فهرست مطالب محبوبه قاسمی

The structure of the language of the Holy Qur’an is musical and it was used to convey religious content in the best and most attractive ways.The miracle of the Qur’an is divided into two rhythms, external and internal. The current study aims, using the descriptive and analytical approach, to study one of the many Qur’anic phonetic phenomena, which is the significance of rhythm, internal rhythm, and external rhythm. It deals in detail with the phonetic features, in their various dimensions. Then we touched on the internal rhythm and external rhythm and their models, then moving on to the analysis of the ordinary surah. Come on Rhetorically, then use it semantically.The graphic and linguistic image is mixed with the rhythmic image, and the results of this research indicate that rhythm makes the verses on the one hand connotative, and on the other hand helps us understand the content of the verses and their meanings correctly. Finally, we concluded that rhetorical analysis and linguistic analysis play a prominent role in reciting the verses in Surah Adiyat and in determining their meaning. The role played by turning and turning in Surah Al-Adiyat is an important role in Surah Al-Adiyat. The strong meanings imposed strong rhythms, while the quiet meanings carried gentle rhythms, especially in Surah Al-Adiyat.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of self-compassion in relationship attachment and post-traumatic growth in patients recovering from Covid-19. The present study was a correlational study using structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the study included people who improved from Covid-19 and were active in virtual social networks in the year 2021. 204 people were selected as the sample by available sampling and online response methods. The research instruments included Tedeschi and Calhoun's (1996) posttraumatic growth inventory(PTGI) Hazan and Shaver's (1987)  adult attachment questionnaire (AAQ) and Raes et al. (2011) short form of the self‐compassion scale (SCS). Structural equation analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the direct effect of anxiety attachment (β = -0.02 and P=0.90) and avoidant attachment (β = 0.04 and P=0.43) on post-traumatic growth was not significant but the direct effect of secure attachment was significant (β = 0.34 and P= 0.01). The results also showed that the effect of security (β = 0.09 and P = 0.01), anxiety (β = -0.07 and P=0.01), and avoidance attachment (β = -0.10 and P=0.01) mediated by self-compassion was significant on post-traumatic growth. Finally, the results showed that the research model had a good fit. The results showed that self-compassion is a significant mediator of the relationship between attachment and post-traumatic growth in patients recovering from Covid-19, which can be considered in post-traumatic growth promotion training and interventions.

Information processing in memory includes, encoding, storage and reminder.Factors such as the difficulty of finding the equivalent and forgetfulness are effective challenges for short-term memory in oral translation Persian-Arabic. Purpose of this study is to explain the in memory function in the Arabic-Persian verbal translation process and vice versa. Our method in this study is descriptive-analytical. The mode of operation of this type of memory in two simultaneous oral translations and interruption. The first is the line, and factors such as the placement of the verbs in the Arabic- Persian language and the linguistic interference in the pronunciation of some letters in these two languages can interfere with the performance of this type of translation and the second is by encrypting the information in the memory, and then by transferring it to the active memory. We presented some strategies, to enhance in memory such as using helpers.

 The complexity of mathematical models, exponential growth of the solution time for many methods, lack of access to gradient information and optimal local convergence are some of the problems that optimal classical algorithms face in solving complex problems. In order to eliminate these drawbacks, metaheuristic algorithms are widely used to solve complex and multivariate problems. Choosing the best and most suitable algorithm is difficult due to their high diversity. In previous studies, some of these methods have been summarized, but due to overpublicize of these methods in recent years, there is no specific article to describe and compare all of these methods. In this paper, the most important metaheuristic optimization algorithms are introduced from 2012 till now. In separate sections for each algorithm, the history, source of inspiration, objective function and number of its setting parameters are stated. These algorithms are then categorized and compared using several theories. Due to the type of application of each algorithm in engineering problems, it is not possible to introduce a single algorithm as the best methodology, but the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm is one of the algorithms with a high number of citations in recent years.

