مالک قاسمی

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of different methods of complementary pollination on the qualitative characteristics of kiwifruit cv. Hayward in order to introduce the most effective and practical complementary pollination method.

The present study evaluated the effect of different methods of complementary pollination [open pollination, hand pollination from male flowers of the tumor cultivar, spray pollination with pure pollen and spray pollination with impure pollen (collected from the entrance of bees' nests at the time of opening kiwifruit male flowers) on the qualitative characteristics of kiwifruit cv. Hayward in the Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute (Ramsar city) in 2021 based on the randomized complete block design in three replications.

The results showed that the amount of titratable acids, maturity index, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity were not affected by different methods of complementary pollination. Fruits obtained from spray pollination with impure pollen had the highest single tree yield (98.32 kg per tree), hectare yield (40.39 tons per hectare), number of seeds (1038), amount of soluble solids (7.07 °Brix), chlorophyll a (1.71 mg100 g-1 FW), total chlorophyll (3.11 mg100 g-1 FW), vitamin C (60.27 mg100 g-1 FW), and total fruit phenol (79.62 mg100 g-1 FW). Moreover, these fruits were in more favorable conditions regarding sensory and taste evaluations.

Overall, it is possible to recommend complementary pollination according to spray pollination with impure pollen as the most effective and practical method to increase fruit quality for kiwifruit growers.

Akbar Exir is the pioneer of metamodern poetry, a movement that originated from Shamlou’s free verse , which has evolved in the continuation of the movements of contemporary poetry with a new approach. This poetic movement was influenced by the poetry of the seventies and after various developments in that period, with a humorous theme and content, it was introduced to the field of Persian literature in 2003. The use of selected words, proverbs and slang terms, the use of elements of climatic literature, rhythm and word play, the element of surprise and its humor with new concepts, are some of the components that Exir has in mind in the development of his poetic style. The features in his works and those of metamodern poets have been proposed as the frameworks of this poetic trend. In this article, we are trying to analyse the formal style and literary language in Akbar Exir’s poems. Language has a special place in the style of Exir’s poetry and is the main and practical context in its study. What is the place of language and literary style in the form of poetry? Does language affect form? And what is the interaction of language with other formal elements, namely imagination and music of poetry? These are among questions that we have addressed in this research and the obtained result shows that language in Exir’s poetry pays attention to both the structure of the poem and the content. Where the purpose is to convey meaning, it is content that overshadows form and language. The method of this research is library and direct study and our statistical community is Akbar Exir’s poems.

Citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV), is the causal agent of a significant and devastating disease that has spread in Iran and a number of countries in the region in recent years. In order to identify susceptible and tolerant cultivars for disease management, the reaction of a number of commercial citrus cultivars from the groups of orange, mandarin, grapefruit, citron, tangelo, pomelo, kumquat, lime and lemons was investigated after inoculation in the greenhouse conditions. The relative susceptibility of the cultivars was then determined according to the severity of the symptoms.

The buds of 19 commercial citrus cultivars of the country including Thomson navel orange, Valencia sweet orange, Moro blood orange, Siavaraz local orange, Clementine mandarin, Ponkan mandarin, Page mandarin, Satsuma mandarin, Sour orange, Sweet lime, Eureka lemon, Persian lime, Mexican lime, Flame grapefruit, Redblush grapefruit, Mineola tangelo, Etrog citron, Pummelo and Kumquat were propagated on sour orange rootstocks and the plants were simultaneously graft inoculated with a CYVCV isolate (Gene Bank number: KX902488). In order to confirm the infection, the total RNA of the symptomatic plants was extracted by SDS-Potassium acetate method. A two-step Reverse Transcription Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out using a specific primer pair of the virus coat protein (CP) gene. The reaction of the inoculated plants was monitored under greenhouse conditions with controlled temperature.

14 cultivars susceptible to citrus yellow vein clearing were detected based on the appearance of four types of symptoms in the inoculated plants including yellowing of the lateral veins on the upper surface of young leaves (symptoms type A), corresponding water soaked areas under the young leaves (symptoms type B), wrinkling of the old leaves (symptoms type C) and leaf spots on the old leaves (symptoms type D). These cultivars were classified into three groups with high, medium and low susceptibility according to the symptom severity. No symptoms were found in tolerant cultivars of Sweet lime, Mexican lime, Page mandarin and two grapefruit cultivars up to one year after inoculation. Descriptive grouping of frequency, severity and stability of symptoms was consistent with cluster analysis based on Euclidean Ward distance coefficient.

