محمد جواد مهدوی نژاد

Indigenous architecture has roots from nature, context and natural archetypes. The main goal of this research is to reframe Persian architecture as biocompatible, biophilic and eco-friendly architecture. It is to extract indicators that highlight biophilic aspects of Persian architecture as a reliable representative of the architecture of MENA region.

The research strategy is logical argumentation and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The theoretical framework of the research is based on highperformance architecture theory. The Delphi method, discipline of anticipation (DoA), and the Shannon algorithm have been adopted to extract effective indicators. For the discussion group, the opinions of twenty experts in the field are referred to. The tools for collecting opinions are in-depth interviews and structured questionnaires.

The quantitative research findings show that there is a meaningful correlation between the principles of Iranian architecture and biophilic architecture. These surveys show that the most dominant criteria might be summarized as: 1- socio-cultural dimensions: the occupant behavior, culture of context, measuring happiness instead of incomes, compatibility with the environment and the life cycle assessment; 2- economic dimensions: Persian culture of contentment, flexibility and design optimization; 3- environmental dimensions: performance-based design, carbon neutrality, and bio-compatible materials.

Persian architecture is an invaluable representative of highperformance architecture theory which might be acclaimed for focusing on nature-based solutions. It is to highlight the "process" more than the product; long-term benefits instead of short-term gains; nature-based value creation to encourage a zero-waste building industry, to reduce carbon footprint and biophilic architecture.

Today, the use of artificial intelligence has grown significantly, and is developing as a new field. The main goal of this research is to know the capabilities of artificial intelligence in advancing the design and implementation process in the artificial environment. The practical goal of research is the development and application of the most important achievements of machine learning in the field of design.

The main research method is "meta-analysis" research in the paradigm of "free research" with a critical approach and basic design, which examines the general knowledge field of this field using broad techniques. Then, to consolidate the literature on the topic, through searching three reliable knowledge bases of this field, we collected articles related to machine learning in the fields of unsupervised learning methods, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning; The most important capacities and shortcomings, and strengths and weaknesses are reviewed.

Quantitative findings from the combined data indicate that supervised machine learning and directed deep learning can be the best option to recommend in the future of design. While the learning process in deep learning is gradual and slower, supervised machine learning works faster in the testing phase.

The research emphasizes that supervised machine learning is the best option for predicting answers in the design process. But if, in addition to prediction, the issue of creativity in design is desired, deep learning is more efficient.

Problem: 

More knowledge about the aspects affecting outdoor thermal comfort can help urban designers to enhance the experience of urban places. explaining human responses to thermal stimuli requires more detailed knowledge about the factors and processes affecting thermal comfort. In this regard, beside the impact of objective factors, it is necessary to consider the effect of mental processes. In the last two decades, many researches have been focused on the psychological aspects of thermal comfort. The diversity of influencing psychological factors and the breadth of case study data requires comprehensive reviews to make theoretical inferences and transform them into more structured conceptualizations. On the other hand, review of studies on psychological aspects of outdoor thermal comfort shows a weak link with the basic theories of environmental psychology in the relevant field.

Target:

 The goal of this study was to comprehensively review research findings in the field of psychological aspects of thermal comfort influenced by the experience of urban places, and to create a link between the evidences about psychological influences on outdoor thermal comfort and theoretical concepts of environmental psychology.

The proposed conceptual framework guides and organizes this review. studies were searched based on keywords extracted from theoretical bases, and 28 articles were reviewed in detail. The extracted research outputs were divided based on thematic categorization of the conceptual model, including long-term experience, short-term experience, restorative environments, and momentary person-thermal environment interaction.

Review of studies demonstrates the effect of cognitive factors resulting from long-term experience (association between thermal conditions and spatial characteristics in memory, preferences and attitudes toward thermal experience in urban spaces, and sense of places for the person), short-term experience (short term thermal history, short-term affects and mental fatigue), restorative environments (physical and functional restorative properties, and personal connection to place) and situational interaction between person and thermal environment (congruence with needs/goals and expectations, and coping potential) on outdoor thermal comfort.

AbstractProblem statement: The discussion about the financial feasibility of contemporization among investors, planners, policymakers, and supporters of cultural heritage is ongoing. The ideology-driven approach that advocates for demolishing old houses and replacing them with more profitable structures has transformed many streets in Tehran into soulless places. Generally, investors show minimal interest in investing in the renovation and reuse of old buildings. However, there is a growing number of successful projects emerging that involve refurbishment and reuse of existing structures.Research The objective of this study is to examine the preservation of historical buildings and their contemporization from an economic perspective in contrast to building new structures.Research The research methodology employed in this study is quantitative, utilizing the techniques of smooth regression and coding in the MATLAB software. The findings indicate that economic growth based on contemporization follows an upward trend. While there are various costs involved, such as attracting audiences to buildings and the implementation of strategies that are discussed further, economic growth has demonstrated a greater inclination towards contemporization rather than demolition and construction. Proposed solutions in this study include the establishment of financial packages, loans, and banking partnerships to incentivize the contemporization of residential buildings and discourage the demolition of structures from the 1950s to 1970s. Furthermore, the results suggest that municipalities should adopt new policies to promote contemporization and integrate it as an integral part of smart growth initiatives. Municipalities should enforce strict design guidelines in neighborhoods with the potential for contemporization to attract more investment, protect communities, increase property values in those areas, and facilitate potential investments.