The nitrogen cycle in the soil is an important part of the nitrogen cycle in the world and is largely influenced by climate change. The developed model was calibrated and evaluated by system dynamics method in order to simulate nitrogen behavior in soil in Amirkabir sugarcane Agro-Industry. Data from complete irrigation and fertilization treatments (depth of irrigation was 120 mm and 4 split equal to 450 kg.ha-1) were used to calibrate the model. Also, treatments of 150, 250 and 350 kg.ha-1 were used to evaluate the model. In order to goals of this study, the output of three models of BNU-ESM, CESM-CAM and EC-EARTH was applied with two scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The results showed that climate change would increase nitrate losses, mineralization and ammonium sublimation. The amount of nitrate losses in the EC-EARTH2.6 climatic pattern showed an increase of 5% for future period (2016-2035) compared to the base period (1971-2000). Mineralization in the base period was equal to 93.5 kg.ha-1, which is less than the values obtained with less variation models. This phenomenon also reduces the process of denitrification from 29.65 to 20.1 kg.ha-1. The change from the RCP2.6 to RCP8.5 scenario has led to an increase in nitrate losses, mineralization and ammonium volatilization, which indicates the effect of increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide gas on these processes.

The purpose of this study was to calibrate and evaluate DSSAT-CANEGRO Modelusing field data from two datasets for cultivar CP57-614, in Khuzestan. The experimental plan was performed at three levels of irrigation water (full and deficit irrigation) with three replicates in a completely randomized block design during cultivation years of 85-86 and 94-95. First of all, model calibration was done to find out the important input parameters by GLUE method. DSSAT-CANEGRO Model consists of 20 Genetic parameters. In order to reduce some parameters, parameterization was conducted using field data. The comparison between predicted and measured data showed that the model efficiency was 0.69 to 0.75 for aerial dry mass, 0.67 to 0.7 for stalk dry mass and 0.18 to 0.25 for sucrose. The results indicated that the sucrose prediction by CANEGRO model is weak as compared to other parameters. This is due to measuring sucrose at the end of grown season.

This research was developed to assess future climatic changes in the south of Ahwaz using General Circulation Models (GCM) based on IPCC-AR5. Temperature and precipitation data were extracted from 6 models in AR5. Then, EC-EARTH and CESM1-CAM5 for temperature and EC-EARTH and BNU-ESM for precipitation were used in LARS WG for downscaling. The results showed the temperature increase of 0.5 to 4 °C in winter and spring and 2 to 3 °C in summer and autumn. Precipitation will decrease in all months in the period of 2016–2035. This case study predicted the reduction of precipitation in most of the months. Investigation of the number of rainy days showed that this parameter had increased in all patterns. The results of the Mann-Kendall test also revealed that the precipitation didn’t have statistically significant trend.. Only EC-EARTH2.6 had an increasing trend for summer. This increase was significant at the 90% confidence level. In the case of the temperature parameter, the EC-EARTH8.5 pattern was increased in spring and summer and it was statistically significant at the 95% level. This increase was significant at the 99% confidence level for the summer season. CESM-CAM5-2.6 had an increasing trend significant at the 95% confidence level in summer. CESM-CAM5-8.5 had an increasing trend significant at 95% confidence level in autumn and winter. In the annual scale, the temperature parameter had an increasing trend significant at the 90% confidence level. Key words: AR5, Man Kendall, Temperature, Precipitation

In classical models of inventory and production control, it is assumed that all kinds of production machineries in various stages produce items with no defect and the quality of output of production stages are equal. However in practice, due to several reasons like the error of machinery and operators of productions, the performance quality of the production processes uctuates after a time and producing the low-quality and defective items is inevitable. On the other hand, producing defective items, which may be reworked or deposed, has a direct and signi cant eect on optimal lot sizing and relatedcosts. Hence, inproblemsraisedinpracticalsupply chain systems including dierent levels like supplier, manufacturer and customer, the defective production of items has been considered increasingly in recent years. In these systems, generally it is assumed that the lowquality products are returned to the prior level in production process and they come back in manufacturing system again after passing a rework cycle. In this situation, modeling the problem and determining the optimal polices in inventory and production planning, such as optimal lot sizing, are of the great concern for production managers. In this paper, an extended version of economic production quantity problem (EPQ) in which a nal product consisting of two parts is considered. In this problem, there is a dual echelon supply chain which includes the parts suppliers in rst level and the nal product producer in the second one. In both echelons, it is assumed that the production process is accomplished with a positive defective rate, which may be dierent for parts and nal product. In this study, production rate and rework rate are limited, demand is continuous, and shortage is not allowed. We model the problem with average cost approach and determine the optimal lot. The model is validated while illustrating a numerical example. Finally, we analyze sensitivity of cost depending on inventory and economic lot sizing according to the change in defective production, rework rate, and production rate.

