مجتبی باقری

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a legume grown in cool season areas. It is one of the main sources of protein and energy and plays a major role in improving soil fertility. Peas are divided into two classes, Desi and Kabali. The Desi seed is smaller, wrinkled, and darker while Kabli has a lighter, whiter seed color, larger seed size, and smooth surface. The chickpea yield is 1199 kg per hectare in America, 1261 kg per hectare in India, and 409 kg per hectare in Iran. Until 2005, this plant was called an orphan plant due to the insufficient genetic resources in chickpeas, but the plant was known as a plant with a rich genomic resource after many efforts at national and international levels. Further studies on chickpea genetic diversity are important to improve the yield. Chickpeas have plenty of diversity in different geographical regions, and the genetic pattern and the amount of variation within and between these populations should be known to progress breeding programs and effectively use these germplasm collections. The evaluation of genotypes faces two key challenges. The first is the genotype-environment interaction, and the second is the interaction between the studied traits. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity in the Desi chickpea germplasm under autumn cultivation conditions, analyze the relationships of morphological-agronomical traits, and select superior genotypes in terms of all morphological-agronomical traits.

This study was conducted on 416 genotypes, including 335 landrace of Iran, 1 ICARDA genotype, and 78 ICRISAT genotypes, along with two checks named Kaka and Pirouz cultivars in the experimental farm of the Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (Kermanshah). The cultivars were evaluated in terms of morphological-agronomic traits, including the number of days to flowering, the number of main branches, the number of secondary branches, the number of pods per plant, plant height, the end number of days to maturity, seed yield, and 100-seed weight (HSW). The experiment was conducted during 2020-2021 under autumn sowing conditions and as an augmentation based on a randomized complete block design with nine blocks. The variance, heritability, and genetic advance were analyzed with the R software packages (augmentedRCBD).  The R software package (metan) and (GGEBiplotGUI) were used for the biplot analysis of the genotype by trait. Data were grouped using the K-mean algorithm, single method, and Euclidean distance with R software. The R software package (NbClust) was used to calculate the number of appropriate groups resulting from the cluster analysis. Using the R software package (metan) with the selection index (MGIDI), the top genotypes were ranked based on several traits.

The results of the analysis of variance were significant for the number of days to maturity, HSW, and plant height. The highest and the lowest coefficients of variation belonged to the number of secondary branches and days to maturity, respectively. The plant height and HSW traits had high values of heritability and genetic advancement. According to the results of the genotype by trait biplot, genotypes 148, 327, 391, and 277 were in the best conditions in terms of HSW, days to maturity, plant height, and days to flowering. Genotypes 6, 400, 18, 42, 26, 168, 15, and 2 were in the best conditions for the number of pods per plant, seed yield, the number of main branches, and the number of secondary branches per plant. According to the findings of the genotype by trait biplot, most of the selected genotypes were from the landrace of the Iranian chickpea. Clustering was performed using the K-means method, which divided the genotypes into two groups. In the second group, genotypes 6, 18, 148, 327, and 91 had more distances (according to the center of the group) than the other genotypes. Then, 62 genotypes were ranked as the best genotypes in terms of all traits using the MGIDI index.

The high genetic diversity of the traits studied in this research indicates the possibility of selection among the genotypes. Plant height and HSW traits have high heritability and genetic advance values, indicating the additive effects of the gene. In studies of the Desi chickpea populations, the breeding method of selection can be used to improve these traits. According to the biplot results, the number of pods per plant had important effects on seed yield in autumn sowing conditions, and it is important in terms of selecting genotypes related to the desired traits. On the other hand, the weight of HSW had a high correlation with the plant height in the Desi chickpea, which is very important in the mechanical harvesting of chickpeas. The superior genotypes selected in this research can be used as parents in future breeding programs of the Desi chickpea under autumn cultivation conditions.