The management of citrus yellow vein clearing disease is based on preventive methods and the cultivation of resistant or tolerant cultivars instead of susceptible varieties. The results of the present study showed that Citrus yellow vein clearing virus has a wide host range and can infect different citrus species or groups. Sour orange, Eureka Lemon and Persian lime are the most susceptible hosts of the virus. Monitoring of four typical symptoms of the disease is recommended for disease management in citrus nurseries and orchards.

One of the subjects to be considered in the structure of poem is literary devices of simile, metaphor, imagery and irony all of which have a special position in creating poems. The poet makes similar connections amongst various images based on his own mental attempts and experiences in order to create innovative similes and metaphors; or he benefits from imagery and irony and word capacities to create figurative meanings. Literary devices are in fact, essential elements in poem recognition of which through studying, one can realize the poet’s style. Akbar Eksir is a noticeable contemporary poet who introduced himself as an innovative poet through his work ‘F’arano’ in the 2000s. His poems are presented through a different structure of F’arano and Eksir has a different perspective regarding literary devices based on speech conditions. He has benefitted from literary devices in its classical meaning and in some others, through a different approach; in some instances literary devices are the basis of the poems and in some others, the poet’s final stroke. In this study, we intend to investigate Eksir’s literary devices and his perspectives. We have studied them since these devices have changed structure and form of Eksir’s poem and have updated it. It can be concluded that the message of F’arano poem is a kind of critical satire and possesses social meaning and its literary devices are modern and derived from the poet’s era and his people’s daily life issues. The statistical population is Eksir’s poems and the research method is library research and direct studying.

Iran is one of the most important countries in citrus (oranges) production. Citrus fruits are grown in different soils with a wide range of physical, chemical and fertility properties in the country, although some restrictions in the cultivated lands cause yield loss. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of physical, chemical and soil fertility characteristics on citrus yield in important areas under cultivation, the regression relationships of characteristics with yield, and the rating of soil and land parameters.

The 138 oranges orchards (118 orchards for rating and 20 orchards for validation) were selected in Fars, Mazanderan, Kerman and Guilan provinces. In each garden, a questionnaire was completed, a soil pedon was studied and soil samples were taken to carry out the appropriate physicochemical analyses. The selected soil and land characteristics were soil salinity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), pH, gypsum content, soil calcium carbonate (TNV), organic carbon (OC), clay, sand, silt, gravel, and soil available phosphorus and potassium contents. From the whole obtained data, 20 data were considered for validation purpose and the remaining data were used for modeling based on stepwise multivariate and simple regression methods. In these equations, the relationship between yield, as dependent variable, with soil and land characteristics, as independent variables, was investigated. Finally, land characteristics rating was obtained by the FAO method and the proposed crop requirements table was evaluated using the validation dataset.