In order to investigate the effect of manure, urea fertilizers and inculcation with Azotobacter chrooccum on yield and yield components of wheat Zagros cultivar, this experiment was conducted based on split-split plots with three replications in Ilam and in 2014-15. The experimental treatments including cow manure at two levels (non application and application 20 kilogram per meter square) as main plots, four levels of urea fertilizer (zero, 33, 66 and 100 percent of recommended urea chemical fertilizer) as sub-plots and Azotobacter chrooccum fertilizer at two levels (without inculcation and inculcation with Azotobacter) were assigned as sub-sub plots. The experiments results indicated that application of manure, urea fertilizer and Azotobacter chrooccum had a significant effect on yield, yield components and wheat biological yield. Manure triple interaction in urea fertilizer in Azotobacter chrooccum was significant on number of spike in square meter, number of grain in spike, one-thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at one and five percent probability levels, so that the highest number of spike per square meter (363 spikes), grain yield (4133/3 kilogram per hectare) and biological yield (8708.3 kilogram per hectare) in manure using treatment, using 60 percent recommended urea fertilizer and inculcation with Azotobacter and the lowest spike number in square meter (228.3 spikes), grain yield (2500.3 kilogram per hectare) and biological yield (5711 kilogram per hectare) were obtained in application, non-application of manure treatment, non-application of urea fertilizer and non-inoculation with Azotobacter. Thus, by using manure and 66 percent recommended urea fertilizer and also in addition to Azotobacter it can be possible to save the application of the fertilizer and to achieve the desirable yield in wheat.

Study in mixing processes for the management of water quality of rivers is important and one of the environmental concerns. The substrates, such as dunes, are effective in control of transport, production of turbulence and flow resistance in rivers, canals and wetlands It is therefore essential that study is done in this subject. The objective of this study is to investigate the transversal mixing coefficient of dunes. For this purpose, measurements carried out on the fifth to the ninth of dunes in a series of ten dune sand of the synthetic twodimensional. The experiments carried out in a laboratory channel with dimensions of length, width and depth, 20, 0.6 and 0.6 respectively. The dunes had a wave-length of one meter, height 0.8 meters, downstream side slopes 28 degrees and width equal to the channel width. The average diameter of sand dunes used was 14 mm. To evaluate the effect of the delicately ratio on lateral mixing coefficients, two different depths were used. The results showed that dune plays an important role in increasing the lateral mixing coefficient so that in this case this rate was 2.36 times the flat bed. Complete mixing length in the channel bed dunes was 11 meters to the amount indicated on the flat bed of a third. This parameter showed a decrease with increasing depth over the dunes. The tests indicate that the self-purification power of the river on the dunes, comparing to a flat bed, with increasing water depth above of the dunes, increases.

Energy as an important factor of production and also as a final good, has a special importance in economic development. Therefore in view of the wide geographic locations of the energy resources in Iran, and also the negative effects of the energy consumption on air pollution, the energy consumption planning has had a prime importance and should be done accurately. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of energy consumption and environmental degradation on the green GNP, using VAR model, causality Granger test, Johansen- Juselius co-integration test and correlation error model. The causality Granger test shows that a one-way causality exists between the green production to energy consumption in a short- run. This also shows that there is a two-way relationship exists between green production and CO2 emanation and the energy consumption has a long-run positive effect on green production, as energy consumption has caused the increase in GDP. As a result green production is increased. The effect of environmental degradation on green product was negative in a long run too. This can be said that greenhouse gases and environmental degradation has caused the natural resources depreciation that in turn is causing a decrease in the green production.

