bar them from the straight path and factors such as faith, Godwariness, Miracles and history assist human in this field