The results of descriptive statistics analysis showed that the variance values for available potassium, sand, clay, gravel and TNV were high and for pH and OC and gypsum were negligible. Therefore, most soil properties have a wide range of variation which could be related to the fact that oranges are grown in a wide range of soil types. The value of TNV varied between 10 and 33.3%. The presence of carbonate in soil reduces the availability of macro- and micronutrient elements in direct and indirect manners. The average of EC in the studied orchards was 5.4 dS.m-1. Minimum, maximum and average of ESP were 1.7, 28 and 10.7, respectively. The lowest and highest salinity and sodicity were observed in Mazandaran and Kerman soils, respectively. Maximum, minimum and average percentage of gypsum were 12, 0.36 and 3.54%, respectively. The highest amount of gypsum was observed in Bam and Shahdad regions of Kerman province and the lowest gypsum content was observed in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. The soil pH varied from 6.63 to 8.8 with the average of 7.8. The soil OC values were between 0.05 and 3.53% and its average was 0.89%, showing the fact that the most studied soils were poor in organic matters. The average of soil available phosphorus and potassium in the studied orchards for citrus was less than the critical level. The average, minimum and maximum of available potassium were 224, 100 and 360 mg.kg-1, respectively. The mean, minimum and maximum amounts of available phosphorus were 21.6, 8 and 45.9 mg.kg-1, respectively. According to the multivariate regression model, among soil properties, EC, ESP, TNV, gypsum, gravel, available phosphorus and potassium were selected by the model. The determination coefficient of the model was 0.95, indicating that these properties have the greatest effect on citrus yield. Simple regression equations demonstrated that TNV, gypsum, EC, ESP, sand, clay, gravel, available potassium and phosphorous had the highest correlation (R2 > 0.6); and soil OC and pH had the lowest correlation (R2<0.2) with yield. The equations also revealed that soil EC, ESP, gypsum, TNV and gravel percentage had the greatest effect in yield loss, and soil organic carbon, absorbed phosphorus and potassium had the greatest effect on increasing citrus yield. As stated in equations, reported permissible and critical thresholds for effective soil properties on citrus yield, were 2.4 dS.m-1 for EC, 5 for ESP, 1.5% for gypsum, 20% for TNV, 22 mg.kg-1 for available phosphorus, 280 mg.kg-1 for available potassium, 110 cm for soil depth, and >2 m for groundwater level. Finally, evaluating the proposed crop requirements table with validation dataset fitted between citrus yield and soil index, resulted in the determination coefficient value of 0.79, denoting the acceptable accuracy of proposed table.

Overall results showed that the main land limiting characteristics for orange production were soil salinity and sodicity, high amount of soil calcium carbonate and gypsum. Among unsuitable physical and fertility properties of soil, salinity and sodicity are the most effective factors affecting yield reduction. Consequently, proper management practices such as introducing cultivars compatible with these soil conditions, soil remediation and leaching operations to reduce soil salinity and sodicity are necessary. Furthermore, in most areas under orange cultivation such as Fars and Kerman provinces, the soil calcium carbonate content is more than the critical level for plant growth. In addition, the averages of soil available phosphorus and potassium were less than the critical levels, which should be considered for nutrient management of orchards. The proposed table of crop requirements seems to be accurate enough to conduct land suitability studies for orange varieties, especially cultivars grown in the north and south of the country.

Understanding of flower induction and its related physiological events are very important in regulating of the kiwifruit fruiting. In this research, kiwifruit flower induction was investigated using defoliation without girdling and with girdling on current shoots, 4-6 months after bud swollen, in eight treatments for two years. Based on the results, the year alone was not statistically significant for measuring traits, but its interaction with the variety and treatment affected significantly some of the measured traits. Defoliation without girdling of female Hayward and male Tomuri cultivars current shoots did not have a significant effect on the percentage of budbreak and percentage of fertile shoots, but the number of flowers per cane and means flower per new shoots of Tomuri cultivar was significantly greater than those of Hayward. The effects of defoliation with girdling treatment on the budbreak percent, fertile shoot percent, the number of flowers per cane and the mean flowers per new shoot were 32.92%, 4.00%, 4.00 and 1.29 flowers for Hayward and 47.08%, 52.5%%, 53.53 and 11.72 flowers for Tomuri respectively. Flower induction in Tomuri cultivar started two weeks earlier than Hayward about five months from bud swelling and peaked in mid-September. Flower induction in the Hayward cultivar began about five and a half months from bud swelling and lasted until the end of it’s when about 88% of the broken buds were fruitful.

Information about temperature requirements in fruit trees has an important effect on productivity and determine suitable areas for their growing. The research was carried out via single node cuttings test in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Citrus and Subtropical Research Center in 2015-16. This study was conducted to determine the chilling requirements of Hayward and Tomuri cultivars and male and female golden genotypes using three chilling models (Chilling hours, Utah, Dynamic) and their heat requirements via Growth degree hours (GHD) method. Results showed that the chilling requirements of female and male golden genotype buds were 480 and 585 chilling hours respectively, and for Hayward and Tomuri cultivars were 692 chilling hours. The amount of buds heat requirements in the cultivar and genotype ranged from 2233 GHD in female golden genotype to 4066 GHD in Hayward cultivar. Hayward cultivar required 966 hours of chilling requirement for maximum flowering, meanwhile Tomuri, male and female golden genotype had a similar chilling for both vegetative bud break and flowering including 692, 585 and 480 hours respectively. With continued sampling, heat requirements reduced and significant negative correlation was found between chilling and heat requirements for bud break. From low chilling requirements of male and female golden genotypes, we can deduce that climatic conditions may be not limiting factor in the leading of them in growing area. It is thought that Utah and dynamic models may be more suitable than hour model to evaluate of chilling requirements.