Like any other natural resources, utilization of hydro resources in electricity generation leads to reduce costs and create economic rents. In our country the share of hydroelectric plants from total electricity production compared to other productive resources is around 14%. In this study, calculate the economic rent of hydropower plant with the determination least-cost power generation capacity expansion planning with and without the hydropower plant. The model it also computation the economic rent of plant, optimal combination of power plant in future must be built and optimal utilization from they and existing plants to meet future is determined. The propose model for power plan of changes in economic rents were some of the key variables. The results show that there are substantial economic rent is the electricity generated by hydropower plants. Also the results show that Perspective Development of power industry is to side Gas and hydro power plants. And all of the hydroelectric plants due to lower operating costs compared to gas and steam power plant is actually used in base load and Gas and steam power plant due to higher operating costs practically middle and peak load operation has been. Also the sensitivity analysis shows the economic rent generated electricity from hydropower sources would be sensitive to changes in discount rate, load growth, fuel prices and availability of hydropower plan.

GDP growth rate as a measure of economic progress is estimates on the basis of national accounts. Since the national accounts are recorded regardless of natural resource depletion، by estimating depreciation in the oil، gas، coal and other parts of the environment، depletion of natural resources can be accounted for which will provide the access to green GNP index. Green GNP shows increased economic growth stability. Among all natural resources، oil is the most important source of revenue for oil exporting countries and fluctuations in its price is a major factor for economic crisis in both the oil-exporting and importing countries. The main purpose of the present paper is to examine the impact of oil price shocks on green GNP. For this study، the first oil price shock are calculated using hoodrick - Prescott Filter method and then the effects of oil price shocks on green manufacturing was estimated using self regressing pattern. Based on the estimation results in the short term، oil price shocks have a negative impact on the green production. This is due to the oil extraction، depletion of natural resource is increased and it leads to decreasing the green production، and it has negative impact on green production in the long-run because an increase in oil production will lead to real growth of other sectors so that this growth offsets the depreciation.

In order to study the effect of spraying of abscisic acid on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rainfed and supplementary irrigation, a field experiment was conducted in 2010 in Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University. A split factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted. Main plots were composed of two levels of irrigation (rainfed and supplementary irrigation in pod formation stage). Also, abscisic acid treatments (0, 20 ppm) and cultivars (Azad & Bivanij) were assigned as factorial to sub plots. Results showed that supplementary irrigation leads to significant increase in yield, number of pods per plant, 100 grain weight and biomass yield. For other traits including length and width of pod, days to 50% flowering and days to 50% pod, cultivar was only effective and abscisic acid and supplementary irrigation had no significant effect on these traits. Under rainfed conditions, treated plants with abscisic acid had higher plant height, branch number per plant and number of pod per plant than control plants. Also, abscisic acid spraying led to significant increase in yield and biomass yield of rainfed conditions similar to supplementary irrigation conditions.

In this experiment, the effect of ABA and Calcium ion on thermotolerance of corn seedlings and its relationship with antioxidant enzyms was investigated. ABA treatment significantly increased thermotolerance in maize seedlings. Pretreatment of maize seeds with CaCl[2] solution, which raises calcium content of maize seedlings, further enhanced the ABA-induced thermotolerance. In contrast, pretreatment with the Ca[2+]chelator EGTA, which lowers calcium content of maize seedlings, decreased the ABA-induced thermotolerance. In addition, pretreatment with the plasma membrane Ca[2+] channel blockers La[3+] and verapamil, which are expected to inhibit the influx of extracellular Ca[2+] into cells, also weakened the ABA-induced thermotolerance in maize seedlings. However, the calmodulin antagonists W7 and CPZ had little effect on the ABA-induced thermotolerance Measurement of activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, APX and GPX and the level of lipid peroxidation (in terms of MDA) indicated that heat stressinduced an oxidative stress in maize seedlings. ABA treatment enabled maize seedlings to maintain higher activities of these antioxidant enzymes and a lower level of lipid peroxidation at normal culture temperature and under heat stress. Ca[2+] pretreatment further enhanced the ABA-induced increase in SOD and APX activities and lowered the heat stress-induced lipid peroxidation in the ABA-treated seedlings, but EGTA pretreatment had an inverse effect. These results suggested that the ABA-induced thermotolerance is mediated by Ca[2+] and requires the entry of extracellular Ca[2+] into cells across the plasma membrane.An antioxidant enzyme systems cause the increase in the ABA and decrease of the induced thermotolerance.