Geometry is one of the physical characteristics of architecture and among geometric strategies, the symmetry-adjusting model has a special place in it. Symmetry does not reach its full meaning regardless of concepts such as balance, harmony, rhythm and proportion. This Research tries to analyze the principle of symmetry and balance in the process of perception of Qajar houses as one of the most important architectural and urban design in Isfahan. A collection that, although visual symmetry at first glance, is considered an asymmetric set in its landscape. Symmetry as an evolutionary value in the geometry of Persian houses architecture is investigated by descriptive-analytical method and videoecology technique and the reasons for devolving from this value in axis and form are evaluated. Symmetry is one of the oldest known spatial and form policies in the public spaces of Persian- Islamic architecture in order to tie plurality to unity in the center of space and attract the attention of the observer to the center of the complex, but, the diversity in the dimensions and diversity of residential spaces and the shape of the land has made it impossible for the overall symmetry in the design of the space and the designer observes the symmetry in the facade components. The results show that although the shape of the land in the architecture of Persian houses makes the formation of symmetrical architecture difficult and complicated, However, by creating a geometric space among the (central courtyard) and the quality of readability through appropriate spatial location and communication, the designer has been able to create a new relationship of stable balance in hidden layers in a way that engages the audience in active action with the inner concepts of the work and makes him a part of this perceptual process.

Efficiency as a cultural index can be defined as the comfort resulting from the proper arrangement of components and the connection point between form and function; which plays an important role in adding quality to the space. Such an attitude to design; It is an attempt to obtain a model of valuable previous architecture to measure sustainability and discover the grammar of space in order to create works for the future of architecture.

The current research is a kind of documentary research, based on the use of data of valuable models of the past, which, by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzes the concept of efficiency in the structure of function and form in native Qajar houses of Isfahan.

Most of the massing has been done in the north (public spaces), west (service spaces), south (private spaces) and east (service spaces) fronts, respectively. Also, the data obtained from Ecotect software shows that the best direction in Isfahan city is between 17.5 degrees southwest and 22.5 degrees southeast. However, the frequency of Isfahan Orientation in the native Qajar houses of Isfahan is very low, and the emphasis is on the orientation in the north-south direction, and the southeast or southwest of it has not been given much attention.

The configuration of the space, the amount of received energy and the visual communication of the environment (sight) are among the indicators that affect the efficiency, which is understood by the way of massing, spatial relations and spatial proportions.

Increasing energy consumption in the building and the use of construction materials with the increase in the amount of construction, causes environmental degradation and excessive consumption of fossil fuels. Nature has undergone its evolutionary process over the centuries and has reached its most optimal form, structure, and constituent materials. The goal of biomimicry is to be inspired by nature to increase efficiency with the help of sustainable solutions. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the capabilities of silica sponge for use in various building components to achieve the best possible options.

 The collection of basic information is through the library and using the articles of valid and up-to-date scientific journals and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Theoretical concepts are expressed from the descriptive method and qualitative content analysis is performed.

 The results of the research provide the possibility of inspiring siliceous sponge with special features at different levels of biomimicry for different components of the building and design and ideation of the form, structure, process, and function of the sponge in an optimal state in the direction of the bionic structure.

 By analyzing the form, function, structure, process, and how the sponge interacts with its surroundings, which has reached its optimal form and structure in interaction with its surroundings over the centuries, we can come up with an idea for sustainability and synchronization, achieved mostly with the environment, minimum energy consumption in the building and having optimal components.

The formation principles of buildings in Iranian-Islamic architecture and their alignment with the climate have resulted in a sustainable architectural form. In this context, the emphasis has been particularly placed on the climatic characteristics in the facades of buildings as a crucial link between the external and internal environments and as the most vital component of a building in facing climatic conditions. Effectively utilizing climatic patterns enhances energy efficiency, daylight utilization, visual comfort, and more within the building structure. Hence, this research aims to identify various climatic patterns used in the facades of Iranian-Islamic houses and reviews relevant studies in this field to explore their reinterpretation in contemporary architecture. To achieve this goal, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted to grasp the essence of the issue, supplemented by a literature review to underscore the significance of these patterns with climatic functions in building facades. The parameters studied encompass Iranian-Islamic patterns that incorporate climatic functions in house facades. The obtained results affirm the feasibility of updating these patterns to create climate-responsive facades using modern technologies, thereby assisting existing studies in determining the optimal approaches for facade optimization.

The thermal performance and lighting of buildings are two critical factors in architectural design due to the need for energy consumption while establishing the residents' comfort. The design of the facade of the building as an external shell, which is the place of heat exchange between the building and the surrounding environment, absorption of solar energy, and penetration of light into the interior environment, is critical. Theoretical framework of the research was built on the highperformance architecture and daylightophil architecture theories for optimizing energy consumption in the building with especial focus on useful daylight illuminance (UDI), spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), annual sunlight exposure (ASE) and other critical daylight factors. The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical and considering the importance of educational spaces and the amount of energy consumption in this field, the central role and position of classrooms, in this research, the south facade of one of the classrooms of the Islamic Azad University of Semnan as a field study. It has been investigated and simulated in Rhino software and with Grasshopper, Ladybug, Honeybee, Energy Plus plugins, thermal performance analysis, and with the help of genetic algorithm method in the Galapagos component by changing the dimensions of the studied class windows, optimization has been The findings of the research shows that by optimizing the classroom, energy consumption in the south wall has decreased by 12% and more than 50% of the classroom environment receives useful daylight. Based on the LEED evaluation method, both indexes of spatial adequacy of daylight and annual direct sunlight received for the discussion of lighting in educational buildings have obtained the necessary points. The results show that the form and arrangement of the apertures in the south wall of the studied classroom are effective in receiving light and energy consumption, and the highest illumination and the lowest energy consumption are apertures with smaller dimensions and greater dispersion than the existing windows in They have the climate of Semnan city.

