مارال اعتصامی

Nitrogen is the most important factor limiting the growth and performance of crops, especially cereals. Therefore, with the aim of investigating the nitrogen use efficiency and its components in different cereals under the conditions of control (no use nitrogen) and optimal conditions of nitrogen, a factorial field experiment was conducted base on randomized complete block design with three replications at Gonbad Kavus University in 2017-2018. The experimental treatments included cereals at 7 levels, including bread wheat Koohdasht cultivar, durum wheat Seimareh cultivar, two rowed barley Khoram cultivar, six rowed barley Sahra cultivar, hull less barley Line 17, triticale Javanilo cultivar and oat Canadian cultivar) and the nitrogen factor were evaluated at two control (zero) and optimum levels. The result showed that cereal × nitrogen interaction was not significant on nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen content and grain protein. But the main effect of nitrogen and cereals on nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency and grain protein percentage was significant at 1% level. While the nitrogen harvest index was only affected by cereals, Also, nitrogen remobilization was affected by cereals, nitrogen and cereals × nitrogen interaction. Finally, the results of this experiment showed that nitrogen use efficiency increased in all studied cereals under optimal nitrogen conditions. Nitrogen use efficiency consists of two components, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency, as a result, the increase in nitrogen use efficiency is mostly due to the improvement in nitrogen uptake efficiency. Also, in all cereals under optimal nitrogen conditions, protein percentage and grain yield increased, in order to the increase in protein percentage was due to increased nitrogen remobilization. On the other hand, hull less barley had a higher nitrogen use efficiency than other cereals.

Golestan province is one of the major regions of wheat production in the country. Azospirillum brasilense¡ an Azotobacter¡ acted as resolvent of phosphate and a microorganisms for fixing molecular nitrogen for cooperating with other root crops and grasses in enhancing their growth and development. To investigate the effects of rhizobacteria on yield and yield components of wheat a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Gonbad Kavous region. The treatments included of two wheat cultivars (Morvarid and Gonbad) and five levels of Bactria: control (no bacteria), Azotobacter, Azospirillum, resolvent phosphate and mixe of these three bacteria. Analysis of variance showed that the interaction of cultivar and bacterial characteristics of leaves, leaf dry weight, spike length, grain weight and grain yield in irrigated conditions and length of awn and grain yield in rainfed conditions was significant. Gonbad cultivar had the highest grain yield (2358.36 kg ha-1) in treatment of mixed three bacteria.

In order to Study of different plant waste on produced vermicompost and Replication and Performance of earthworm, an experiment was carried out in completely randomized design during 90 days in Gonbad- e- Kavous University at 2013. Treatments were: pure cow manure (control), manure Palm Leaf (75 : 25), manure Palm Leaf (50:50), manure Palm Leaf (25 : 75), manure potato (75 : 25%), manure potato (50: 50), cow dung cabbage (75 : 25) and cow dung cabbage (50:50), respectively. Diversity and productivity levels and final weight were studied. Chemical changes produced by worms such as PH and EC levels before and after vermicompost production, carbon and total nitrogen and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) were measured. The results showed that there were significant differences between treatments in terms of reproduction ratio and efficiency, and final weight of all chemical characteristics. Reproduction and efficiency ratio with palm leaf and manure mixture treatment (50:50) and manure mixed with potato (50:50) were maximum and minimum ratio and average 35.45 and 1.83 respectively. The total carbon content in the control treatment was the highest and lowest of manure mixed with cabbage. The maximum and minimum amounts of nitrogen were recorded in treatments of manure mixed with potato and cabbage ratio (75: 25) with 3.08 and 1.83 percent, respectively. Chemical properties analysis of before and after production of vermicompost showed that EC increased in all treatments as compared with before and pH has been reduced.

