محمد امین احمدی فقیه

Synthesis of 14</sup>C-labeled organic compounds is being required by the medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial, and research centers. The Carbon-14 is essential for the tracking and recognizing the mechanism and performance of the synthesized chemical compounds. The Dihydropyridine is synthetically labeled with Carbon-14 in this work to pursue a further study about the mechanism of its action and to support the current metabolism. Therefore, to clarify further the mechanism of its operation and to support the current research on its metabolism, there is a need for the analogs of these compounds that are Carbon-14 labeled in a biologically stable site. The 1,4-Dihydropyridine channel blockers are clinically significant antihypertensive drugs and have been immensely valuable as molecular tools to probe into the structural and functional aspects of the channel function. In this study, N-Phenyl-3,5-Dicarboxylate-2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,4[14</sup>C]-Dihydropyridine, which is a new compound of the Dihydropyridine derivative and had labeled with the Carbon-14, was synthesized. This novel synthetic compound having an N-Phenyl derivative is one of the new drug metabolites that have anti-cancer properties. Using a multicomponent reaction with the shortest stage in the preparation, separation, and purification, as well as, suitable conditions with an encellent radiochemical yield was developed.

The impact of cadmium (Cd) on male infertility may be related to the interaction with metal-binding proteins known as metallothioneins (Mts). Trace elements like zinc (Zn) have protective effects on testicular damage induced by Cd. We determined the effect of Zn and low-dose Cd pre-treatment on the expression of Mt1 and Mt2 genes on testicular Sertoli cells. The cultured TM4 mouse sertoli cells were treated with 50 μM ZnSO4 (Zn pre-treated group; ZnPG), 2 μM CdCl2 (Cd pre-treated group; CdPG), or distilled water (DW pre-treated group; DWPG). After 18 hour, all of these groups were exposed to 100 μM CdCl2 for different periods of time (1, 2, 3, and 6 hours). There was also a control group for all three groups, which was treated only with distilled water (without Cd or Zn pre-treatment). Cellular viability, Zn and Cd concentrations and gene expression were assessed by MTT, atomic absorption spectrometry and real time PCR methods, respectively. The expression of Mt1 and Mt2 genes in ZnPG, CdPG, and DWPG was greater than the control group (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively). Cd concentrations in CdPG and DWPG were greater than the control group (p=0.00). Expression of both genes in ZnPG and CdPG increased after 3 hours of treatment and Cd concentration decreased simultaneously, which was more obvious in ZnPG. Zn and short term low-dose Cd pre-treatment might reduce the adverse effects of Cd by increasing expression of Mts genes in Sertoli cells. The protective effect of Zn was stronger than Cd.

The accurate determination of molybdenum (Mo) in biological materials is of considerable importance in medical science because of the essential role played by this element in human metabolism. Molybdenum is a component of enzymes responsible for the initial stages of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur metabolism of plants, animals and humans. This element is usually determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA) in variety of samples, but direct measurement of low levels of molybdenum in biological samples by NAA is difficult. Recently instrumental analysis procedures such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) have been used in clinical measurements for determination of many trace elements in the biological samples. These techniques are much simpler and cheaper than NAA. In this paper we are reporting a method of sample preparation for determining molybdenum by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). This method is the most readily available technique for determination of molybdenum at the ng/g level in biological samples. It can be used for the routine hospital laboratory determination of molybdenum and has appropriate sensitivity and simplicity. The best and reliable results for molybdenum analysis was achieved by digestion of nails in HNO3 2N and was determined in the range from 0.11 to 5.10 μg/g.

One of the most important application of rhenium is its use in nuclear medicine.The recovery of rhenium via biosorption by micro-organisms, in contrast to other methods, has not been investigated yet. In the present study the biosorption of rhenium on Bacillus sp. MGG-83 in a batch of stirred system is reported, and its optimum condition has been determined. The optimum pH-value of the medium was found to be 2 for rhenium. The maximum biosorption of rhenium was obtained at a temperature between 35–40 0C. The rhenium take up increases by increasing the rhenium concentration, and for 250 mg/l the take up was 146.3 mg/g dry wt. The uptake of rhenium within 5 min of incubation is relatively rapid and the continuation of absorption behaves slowly thereafter. The reduction in the V/X0value causes an increase of the adsorbed rhenium and that is due to the increase of the adsorption surface area. The desorption of rhenium which has been carried out with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide at 25 0C was 55%.