One of the challenges facing human beings today is the excessive consumption of fossil fuels, which has led to the depletion of non-renewable energy sources and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as global warming and climate change. This challenge has led to the search for solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption, such as optimizing and reducing energy consumption and the use of renewable energy. One of the most important areas of energy consumption is man-made in the field of architecture. On the other hand, one of the most important parts of a building that interacts with the outside environment is its outer skin. In this study, the need to pay attention to the outer skin of the building, as one of the most important parts that can manage and control the amount of energy consumption in a building, has been addressed. Its purpose is to achieve appropriate and effective solutions to reduce energy consumption in the building by the adaptive skin. One of the sources of modeling is the study of the process of reaction of living organisms to their external conditions. In this research, general solutions to reduce building consumption in the field of outer skin as well as the convergence of challenges of a building skin and mechanisms in nature for survival are discussed. It can be said that one of the most similar living organisms to adapt behavior to the facade and skin of a building are plants. Because while they do not have much mobility, they have to manage their challenges such as receiving sunlight. By modeling plants, the challenges of using and protecting sunlight in the building can be managed. The method of collecting information and data from libraries and Internet sites and the research method is descriptive-analytical and simulation using simulation software and measuring its efficiency in controlling the entry of sunlight into the inside by climate analysis and light analysis software. By modeling the behavior of a special type of plant called Oxalis oregano and abstracting from it, a concept has been reached whose structural principles have been simulated by GrassHopper plugin in Rhino software 6. This module can be generalized on the facade and can control the amount of sunlight entering the building mass by opening and closing it. Transparent photovoltaic cells (TPV) are used in the body of the module, which in addition to providing energy for opening and closing the modules, does not impede visual vision. Examining the effect of the outer skin on the simulated space, it was found that these skins reduce the total heat load by 28%, reduce cooling load by 56% and the probability of glare from daylight by 23%. By modeling plants due to their static nature and adaptability to their surroundings, a mechanism in the building such as responsive skin can be achieved that control the impact of environmental variables such as sunlight into the building and thus provide visual comfort to residents in the glare of daylight reduced the use of building cooling energy.

As a manifestation of Iran’s landscape, the Persian Garden has reflected the thoughts, beliefs, and culture of Iranian-Islamic people throughout history. This gardening pattern has characteristics that have distinguished it from other gardening styles in the world. One of which is the water system in the Persian Garden. In the vast hot and dry areas of Iran, water has had an essential presence as evidenced by historical examples - from the oldest example in Pasargadae to the contemporary period – and water is considered one of the identity factors of the Persian Garden; Although the appearance of the water system and its nature in the Persian Garden as a product of human interaction with the environment has changed over time. The main purpose of this study is to explain the role of the water system in the eternity of the Persian Garden. To achieve this goal, first, the concept of eternity was defined and its criteria were extracted to form the theoretical model of the research. This theoretical model, which includes functional, climatic, socio-cultural, and semantic-aesthetic criteria, was then compared to the indicators of the water system obtained from the studies on the Persian Garden. To achieve these purposes, a combination of descriptive-analytical and historical research methods was used. The methods of data collection were in the form of library and field studies in addition to interviews with experts to achieve a comprehensive understanding of eternity, the Persian Garde,n and the water system. The method of information evaluation was qualitative according to the contents and the results were obtained through the analytical-inductive method. Based on this, the main question of the research has been answered and the final result was that the use of water in the Persian Garden was not instrumental, and maintaining a mental connection and assigning a meaningful role to it was the factor of the eternity of the Persian Garden; Because in the belief of Iranians, both before and after Islam, water has been a source of purification and has a sacred and meaningful role and has given life to the garden.

The spread of the COVID-19 threatens the citizens health, especially the elderly, in community spaces. The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the pandemic on the presence of vulnerable groups such as the elderly in community spaces, with the aim of providing lessons in order to be prepared for the post-Corona architecture and healthy environment.

The research method is "meta-analysis" of the documents and scientific reports development regarding the impacts of pandemic on architecture and planning. The research which was carried out with a comprehensive method and a designerly approach. The theoretical framework of the research is a synthesis of the highperformance architecture theory and theory of healthy environment. The methodology analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of urban community spaces in critical paradigm.

Studies show that after the spread of Corona virus and pandemic of COVID-19, the presence of the elderly and other vulnerable groups in urban spaces became less than before. As a result, urban spaces have moved towards polarization, which endangered the value and the quality urban spaces.

The outcomes of the study show that collective open spaces should be planned and designed based on an integrated approach to theories such as "healthy environment" and "healthy city" in order to allow the presence of vulnerable groups, especially the elderly in order to increase the quality of the urban environment. The performance-based design should span from visual-thermal comfort to pollution dispersion and healthy corridor design.