In order to study the effect of vermicompost fertilizer and planting pattern on yield of two cotton cultivars, an experiment was carried out, as split factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications in Ali Abad in 2013. The treatments consisted of vermicompost as the main plot at four levels (control (without vermicompost), two tons per hectare, four tons per hectare and six tons per hectare) and the sub-plot were combination of two cultivars vz. Sahel and Golestan and planting pattern at two levels (Rectangular and Parallel pattern). The results showed that the interaction of vermicompost × planting pattern × cultivar had no significant effect on number of bolls per plant, fiber weight per plant, the total weight of seeds per plant, first and second yield, 100-seed weight, boll weight, percentage of lint and seed cotton yield. The simple effect of vermicompost on first picking, total fiber weight, total seed weight per plant at four ton ha-1 vermicompost application were two ton ha-1, 46.36 and 90.94 gr plant-1 , respectively and in the control with 1.519 and 1.608 ton ha-1 and 15.74 and 37.47 gr plant-1 was the lowest. Mean comparison showed that Golestan cultivar was superior to Sahel for first picking, total fiber weight and seed yield.

Today, production of organic farming and gardening is rising. The use of organic fertilizers such as animal manure has a long history. In recent years, the use of fertilizers and manure for providing the nutritional needs of plants, improve soil physical and chemical structure and reduce the environmental issues have been observed. Animal manures can increase soil organic matter and nutrients, improve soil structure and water-holding capacity which in turn increase the quality and quantity of the product to follow. Manure is a valuable source of biological, ecological and environmental benefits is positive and its main use is for agricultural use. Radish is an important root vegetable that belongs to the cruciferous (Brassicaceae). Value radish on high levels of dietary is related to soluble fiber and antioxidants. Radish is a native plant to Asia, China and Europe. The oral part of the botanical garden radish is important and that kind of traditional varieties have long hypocotyls include root and hypocotyls made.The purpose of this test is to evaluate the different mixture amount of animal fertilizers on the growth and yield of radish plants and compare them to each other. In order to study of different manure effect on radish growth and yield, an experiment carried out in 2012-2013 in the greenhouse of Gonbad- Kavos University with geographical characteristics 37.16 degrees north, 55.12 ° east and with a height of 45 meters above sea level in a completely randomized design with four replications. Soil and fertilizers used to this experiment were made of the soil and livestock of Gonbad- Kavos University. Soil texture was Clay loam and pH was 7.7 obtained from soil analysis. To obtain the required levels of fertilizer treatments (25, 50, 75, 100), a measure was considered as the basis of each treatment on the basis of the ratio were calculated. The treatments included control (soil), 25 percent cow manure+ 75 percent soil, 50 percent cow manure + 50 percent soil, 75 percent cow manure + 25 percent soil, 100 percent cow manure, 25 percent sheep manure+ 75 percent soil, 50 percent sheep manure + 50 percent soil, 75 percent sheep manure + 25 percent soil, 100 percent sheep manure, 25 percent poultry manure+ 75 percent soil, 50 percent poultry manure + 50 percent soil, 75 percent poultry manure + 25 percent soil, 100 percent poultry manure. Plant height, leaf length, tuber length, tuber diagonal, tuber weight, leaf weight, leaves dry weight and hollow bulb grade were studied. The experiment was conducted under weed control, lack of water restriction and control pests and diseases. To achieve maximum plant growth, we harvested on 2th April 2013 and plant height, leaf length, bulb length, diameter of the bulb, wet bulb, wet leaves and leaf dry weight was measured. After traits recorded, leaves isolated and dried in in oven at 72 degrees for 24 hours and dry matter content was determined. Statistical analysis and data analysis was performed with SAS and Excel computer programs were used to mean comparing with the LSD test at the level of 5 percent. Variance analysis results showed that measured traits affect by manure using significantly (P<0.01). Among the treatments, 100 percent cow manure had the mosteffect on tuber weight, leaf dry weight, leaf length growth, tuber length and diagonal and the least amounts linked to 50 percent poultry manure. The optimum of quantify yield and low hollow bulb grade of tuber gained at 100 percent cow manure. 50 percent of poultry manure treatment with the average tuber weight was less tha 1.83 gr. The treatment poultry manure with a high nitrogen content by several ways effects on soil physical characteristics that include an increase in soil temperature, water absorption rate of several times, its weight, helping to form aggregates and nutritional effects that can increase the performance of treatment, rather than 25 percent of poultry manure to the property. Tuber weight of tuber is an important factor in increasing yield of radish that increases it by increasing the amount of tuber weight. The results of this study showed that the application of fertilizers and amount of fertilizers and animal manure, traits showed significant difference compared to the control treatment. Between treatments, the treatment 100 percent cow manure and poultry manure (25 percent) had the greatest impact. To obtain the best yield with best quality (less tuber hollow degree) among the treatment 100 percent cow manure was the best.