Problem statement: 

Judgment and evaluation of architectural designs have been among the challenges that designers and architects deal with. This challenge is more serious at the professional level due to the sensitivity of designs and these scales. In general, the lack of comprehensive and clear criteria for evaluating and judging architectural designs is named as the most substantial reason causing this issue. The intellectual foundations of the study have been shaped based on the following questions: What criteria are used to judge and evaluate architectural designs? Are design providers or participants in governmental organizations satisfied with the top design chosenor is this choice the outcome of the personal interests of the jury, political rents, and popularity of consultant companies or competitors? Finally, is the top design selected based on certain criteria and regulations that are everyone’s favorite? 

The study attempts toidentify the mechanism, criteria, and characteristics of the jury that judges these designs, and finally develop the proposed checklist forjudging and evaluating public building’ design in governmental organizations. 

The datawere obtained from analysis of open and semi-in-depth interviews with architecture experts. This study uses the practical method of “Grounded Theory” in architectural studies to identify the judgment criteria for public buildings’ design in governmental organizations based on the interpretations provided by architecture experts. 

Research findings and categories point to the characteristics of the jurors and their judgment technique. The results show that when professional and competent jurors are employed to judge the architectural designs, the judgment process and its criteria are done accurately with fewer problems. Ultimately, the core category or theme titled “The selected legitimate and competent jury” has been presented in addition to the criteria and conditions involved in the judgment process, as well as the characteristics of the jurors who judge these designs.

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different gamification mechanics on the user engagement in mobile applications using objective and subjective data. In this study, we evaluated user engagement in “BESHNO” audiobook application as a case study by comparison between results of objective and subjective data. The research method of this study is descriptive-correlational, causal-comparative and experimental. The sample size of this study is 390 users of the "BESHNO" audio book application (130 users per each gamification mechanic). The results of this study showed that based on the objective and subjective data analysis, using different gamification mechanics has a different effect on the amount and dimensions of user engagement. There is also a significant difference between the findings of objective and subjective data analysis regarding the level of user engagement. However, there is a similar pattern in objective and subjective data analysis when using different gamification mechanics. In addition, the results of this study showed that the "Badge" gamification mechanic is the most effective and the "Reward" gamification mechanic is the least effective mechanics on user engagement.

Evaluating and judging architectural designs has always been challenging. This challenge exists at all stages and levels of architecture, both in academic and professional communities. Due to the lack of criteria, guidelines or standard and codified regulations for judging and evaluating projects, objections to the results of judging and ultimately confusion of designers and participants is evident. Due to the essential differences between the field of architecture and other disciplines, there is no scientific and codified mechanism for judging and evaluating architectural designs. Judging of projects is generally based on personal tastes, tacit knowledge and previous experience of judges and the expectations and orders of the employer of the project. The present study uses Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate and judge the architectural designs submitted to government agencies. This method, by transforming complex problems into a hierarchy of its constituent factors, achieves the appropriate solution that is most relevant to the objectives. Accordingly, in the first stage, through library studies and preparation of a questionnaire, the criteria presented in the architectural plans in government institutions by experts and experts of the technical office were extracted. Then, through the method of hierarchical analysis, the two criteria are compared and finally the relative weight of each criterion is calculated. And then the final score of each criterion is determined for evaluation and judging. The results show that AHP (hierarchical analysis) technique, due to its simplicity, flexibility and simultaneous application of quantitative and qualitative criteria, can be used in evaluating and judging architectural designs.