It is important to understand the structural events associated with flower morphogenesis in horticultural plants, because it has many aspects of practical horticultural significance. Information about different stages of flower initiation and development is important for better management of the vineyardsand fruit set. Knowledge of floral ontogeny in kiwifruit is also important for the establishment of breeding programs and for the understanding of the evolutionary processes involved in the development of the floral organs. The main objective of this study was documentation of the differentiation stages of flower buds for better understanding of morphological and external changes in (Actinidiadeliciosa[A. Chev.] C.F. Liang &A.R. Ferguson var.deliciosa) cvs.Hayward (female) and Tomuri (male).
The experiment was carried out over two years in a mature 'Hayward' and ‘Tomuri’ kiwifruit vineyard at the Citrus and Subtropical Research Center of Iran (Ramsar city). Pistillate and staminate flowers development was followed from the stage of undifferentiated primordia, present in the axils of leaf primordia in dormant buds since mid-March to early June 2015 and 2016. Equally buds in diameter and size from sixth to twentieth buds on one-year old cane of Hayward and Tomuri selected at 5 to 7 days intervals. They were sampled and fixed in a solution of formalin, ethanol 70%, glacial acetic acid (2:5:1 FAA) then stored in refrigerator. Fifteen buds of each sample dissected under a Nikon SMZ645 stereo zoom microscope. The very dense pubescence within the buds was removed manually without damaging the axillary flower primordia. The remaining pubescence was removed using dissecting needles. Various stages of flower differentiation were explained with principal growth stage 5 of BBCH scale.
The first signs of the flower on Tomuri were observed 2 days before bud swelling stage (01), on the March 12th, about one month before bud break in 2015. While in the Hayward variety the first signs of the flower primordia were observed on the March 21th of 2015 (9 days later). At the beginning of bud swelling (01), flower primordia begin to differentiation and at advanced bud swelling stage (03), bracts and sepals initiated. As development proceeded, different parts of flowers initiated acropetally. Lateral flowers were formed in the bud break (07), before initiation of petals. In advanced budburst stage (09) stamen primordia appear almost immediately after petal initiation, as two whorls in 'Hayward' and as three whorls in the Tomuri cultivar. Stigma initiated in the open cluster stage (10) in Hayward cultivar about 24-25 days after bud swell stage. The process of differentiation of buds and reproductive organs in the second year was the same as the first year with the exception that differentiation began earlier than that in the first year. Climatic conditions were affected flower development and in the second year primordia differentiation began earlier two days in Tomuri and six days in Hayward than those in the first year. The advanced budburst stage (09) in Tomuri 9 days and in the Hayward 10 days was occurred earlier than that in the first year. Unlike other tree fruits, flower induction in the kiwifruit occurred about 6 months before flower initiation. Flower primordia differentiation initiated shortly before bud break stage and approximately two months before full bloom. Flower initiation and differentiation time may be partly estimated with external changes of buds development. According to cultivar, chilling and heat requirements and climatic conditions during the research, flower initiation and differentiation period have fluctuation. A reason for the difference between the development stages and different varieties can be caused by the chilling and heat requirements. The more heat requirement, the longer reproductive meristem differentiation period.
An understanding of the flower initiation and development is very important for the research and management of fruit trees. A knowing of flower initiation and differentiation can be developed corrective vineyard management and practices in crisis period and prepared breeding programs. Tomuri initiated and developed their floral organs earlier than those in Hayward. Different external changes in the bud may be partly used to estimate of flower development status. The results showed that flower initiation and differentiation in buds coincided with the beginning of development and elongation of bud in the early of spring.