Germination rate and percentage are maximal at optimum temperatures and then reach to zero at the base and ceiling temperatures. An experiment was conducted at the Gonbad Kavous University laboratory as a completely randomized design with 4 replications، to study germination response to temperature and evaluation of cardinal temperature on germination rate and percentage of hibiscus tea. Seeds germinated at 0 to 45 degrees Celsius by 5 degree intervals. Results indicated that the response of germination percentage and rate adequately fitted with dent like and segmented functions، continually. Base and ceiling temperatures were 1. 66 and 43. 33 degree Celsius for germination percentage and 4. 53 and 42. 95 degree Celsius for germination rate. Optimum temperatures were 30 degree centigrade for germination rate and 11. 56 and 33. 63 degrees Celsius for germination percentage. In conclusion، base and favorable temperatures for hibiscus tea seeds were 11 and 350C. Therefore it is recommended to cultivate in the weather condition of Gonbad kavous.

In order to investigate the impact of nitrogen fertilizer levels on some physiological traits of winter cereals¡ this experiment was carried out in Gonbad- e- Kavous research field as factorial based in randomized complete blocks design with four replications during 2013- 2014 cropping year. The first factor including bread wheat Koohdasht cultivar¡ durum wheat Seimareh cultivar¡ six rowed barley Sahra cultivar¡ two rowed barley Khoram cultivar¡ naked barley Line 17 cultivar¡ triticale Canadian cultivar and oat Javaniloo cultivar and the second factor nitrogen fertilizer evaluated at two levels zero and optimum. Results showed that nitrogen and cultivar interaction was not significant on these traits but cereals specious indicated significant difference in yield and yield components¡ biological yield¡ harvest index and grain rate and duration grain filling period at one percentage level. Triticale reached to physiological maturity stage with 1885.85 growth degree days by 160 days after planting. Triticale reached to physiological maturity with receiving 1885.85 growth degree days by 160 days after planting and was allocated the highest number of spike per square meter¡ biological yield¡ grain yield and harvest index. Oat with receiving 2069.66 growth degree days by 167.1 days after planting showed the lowest one thousand -grain weight¡ grain yield and harvest index rather than other cereals. Spike number per plant¡ grain number per spike¡ grain weight and duration filling period had significant and positive correlation with economic yield and spike number per plant had the most significant correlation with grain yield. Biological yield and harvest index showed significant and positive correlation to grain yield either.

For evaluation the effect of morpho-physiological parameters on yield and yield components of barley genotypes, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in 4 replication in Gorgan Agriculture Science and Nature Resource field experimental during 2006-2007. The trait was 10 barley genotypes: Bomi, Torkaman, Eize, Siah, Sahra, 1-yeknavakht, 14G, 11G, 5G and 15G. The Results showed that there is no significant difference in grain yield in these genotypes. Growth indices with grain yield and yield components had positive correlation. Evaluation genotypes considering total dry matter and growth parameter showed that modern and modified genotypes, had higher leaf area index, and for that they have higher crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and total dry matter in period of growth season.

In order to evaluation of grain yield and its relation with grain yield components, changing harvest index and biological yield in barley, an experiment was conducted during 2005-2006 growing season in field experimental of Gorgan Agricultural Science and Nature Resource in randomized complete block design with 4 replication by 10 barley genotypes treatment. The genotypes were: Bomi, Torkaman, Eize, Siah, Sahra, 1-yeknavakht, 14G, 11G, 5G and 15G, that recommended by Golestan Agricultural Center. Results showed the higher grain yield is related to 14G that is from modern genotype of this region. The lower grain yield is related to Torkaman that is one of the oldest genotype. These genotypes showed significant difference in considerate of biological yield and harvest index. Correlation between biological yield with yield and yield components was positive. The highest harvest index (HI) is related to modern and modified genotypes that they category in high yield genotype group. Positive correlation between grain yield and harvest index and its improvement in modern genotype could be one reason for increasing high yield.