The purpose of this research is to study the relationship between audit committee characteristics and financial information quality for the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Furthermore, this research is to study the role of board structure on the relationship between audit committee characteristics and financial information quality. Hence, this research utilizes board independence, the board size, and duality as proxies for board structure. The research population composes of total companies listed in the TSE and the sample consists of 143 companies listed in the TSE. The multivariate linear regression is used for testing the hypothesis of the research. The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between audit committee characteristics and financial information quality. Also, the results showed that among board structure variables, only board size has a moderating role in the relationship between audit committee characteristics and financial accrual quality.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model to evaluate the effect of different elements of Gamification on the extent and dimensions of brand user engagement. The case study is "Beshno" audio book application. This research consists of two main stages. In the first stage, a model extracted to evaluate the effect of Gamification on brand engagement through a qualitative research, and in the second stage, the effect of using different gamification mechanics studied on brand engagement based on objective and subjective data analisys. The research method of this study is mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). In the qualitative part, we used the theme analysis method and in the quantitative part, the causal-comparison method and data analysis of variance tests have been used. The statistical population of the study in the qualitative section includes a group of experts and specialists in the field of gamification and in the quantitative section; we used "Beshno" App users. The sample size of this research was 7 people in the qualitative section and 390 users in the quantitative section. The results of this research in the first part was a model of the effect of gamification on brand engagement , also the results of the second part  determined the effect of using different gamification mechanics on the amount and dimensions of brand engagement by using both objective and subjectiv data analysis. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between the findings of objective and subjective data analysis, although a similar pattern seen in comparing both analysis. Based on the results, the "Badge" gamification mechanics creates the highest brand engagement and the "award" gamification mechanics creates the lowest brand engagement. Findings of this study showed that demographic variables also affect the degree of brand engagement in each gamification mechanic.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of bank credit on the labor market structure. The most important variables used in this study were rural to urban employment ratio, private sector employment to government employment, total employment rate, bank credit, liquidity, facility rate, inflation rate, wage rate, population growth, oil revenues, government spending. , The number of university graduates and the number of high school graduates. In order to test the relationship between the variables, the self-correlation model with distribution interrupts (ARDL) was used for the period 1396-1338. Based on the estimates, it was observed that bank credits had a positive and significant effect on the variables of the number of rural and urban employees, private and public sector employees, the employment ratio of total employment and total employment volume, and this confirmed this. Bank credit, in other words, monetary policy, has affected the structure of the labor market in Iran. In addition, it was observed that bank credits had an impact intensity of 0.69 and 0.65 on the variable employment volume, respectively, and this confirmed that bank credits, in other words, monetary policy, had an effect on employment volume.

Every year, common carp, Cyprinus carpio, fingerlings are released into the northern rivers of Iran to for restocking the Caspian Sea reserves. For artificial reproduction of this fish, hormone injection is inevitable and despite the differences between wild and farmed common carp, the same method is used to induce their sexual maturation in Shahid Rajaei Center in Sari. Therefore, to compare the efficiency of hormone injection in wild and farmed carp, 12 female broodstocks which caught from the Caspian Sea, and 15 farmed broodstocks were injected based on the applied methods of Shahid Rajaei Center in Sari, each in 3 treatments as follows: Two-stage injection of common carp pituitary gland extract at the rate of 4.5 mg per kg of body weight (control), and one- and two-stage injections of sGnRH + domperidone (ovaprim) at a rate of 0.4 ml per kg of weight as the second and third experimental treatments. All 27 wild and farmed female broodstocks responded to hormone injection. The extracted egg weight and working fecundity were significantly higher in farmed broodstocks and the number of eggs per gram and relative fecundity were significantly higher in wild broodstocks (p < /em><0.05). Fertilization, eyeing, and hatching percentages were significantly higher in ovaprim treatments than the pituitary treatment in both farmed (93.20±1.12, 94.36±0.46, 91.87±1.93) and wild (95.51±1.42, 94.90± 0.01, 92.43±0.15) broodstocks (p < /em><0.05). A positive correlation was observed between broodstocks weight, extracted egg weight, and working fecundity with each other in both broodstock groups. However, all three parameters were negatively correlated with the number of eggs per gram and the weight of the broodstocks and the weight of the extracted egg were negatively correlated with the relative fecundity. Also, the percentages of fertilization, eyeing, and hatching rates showed a highly significant positive correlation with each other (p < /em><0.01). In the study of relationships between variables by stepwise regression, no significant relationship was observed between the fertilization, eyeing, and hatching percentages with the weight of broodstocks and the weight of the extracted egg, but in both groups of broodstocks, the quality of eggs had a positive and significant relationship especially with the single-stage injection of ovaprim compared to the pituitary gland. Therefore, the single-stage injection of ovaprim is more suitable for both farmed and wild common carp. Although extracted egg weight and working fecundity were lower in wild than farmed broodstocks due to lower weight of them, hatching percentage in wild broodstocks was higher than farmed broodstocks with a coefficient of 2.18.

