فهرست مطالب محمد بخشی مشهدلو

Marriage is among the vital aspects in the formation of a healthy society, and the concept of adaptability and marital satisfaction is of significant importance. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of social problem–solving training and assertiveness training on improving adaptability and marital satisfaction in incompatible couples.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest and a control group design. In this research, 18 eligible couples referring to counseling centers in Ardebil City, Iran, to solve marital conflicts in 2017 were selected using a random sampling method. They participated in the study voluntarily and were randomly divided into three groups, as follows: one test (6 couples), a trial of two tests (6 couples), and one control (6 couples).  Educational interventions were conducted in eight 60–minute sessions to the experimental groups; however, the control group received no intervention. The required data were collected using the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES) and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale. Alson (2000), calculated Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of FACES as 0.90. Moreover, Abbaspour (2008) reported the reliability of this test using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient (0.95). Mahdaviyan tested the validity of the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and re–test method at a one–wk interval (for men: 93; for women: 94 and for men and women: 94.), and the reliability obtained using the method Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was .95. The validity of the questionnaire was also evaluated by Suleimanian, and the correlation of the subscales of the questionnaire with the total score was obtained from 0.44 to 0.85. Alson (2000) also reported Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient for the questionnaire as 0.92. In this research, its internal consistency, using Cronbachchr('39')s alpha, was calculated equal to 0.85. In addition, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the study assumptions, and the collected data were analyzed in SPSS.

The Box’ test results (0.365) on the research variables suggested that the homogeneity of the variance–covariance matrix was well–established. Furthermore, the mean (SD) posttest scores of the experimental group (1), in relation to the adaptability variable, was 21.23(17.25), and the same value for the experimental group (2) was 112.20 (18.22). Moreover, the mean(SD) posttest values of the experimental group (1), in relation to the marital satisfaction variable, was 142.12 (13.86) and in the experimental group (2), it was 129.11(97.7) According to these results, the increase in the posttest scores of the experimental groups 1 and 2 was more than that of the control group. In addition, the present results revealed that the difference between the mean scores of adaptability and marital satisfaction in the posttest stage was significant after controlling the pretest scores in the experimental groups 1 and 2 and the control group (p≤0.001). As a result, social problem–solving training and assertiveness training improved the level of adaptability and marital satisfaction in the studied couples. The MANCOVA results of adaptability, based on social problem solving and assertiveness training method, indicated a difference between the scores of social problem–solving and improved the status of adaptability in the investigated incompatible couples (p≤0.001) Is available. Finally, the Bonferroni posthoc test was used to compare the effects of the interventions on the subjects. The relevant results suggested the social problem solving and assertiveness training was effective. There was a significant difference between adaptability status and marital satisfaction. Accordingly, the difference between the two groups concerning the adaptability variable was 3.90; concerning marital satisfaction is 4.15, i.e., significant at p≤0.001. Therefore, the social problem–solving method, in improving the status of adaptability and marital satisfaction, was more effective than the method of assertiveness training.

The present study results suggested that social problem solving and assertiveness training provided more intimacy to the study couples. Furthermore, the social problem–solving method was more effective than the practice of assertiveness training and increased adaptability in the study subjects.

The present study was aimed to Predicting affective, social and academic adjustment in students based on temperament and character dimensions in Germi City. The research method was correlational. Population of the study incorporated first year high school students of in Germi city in the academic year 2015-2016. Participants were 295 male students were selected using multistage random sampling method. For data collection, we used Temperament and character Inventory, affective, social and academic adjustment and demographic questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test and regression analysis. The results showed that there were negative, significant relations between temperament (. /71) and character (. /67) with adjustment. Also, The results of regression analysis indicated that, In general, 54% of variance for academic adjustment is explicable based on the temperament and character dimensions. Also, the dimensions of self- directiveness, Co-cooperativeness and Persistence were the most important predictors of adolescent adjustment. These results have important implications in psychopathology of adjustment problems. Accordingly, the experts, can use these results for prevention and treatment of adjustment problems.

Family is the basis of the great human community and has a fundamental role in the strength of social relations and growth of every member of the community. Levi considers the family as a social unit on which marriage is formed. One of the most critical factors that affects the survival and growth of the family is healthy relationships based on couples' consistency and understanding. Marital adjustment is one of the most critical factors affecting the family and family life is formed by the interactions of everyday life of a husband and wife. Of course, what is essential in marriage is marital satisfaction; therefore, the study of factors affecting marital satisfaction is significant. The purpose of this research is a comparison of the effectiveness of social problem-solving skills training method for increasing the level of adaptability and marital satisfaction in incompatible couples. This research was a semi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of 12 couples referring to counseling centers in Ardebil under the supervision of the psychological system during the years 2017-2018 for solving marital conflicts and problems. Qualified couples randomly assigned to two social test problem-solving groups (6 couples) and a control group (6 couples). The first group received social problem solving, and the second group did not receive any training. Two questionnaires were used to collect data. Compliance and Family Connectivity Scales that the of the present scales were reported 0.74 reliability for the dimension of integration by Cronbach's Alpha and 0.75 reliability for the compliance dimension by Mazaheri and other colleagues. And Enrique's Marriage Consultation Standard Questionnaire that the internal correlation of this test has been reported 0.93 for the long form, and 0.95 for the short way by Soleimanian and also Ellson et al. have reported that Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this questionnaire was 0.92 and its reliability based on the internal consistency method, Cronbach's alpha is 0.85. The statistical method used in this study was the descriptive and inferential and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) used to analyze the hypotheses, and also data were analyzed using SPSS software. According to the results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S), the significance level for research variables is larger than the error value of 0.05. (Adaptability (0.086) and marital satisfaction (0.201)). So these variables have a normal distribution. The results of multivariate analysis of variance analysis in maladaptive couples showed that the amount of Lambda-Wikis is 0.043, which is significant (p<0.001) - according to the results of multivariate analysis of variance, adaptability and about the value of F=7.3, also considering that the significance level of the test error for the confidence level 0.99 is less than 0.001. Therefore, it can be said that the teaching of the social problem-solving method increases the adaptability of incompatible couples. According to the results of multivariate analysis of variance analysis, marital satisfaction, and about F=26.67 and also considering that the significance level of the test error for the confidence level 0.99 is less than 0.001. So, it can be said that teaching social problem-solving method increases marital satisfaction in maladaptive couples. Finally, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of social problem-solving intervention and the control group in the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of adaptability and marital satisfaction (p<0.001). So the results indicated that social problem solving as a cognitive strategy could be effective in the emergence of couples' emotional responses thus, teaching social problem-solving skills could have a positive effect on the degree of adaptation and marital satisfaction of maladaptive couples. The results clearly showed that social problem-solving skills training caused couples to become more intimate, and this educational intervention program has been effective in improving marital intimacy. In the final explanation of the results, it can be concluded that the social problem-solving skill method has a significant effect on increasing the level of adaptability and marital satisfaction in maladaptive couples.