Studying the valuable architectural patterns of the past as the cultural identity of each society and its modernization using new technologies is a matter that in every period is one of the cultural priorities and necessities of each society. On the other hand, due to the rich foundations of Iranian-Islamic architecture, it is necessary to make a thoughtful return to housing architecture as one of the most important forms of social organization of space and use its main features and elements to create a new way of residential architecture along with new technology and requirements of the day. This descriptive-analytical study with case model strategy and using space syntax plugin and plan production graph tries to describe the mathematical relationships governing space in concepts such as spatial depth, control value, choice value, integrity and entropy, by evaluating and analyzing the relationship between space companionship to discover concepts that can play a role in today's architecture. The results indicate that although there is a structural difference between past and contemporary patterns in space massing, it is possible to express a pattern in contemporary language by based on the values mentioned and maintaining the position and relationships between different spaces in the graph.

The tendency towards "authenticity" has been considered more than ever in developing countries, especially in Islamic countries. Nowadays, revivalist trends have become one of the most important currents in the contemporary art and architecture of Islamic countries. The literature shows that these trends, in addition to their strengths, also had several weaknesses. In Iran, along with the other trends in the developing countries, revivalism acts as a dominant trend in the scene of contemporary architecture. Revivalist trends in Iran, in search of a contemporary expression, decided to establish an outstanding model of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The highperformance architecture theory as a futuristic phenomenon is to outline a future for the architecture of the world especially for the future architecture of the developing countries such as Iran. The context analysis show that Islamic countries of the West of Asia and the North Africa (MENA) region and other Islamic countries. As a leading architectural theory, the highperformance architecture theory is to outline a framework for the interaction of technology and prosperity in order to meet "excellence". The main goal of research is to find the similarities and differences of the proposed theory with other competing theories in the Islamic countries. The main purpose of this study is to reunderstand the revivalist tendencies in Islamic countries, and to analyze their strengths and weaknesses in comparison with the highperformance architecture theory. The methodology of the research is based on abduction and logical argumentation research strategy. Regarding the "designerly" character of highperformance architecture theory, the methodology of the research is to include theory and practice simultaneously. Based on the outlined goal, the results of the research can provide a framework for comprehensive policies in the field of art and architecture of Islamic countries. From a methodological point of view, the research examines the revivalist theories and practices in the art and architecture of Islamic countries with the logical argumentation strategy. For the reasoning process, the research has adopted the descriptive-analytical methodology. In analyzing the effects and procedures, it uses semantic content analysis and modeling methods. Research with a forward-looking futuristic approach, seeking to draw what is the desired model of art and architecture, at the level of the 20-year vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran; as an inspiring model for other Islamic countries. Research findings show that both anti-technology and anti-traditional trends have been doomed to fail in the field of practice. These reactionary trends led to a kind of "extreme traditionalism" or "imitation architecture" in the contemporary architecture of the developing countries such as Iran. The results show a weakness in understanding the context in order to have a futuristic and a conceptual perspective toward the future. The recent trends suffer from lack of integrity and comprehensive understanding. The results are petro-dollars for a hasty pastiche architectural style in some developing countries which results in environmentally catastrophe and energy-hungry style of development.The conclusion of the research underscores that an essential shortcoming of the existing theories in the field of art and architecture of Islamic countries is the lack of practicality in the field of "design", and the weakness of comprehensiveness in the field of "technology". It highlights that a successful architecture theory has to criticize the extremist traditionalism and the imitation-eclecticism in order to find a way toward the future. The highperformance architecture theory has to respect the context in order to learn from indigenous identity, and to adopt the new technologies in order to meet the excellence in design. In this perspective, it could be an alternative for the future of art and architecture in Islamic countries as well as the developing countries.

Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Iran, relying on its rich history in the field of art, industry, and trade has put the construction of industrial factories throughout Iran on the agenda and in every city and gift, and often according to the common industry in that region. Industrial architecture is one of the important branches and sources of modern architecture. Strives to build one or more chain factories with the capital of the city's elders and businessmen and to attract the participation and capital of the people. In other words, in an action based on community-based participation, the face and landscape of the city were suddenly changed, and factories were accepted as manifestations of modernism and signs of the new age, along with other urban elements. Unfortunately, after the end of the activities of these industrial institutions and their departure from the city, and the abandonment of factories, many of them were destroyed due to a lack of real knowledge of officials and people of the values hidden in this building and lack of attention of responsible experts and specialists. The process that continues and even their inclusion in the list of national monuments has not been very fruitful and can not be considered an obstacle to prevent their destruction. In this regard, in this study, to be able to properly protect and recreate this heritage, to identify the appropriate approach to the protection of this heritage based on the review of approved documents, and also to recognize and understand the tangible and intangible values of this heritage by grounded theory. Was on the agenda. A method based on and extracting data that has been collected and analyzed regularly during the study of scientific sources. Thus, the result of this integrated protection and regeneration that takes place in the light of attention to culture, considering the category of public awareness of the values of this heritage, as an important matter, integrated protection and recreation of this heritage in the shadow of conscious communities. Will play an important role in its continuation.Explaining this, it should be noted that the industrial heritage, especially the factories that are located in the central part of cities today, after the completion of industrialization and turning them into large forgotten areas inside or around historic cities, from the perspective of people and residents, physical places. And an abandoned and polluted function, spaces for committing all kinds of crimes and offenses, and generally devoid of any inherited values. At first glance, these areas are considered unbearable financial ones, even from the point of view of the executive and political powers. This negative view of the audience and the subsequent cases such as the impossibility of visiting this building and consequently the unfamiliarity of the people with different values of this building deprive the people of a sense of attachment and emotion to this building which is one of the most important reasons for protecting industrial works. In this regard, one of the first protection strategies regarding industrial heritage is to eliminate the negative attitude towards them. The endangerment of industrial heritage is also due to this negative mentality and the problems of the economic structure of the old industrial areas; It should be noted, however, that this legacy can be reminiscent of a pioneering spirit, traditions, and the power of innovation, and can be effective in improving public perceptions and creating a positive image, but so far little use has been made of this industrial heritage potential.In such circumstances, the legacy of industrial society can be saved. The first is to make a relentless effort to preserve this heritage in the collective memory of post-industrial generations. This should be done by understanding the value of this heritage after their disability; In meantime, motivating the feeling and strengthening the sense of pride and sense of responsibility for the protection of industrial heritage, both for the audience and for the officials, will be very effective in preserving the values of industrial heritage. Second, to incorporate this heritage into the daily lives, work, and other cultural or service needs of the residents, using the imagination, initiative, and innovation that we will address in the relevant section.