Mutation by gamma radiation is used as a new technology to improve some quality traits in fruits. In this research, the effect of gamma radiation in scions of kiwifruit with different doses (0, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 Gray) on the physicochemical properties of kiwifruit was studied. For this purpose, chisel grafting of gamma treated scions were done on kiwifruit vines in winter 1391 and after a year of no fruiting (1392), in 1393, the fruits were evaluated at harvest time and intervals of one month in the cold storage for 3 months. The results showed that fruits obtained from treated scions with dose of 40 gray of gamma radiation had the highest firmness, highest weight and lowest weight loss at harvest and during storage. Vines with treated scions by doses of 70 and 80 gray of gamma radiation did not have any fruits and remained in vegetative stage. The treatments of 50 and 60 gray of gamma radiation caused severe deformation and deep split in kiwifruits and these lost their marketability. Therefore, the firmness of kiwifruit during storage is the most important factor in the potential storage and exports, due to the positive effect of radiation of 40 gray on this factor at harvest time and during storage, as well as an increase in fruit weight, fruit yield and reduce water loss, it seems to be effective in positive changes of quality of the fruit.

Thermotherapy is one of the tristeza management methods that was used in this study. Thus 36 ͺ ‘thomson navel orange’ scions on soure orange rootstocks were placed in temperature controlled chamber (TCC) to investigate the effect of thermotherapy on elimination of Tristeza virus. At first, the scions were inoculated by grafting of infected buds and after six months tested by ELISA to ensure contamination. Plants were placed in temperatures including: 40&30, 42&32, 44&340C for eleven weeks, two weeks and 10 days, respectively. In the last temperature, 12 plants dried and in 6 of the remaining plants, there was not verified any infected by ELISA, Direct Tissue Blot Immunoassay and indicator plant tests after three months from the last experiment.Termotherapy is considered as one of the healthy ways of citrus seedlings depending on plant species and viruses infecting alone or together with shoot tip grafting (STG) leads to the production of healthy seedlings. Healthy subjects express differences in the percentage of low initial concentration of virus. The difference in results between studies and other findings show the need and basis for selecting varieties tolerant to heat.

Alternate bearing is a phenomenon in some varieties that after high yielding year (On year) which fruits are very small and non marketable, flowering decrease significantly and yield will decrease so much that harvest costs is more than grove income occasionally. This bearing cycle that is usually biennial, has high severity in Unshiu mandarin as an important commercial citrus variety of Iran specially in Mazandaran province and can cause severe losses for citrus producers and citrus industry. In this study for decrease of fruitlet density in "on years" and regulating of crop production in continuous years, an factorial experiment was conducted on 18 years old Unshiu trees grafted on Poncirus rootstock in RCBD with three replications. In this four year's study, which was conducted in Kotra Citrus Experiment Station situated in Tonekabon city, effects of tree spraying with NAA on fruitlet thinning was evaluated. Surveid factors were NAA concentrations (200, 300 and 400 mg/L) and time of tree spraying (30 and 50 days after full bloom) and obtained results were compared with check (unsprayed)trees. Results showed that tree spraying with 400 mg/L at 30 days after full bloom can cause significant differences with check trees and can decrease fruitlet density at high yielding years significantly and improve crop quality on off years.

Understanding phylogenic relationships and genetic diversity in citrus is considered to be important in clarifying their genetic relationships, germplasm characterization and the registration of new varieties. There are some Citrus accessions in the country citrus collections which have been classified merely based on their morphological traits and much genetic research has not been done. Molecular markers would help to infer their relations with known cultivars. In the present research work, phylogenic relationships among 55 citrus genotypes including 43 unknown local genotypes and 12 commercially important citrus varieties were investigated through ISSR markers. In total, 10 ISSR primers produced 92 polymorphic bands with average of 9.2 bands per primer. Polymorphism percent of each primer varied from 75 in primer BDB(CA)7C to 100 in primer (AC)8YT. Genetic similarities among accessions were calculated according to Jaccard Similarity Index and used to construct a dendrogram based on the unweighted pair groups method arithmetic averages (UPGMA), which put the 55 samples into nine major groups i.e. (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I). Orange, mandarin and 25 unknown genotypes into group A, grapefruit and 9 unknown genotypes into group B, Pummelo, Darabi and seven unknown genotypes into group C, sour orange and an unknown genotype into groups D & E, citron into group F, Eureka lemon into group G, an unknown genotype into group H and sweet lime and Mexican lime into group I were clustered. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis in citrus, provide useful information for further breeding programs, collection, preservation and utilization.