The present article attends to detection of social factors influential in expansion of soccer in the Iranian society during the Second Pahlavi era. The aim has been proposing a model for the process of soccer expansion in the mentioned period, with a qualitative perspective. The research data have been collected through reference to books, documents, evidences and also interview with knowing people and witnesses to the occurrences and have been analyzed using Grand Theory. After performing three stages of open, axial and selective coding, on the all, from the 20 extracted sub-category, 5 main category, "westernization," "the expansion of group media," "power and ability of Great Britain" and also "opportunities" and "functions" that a phenomenon like soccer can bring for rulers have been proposed as the paradigm model. “Modernization” is the core item of the research which explains the other category. The findings show that the expansion of soccer in the studied period, more than being the product of the sport's features, is the logical result of the strategy of the contemporary government and its supporting powerful parties for modernizing and westernizing the Iranian society in the form of modernization.

Critical thinking skills are ultimate goal of medical education and students who think critically lessen wrong judgment and conclusions concerning the theory and try to focus on topics relevant to clinical areas. This can also reduce the gap between theoretical instruction and clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of this prospective study was to compare the critical thinking skills of undergraduate nursing students at Borojen nursing faculty (n=60); data collection was performed using demographic and California critical thinking questionnaires. Then, information was analyzed by spss16 software, using descriptive and chi-square test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients. Consequently, the results pointed to the average total score of critical thinking 8/883 ± 4/075; the lowest score belonged to the second-semester students (8.166 ± 4/589), and conversely the highest score observed in the eighth-semester students (9/769 ± 3/419) which was statistically meaningful (p<0.05). In addition, deductive reasoning between subtypes of critical thinking was found at higher average (4.766±2.011).Although, critical thinking was considered as an indispensable part of the nursing profession, the results showed the weakness of this skill between nursing students. According to the lack of substantial increase in the level of critical thinking skills of senior students, therefore, this may reflect a general lack of critical thinking in educational programs.

One of the most important methods of gas transmission is using of pipelines. Regards to that most of gas transmission pipelines is in residential areas, the safety consideration for pipelines is very important. In this study, determination of safe distance for sure gas pipelines has been studied. The case study is a sure gas pipeline in BUSHEHR province. Using PHAST RISK software and regards to quantitative risk assessment, safe distance for this pipeline in four wall thickness has determined and the results showed that effects of 2 millimeter change in wall thickness can change safe distance about 60 meter.

The analysis of the Shariah poverty line and its measurement is considered as ane of the basic issues relevant to Muslem societies. Also the impact dignity (“Shaan” in Islamic terminology) is another concern in this regard. This paper intends to analyze the Shariah poverty line (Kefayah in Islamic literature), and the impact of dignity (Shaan) on it. Case study region for the this paper is the Qum province. According to the findings of this paper and other things being equal; Shariah poverty line is measurable and by using SPL methods we have measured it for the Qum province. In addition to using analytical methods this paper, methodologically speaking has used questionnaire inquiry and econometric methods.

Although the phenomenon of poverty is an economic fact in many countries, at the same time it indicates the existence of irregularities and non-standard social and economic environments. Policy makers and economics utilize different approaches both to justify and battle against poverty. Islamic jurisprudence as well has notable remarks on the subject. Welfarism, capabilities and desert approaches are regarded as three dominant approaches in economic literature and welfare economics. After explaining determining remarks of poverty extent in Shariah, the above mentioned approaches are compared with sufficiency approach which is claimed to express religious stance. In addition to description, analysis and bibliographic references, the method of enquiry in this paper is based on the theories of welfare economics and jurisprudential rules. The description of fixed aspects of religious poverty extent and the rivalry potency of some of its elements with main conventional approaches to poverty constitute what this paper claims and triesto prove.