Indigenous architecture comprises one of the most important “forms of the social organization of space” that can be understood by studying the connection between the physicality of architecture and the life and culture of inhabitants. The indigenous architecture of Iran constitutes part of the cultural-historical continuity of Iranian architecture, and the learning and re-establishment of its conventional models can play an effective role in advancing contemporary architectural practices to preserve the cultural identity and authenticity in design, while also creating a valuable legacy for future generations. It also provides a differentiating criterion for distinguishing Iranian from non-Iranian architectural models. It shall be emphasized that this view does not mean reproducing the models and spaces already existent in contemporary times, rather, it means understanding how architecture relates to human beings and their surroundings and transforming it into contemporary spaces. This descriptive-analytical case study uses the space syntax plugin to describe the mathematical relationships governing space such as spatial depth, control value, choice value, integrity, and entropy by evaluating and analyzing the relationship of juxtaposing spaces to reveal past concepts that can play a role in today’s architecture. Also, based on the values mentioned and on maintaining the position and relationships between different spaces in the graph, express an existing model in contemporary language. The results indicate that although past and contemporary architecture differ structurally in terms of massing codes, using connecting and intermediate spaces, the spatial configuration of an existing model can be translated into contemporary architectural space, providing for the continuation of identity in contemporary architecture.

Today, the issue of identity crisis has become one of the main concerns in the domain of architectural spaces, especially in countries with culturally rich backgrounds which seek original features in a purposeful solution. This is also true of the Iranian architectural space which, connected deeply to its culture, can conceive an authentic model related to the architecture of the modern urban façades. The main inquiry of this study revolves around this fundamental question: “What elements are analytically included inthe study of the semantic authenticity in urban facades of the city of Tehran?” It could be concluded that, based on the theory of origin of Zancheti, et al., understanding the concept of “originality” is possible through three elements: the physical – environmental element, the physical element and the element of meaning in urban landscapes.  Furthermore, the authentic façadesfollow three elements: first, the clarity in the building structure, second,the connection with the environment and the urban space and third,the affiliation to the longstanding and meaningful objects.  In order to create original façades in today's urban architectural design, one needs to identify the construction of the building facade, followed by a systematic study of the physical and semantic relations to perceive its semantic authenticity as veiled codes in the facades. The aim of this study is to emphasize the structural authenticity in the city of Tehran by devising a framework in the original semantics. Therefore, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods is used. Thus, in the qualitative phase, the characteristics are examined through “Grounded-Theory” method.In the quantitative phase, however, the significance of the characteristics is determined using the SWARA method. The data collection method is based on field data, library research, and involves a questionnaire containing 24 questions. The selection of examples include monuments of contemporary architecture that have a wide range of impact and hold the following characteristics due to their superior views: 1-In the first and second “Pahlavi” Era; 1931-1966. 2- Iranian cultural roots are also meticulously studied. 3-There are genuine architectural signs and patterns. In the selection of this study, twopoints are more conspicuous than others: the importance of the works of the selected buildings and the significance of their relative era.The physical analysis of the contemporary architectural works in the first and second “Pahlavi” Erasuggests thatproper design methods were applied in the structural proportions widely employed by the architects of the timeto originate a basic method in architecture. They follow a pattern that facilitates the process of the original design by employing it in view and intensify the validity of the façade.   According to this research, the production of an authentic urban facade has a direct connection with the creation of meaningful elements that are linkedto one another through time. This study considers roots as the basis of originalitywhich is perceived through an accuratedesign analysis of the architecture of PahlaviEra. The semantic authenticity of the façade is comprehended through semantic elements which areassociated with the city,the effective light,the turning point,the vitality and mobility, the memorability, and the domestic materials.

According to the global earthquake risk zoning map, the country of Iran is located in a high seismic hazard zone. Therefore, predicting the seismic risk and considering solutions to reduce the vulnerability of buildings against it, is one of the priorities of seismic codes and designers in this field. Tall buildings are, on one hand, essential needs in response to the rapid development and population growth of large cities in Iran, and on the other hand, they have a large volume of Non-structural Components (NSCs), including equipment, facilities, and architectural components. Any damage to these components during an earthquake, including instability, collapse, or even out of service can impose the need for crisis management and emergency service in the city. On the other hand, tall buildings, due to their height and scale, are important buildings and have an impact on the city's landscape and view, and for this reason, designers mostly like to use complex forms with complicated and impressive geometric in the design of these buildings. Referring to this issue, this article investigates the effect of twisting form as one of the common complex forms in the construction of tall buildings on drift and lateral displacement as indicators of measuring the vulnerability of non-structural components and the weight per unit area of the structure as an indicator of the optimal structural design of buildings. For this purpose, twisting forms with regular geometric plans, including triangles, squares, hexagons, and circles, each with degrees of relative twisting of the floors from zero to 3 degrees and with heights of 160, 180, and 200 meters have been investigated. This research is of quantitative type and has been done by modeling method with Rhinoceros architecture software and Karamba3D finite element simulator and analysis plugin. The results of this study show that twisting of the floors in the forms of triangular and square plans shape causes an increase in the amount of drift and lateral displacement and the weight of the unit area of the structure, and the intensity of this increase grows with the height of the building. On the other hand, the twisting of the floors on the forms with Circle and Hexagonal plans has a very little and even insignificant effect, and none of the investigated indicators cause a significant increase.

One of the most controversial issues in the development of the natural-heritage-intensive sites is the challenge of conservation and development; on the one hand, development should boost the local economy, on the other hand, it should take care of nature and the environment. One of the most important solutions proposed to preserve human geography and convince local people to continue living in their homeland, is tourism industry. This issue makes the need to build new places and infrastructure more serious. Biophilic architecture and urban planning have been considered as an intelligent response to the impact of the development projects in the context.The purpose of this study is to explain the impacts of the biophilic architecture in the prosperity of tourism and the economic, social and environmental development consequently. The concept is going to be discussed in the framework of the high-performance architecture theory in the historical village of Abyaneh as the case study. In the present study, the ecotourism potentials and capabilities of Abyaneh village have been studied scientifically, along with environmental issues and biocompatible principles, and finally, solutions to move towards sustainable regional development have been presented.

In the research, the survey method is descriptive-analytical, using field studies, and based on the SWOT analytical model and network analysis process (ANP). The statistical population in this study consists of three main groups including local citizens, tourists and authorities. The Cochran's method has been used to determine the population and sample size, which has been selected 130 for people, 100 for tourists and 25 for officials. The results of constructing the SWOT matrix show the accepted strategy and model for reviewing scores and prioritizing them. The set of points and criteria that were considered for the development of tourism in the region has been designed in the form of a questionnaire. This questionnaire was distributed among ordinary people, tourists, as well as officials and managers of organizations responsible for the tourism sector for weighting and prioritizing importance. In the SWOT model, the numerical weighting method is used to achieve the final results. In the mentioned method, the study area is divided into similar sections according to the area and in each section; items such as strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities and their related factors are identified. By weighting each of these factors, the relative position of each part is clarified. Then, according to the obtained scores, each factor is classified and finally, the sum of their means and weights is placed as an indicator for ranking. The weight scores of all external components are summarized in a column, and then according to they have reviewed the overall score of that system.

The present study is at four levels that include factors and sub-factors, goals and alternatives. In fact, the goal of the problem is to achieve the most appropriate strategy and criteria for the problem of matrix factors, which include strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats, are included in the subset of matrix factors. After analyzing the results of calculations related to each of the existing strategies, it was found that investing and planning tourism in historical and cultural sites and paying special attention to the specific customs of the region, paying attention to better access to the region and identifying unique attractions.The tourist in terms of the type of buildings, architecture and texture of the region to increase tourism in the region as the first strategy with a value of 0.34 and respectively planning, design, development and equipping the natural potential of the region to create artificial attractions and Man-made in line with the natural attractions of the environment as well as increasing the use of specialized, experienced and trained forces in the ecotourism sector along with tourist areas with a second rank and a value of 0.26 and educating residents on how to deal with tourists, increase facilities, facilities and Accommodation and welfare equipment and efforts to resolve the cultural conflict between tourists and indigenous people with a third rank and a value of 0.20 and protect the environment and prevent undesirable use of natural and historical attractions and their destruction, protect the destruction of vegetation in the region And reducing water and soil pollution in the tourism and total area These specialized and experienced manpower in the staff and increase efficiency in tourism planning management with the fourth rank and a value equal to 0.17 in terms of weight importance and in order to decide the implementation of the mentioned strategies are in the next ranks.

One of the most controversial issues in villages with valuable heritage, in the natural context, is the challenge of conservation and development; On the one hand, development should boost the local economy, on the other hand, it should take care of nature and the environment. One of the most important solutions proposed to preserve human geography and convince local people to continue living is the prosperity of the tourism industry; this issue makes the need to build new places and infrastructure more serious. Biocompatible architecture and urban planning have been considered as an intelligent response to the impact of the implementation of development projects in the context of human and natural geography. The purpose of this study is to explain the impact of the trend towards biocompatible architecture in the prosperity of natural tourism and thus the development of economic, social and environmental indicators; the concept that excels in the framework of architectural theory is discussed in the example of the historical village of Abyaneh.The achievements of the research show that the emphasis on the natural potentials and ecotourism capabilities of Abyaneh village in a scientific way, along with the observance of environmental issues and the principles of sustainable development; might be called as the best option to outline the development projects in this area. In other words, to promote the tourism industry, the biophilic development can be recommended that focuses on sustainability, the environment, energy efficiency, water preservation and hidden energy; while increasing the number of tourists.

Nowadays more than ever, architecture is in need of connection with its spiritual background. It is contemporary architecture that falls in dilemma of authenticity or to be connected with the authentic architecture, and originality or to be unique and avoid stereotyping. Contemporization as a strategy to bring up to date the historical archetypes and to set an ancient narrative in a modern context is a promising gateway for future architecture and architecture future of Iran. Literature review of the research declare that contemporary architecture might be organized to follow “genotype” of authentic architecture, while enjoys the unique “phenotype” of itself regarding to contemporary prerequisites. Therefore it is essential to contemporize and regenesis of the genome of Persian architecture in order to make a bridge between past and future. Theoretical framework of the research is based on “high-performance architecture theory”. The manuscript aims to contemporize Persian architecture based on learning and hybrid algorithms, in case of Semnan contemporary houses. Based on generic Justified Plan Graph (g-JPG) grammar and hidden geometry of Persian authentic houses. The research design is to represent, rebrand and modify well-known authentic archetypes of “house” in a way that appeals to contemporary consumers. The results provide some support for concluding an algorithm for extraction of genome of authentic architecture for contemporization and regenesis process. It can be concluded that the genotypes and the genomes of authentic Semnan house are from among the most invaluable exemplar of Persian architecture. The conclusions of the manuscript emphasize on the capability of learning and hybrid algorithms in contemporization and regenesis of genome of Persian architecture in case of Semnan authentic houses. It was concluded that the extracted genotypes and genomes of authentic Semnan house might be decoded to commercially available software based on their g-JPG characteristics.

Monotheism is Islam's most fundamental doctrinal principle; it expresses man's belief in the unity of the universe. From the holy artist’s point of view, what has existence must somehow manifest its eternal origin. Architecture is no exception to this rule, and one of the dimensions of spatial quality in it is the characteristic of unity and plurality. Unity, when it comes to architecture literature, is manifested in concepts such as centrality, centralism, symmetry, centralization, proportionality, and harmony. Its obvious manifestation is evident in the spatial structure of Iranian houses. Concepts with a holistic view in the form of space mathematics can be discovered in the sacred space and its extension to the space of contemporary architecture to discover the tradition of the past in the present and create a valuable legacy for the future. The research approach is quantitative and with a combined descriptive-analytical strategy in case samples and logical reasoning using the space syntax technique; it analyzes the spatial system (definition of space, composition, and differentiation) and the ratio between mass and space in Isfahan’s Qajar native housing. Findings show that Iranian-Islamic architecture manifests the realization of the sacred in the space organization. The balance in numerical ratios and relations of space manifests the principle of unity and plurality in the space organization. Among these, the empty space of the yard plays a vital role in the interconnection of other spaces and has a significant difference in the values of selection and control compared to other spaces.

Cultural history is an interdisciplinary approach to historiography that seeks to interact with the two main areas of the humanities i.e. history and culture. In general, existing Persian sources in the cultural history domain can be classified into two categories: a) Knowing cultural history, including: history, definition, theoretical bases, theories and theorists, introducing significant works and, presenting main issues as well as their analyses and criticisms; b) Applying cultural history, including: recognizing sources, topics, methods and approaches and providing solutions. In this research, taking into account the available Persian sources, the evolution of critical studies in the field of cultural history in Iran was analyzed and with respect shortcomings in existing researches, solutions were presented in order to systematize future researches for profound understanding and growth of this trend and its application to Iranian historiography. The data show that firstly there is a temporal dispersion and secondly there is a thematic discontinuity in the publication of sources as well as in this field of knowledge, theoretical foundations, theorists and critics, their methods and examples are not fully introduced and gap of critiques and analyzes is clearly evident. The results (solutions) presented are: 1) Defining an evolutionary study; 2) Determining translation priorities; 3) Providing critique and analysis of cultural history issues; 4) Trying to create the Iranian cultural history tradition by using intra-cultural theories; and 5) Paying attention to the main features of cultural history and adhering to it, avoiding confusion of main topics of cultural history.

Metropolitans are increasingly facing the problem of air pollution due to the widespread presence of vehicles. Air pollution at the street level is a challenging issue of urban sustainable development. In addition to its sources of production, air pollution deals with a large number of factors such as urban morphology and ventilation, and urban wind. The latter can be considered as an important one since the long-term stability of air in an urban area can quickly stabilize pollutants and increase their volume in urban space. In addition, urban morphology can play a role in transfer pollution from one place to another by creating specified paths for wind.Thus, triple relationships are created between urban morphology, air flow and air pollution. Urban morphology as an independent variable directly affects the accumulation and dispersion of pollutants (as a dependent variable) and indirectly affects the air flow.In recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been employed for assessment of a wide variety of variables and indices including: wind angle with respect to the street canyon, aspect ratio of the streets, the average height, different heights, street continuity ratio and street spatial closure ratio, neighborhood form (rectangular and square), length of the urban canyon, size of neighborhood, street architecture (roof configuration), degree of enclosure, plot ratio or floor area ratio (FAR).This study is intended to prove the existence or non-existence of a relationship between air quality (CO pollutants) and mineralization index in the neighborhood and open space index in the street canyon in Tehran (where the wind is perpendicular to the main street) with the help of CFD, which is known as a more reliable than statistical studies, due to better computational accuracy.-

The CFD simulations have been performed using Ansys Fluent. The validation of the all CFD settings (including mesh arrangement and turbulence model etc.) is based on experimental analysis (wind tunnel -reduced scale (. The case study is located in the residential areas of Tehran, Iran. The GIS software and satellite images have been applied to select the case study. The dimensions of the neighborhood are 300 m wide, 300 m long, and 16 m high. The street width equals 12m. In the models, tetrahedral meshing for the inner region and hexahedral meshing for the outer region have been used (Hybrid mesh). The aspect ratio equal to 1.1 in inner region and is 1.15 in the whole geometry. The number of cells in the F1, F2, F3, and F4 is 7.3, 7.4, 7.4 and 7.5 million cells respectively for the simulation of one half of the geometry.The turbulence is simulated using RANS models, which are formed based on the temporal averaging of parameters. Due to high speed, low computational cost and acceptable accuracy of RANS models, RANS equations have been used in this research. Among the RANS models, the Realizable k-epsilon turbulence model has been selected, which has achieved better in validation part. The model is three-dimensional, isothermal, steady, and incompressible. Carbon monoxide is considered as the pollutant which is injection from two lines source (with 5cm wide and 40cm high) along the main street. The pollutant emission modeling method is the species transfer model (mixed-species).- Discussion of

Based on the CFD output, the maximum velocity at the pedestrian height in F1, F2, F3and F4 respectively equals 4.27, 5.31, 5.31, and 5.35 (m/s), which has been created in the corners of windward blocks. In the other forms except for F1 (it lacks an East-West street), the maximum velocity is blown at the entrances of the streets which are parallel wind.By increasing the OS index in F1, F2, and F3 (0, 0.04, 0.27), the mean velocity at the main street increases (0.73, 0.75, 0.78), but in F4, where the index equals F3, we see a decrease in velocity (0.59) due to the difference in the shape and size of the open space in the neighborhood. The longer length of this space in F4 has minimized the canalization effect of the west-east street and consequently the wind velocity in the middle of the open space (where the main street passes).With the decrease of the MI index, the average velocity in the whole domain decreases. But F1 is exception. although it has the highest index, it also has the lowest velocity, which is due to the lack of East-the West street in this form.Based on the maximum mass fraction, F4 is the worst form (0.0136). After that, F1, F3, and F2 are in the next ranks in terms of CO mass fraction with 0.0116, 0.0104, and 0.0103, respectively. The concentration of pollutants in all forms can be seen in the vicinity of the leeward wall. In F1, the accumulation of pollutants is in the middle of the street, in F2, it is inclined to the intersection, in F3, it is inclined in the vicinity of the open space, and in F4, it is in the middle of the enclosed sections of the street. Considering the average mass fraction at the height of the pedestrian in the main street and comparing it between the forms, it should be said that the F3 has the best conditions. It is 10% less than F4, 20% less than F2, and 30% lower than F1.Based on the OS index, it can be said that with the increase of the index, the amount of pollutant in the main street decreases and there is a negative correlation between them. But in F4, due to the lower wind velocity, the amount of pollutants is slightly higher than the F3.The street roof (16 meters) in the F1, F2, F3, and F4 has the highest amount of pollutant respectively and their mass fraction average equals to 0.00066, 0.00052, 0.00041, and 0.00036. So, increasing in the OS index and decreasing in MI index (F1 to F4) cause a reduction in vertical ventilation (by the street roof) as well as an increase in horizontal ventilation (through lateral openings).The amount of CO mass fraction in the longitudinal profile in the sidewalk axis in the main street (near the western wall), in F1 at the beginning and end of the street is the minimum and in the center of the street, this amount has reached its maximum value of 0.0072. In F2, at the intersection of the East-West street and the main street, CO mass fraction is drastically reduced to zero. In the F3 and F4 at the open space, the amount of co is very small. Based on the graph and contour outputs, F1 has the worst form and F4 has the best form. The average mass fraction in F4, F3, and F2 is 56.52%, 65.22%, and 82.61% of F1, respectively.-

Findings show that in the forms in which wind direction is perpendicular to the street, ventilation is mostly done through the street's roof and by increasing the open space index and decreasing the mineralization index, the vertical ventilation decreases, and the horizontal ventilation via lateral openings increases. On the other hand, increasing the figures of the open space index, leads to a decrease in the amount of mass fraction at pedestrian height (2 meters) in the main street. Thus, a negative correlation is reported between them. In addition, also the results show a relationship between the increase in both wind velocity and ventilation rate with the decrease in the amount of CO, but the relationship could not be considered a direct relationship. The reason is that the ventilation is not only by horizontal movement of pollutants, but there are other vertical and turbulent flows too which causes ventilation. Finally, regarding the mineralization and open space indices, the third form is evaluated as the most suitable form, which should be considered in the future developments of Tehran.