محمد حسن قاسمی

A hadith can be cited when it is proved that it was issued by an Imam through criticism and evaluation. Sheikh Ansari, like other Shiite jurists, uses different evidence to reach the Imam's real meaning by forming hadith families instead of jurisprudential discussions. He has paid attention to many evidences in his jurisprudential books. Evidence can be divided in different ways, and according to a single classification, they are sometimes of the type of word and speech, which is called literal context, and sometimes they are not of the type of word and speech, which is called situational context. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this research has concluded that Sheikh Ansari uses this method to achieve the real meaning of a hadith. In his various books, he has used many literal contexts such as assignment, explanation, rule and entry, finding the cause, context, confrontation, narrator's question, understanding and interpretation of the first narrator, the title of the hadith chapter, affair with danger, and proverbs to understand the real intention of Imam in a hadith.

Among four joints of human foot in the ankle area, the tibiotalar and subtalar joints play the most important role in making it possible for the foot to perform rotational movements such that kinematic behavior of foot is almost completely affected by orientation of their rotation axes. Deviation of the axis of rotation from the normal position can impair the function of the ankle and even the lower extremity. In this study, a new non-invasive method has been proposed, through which, using a gyroscopic mechanism, the orientation of the rotation axes of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints can be determined. This method is based on indirect data acquisition from the kinematic behavior of the foot. Using the calculated matrices and through the optimization method, the orientation and position of the rotation axes were respectively calculated at relatively high precision. These results were also assessed in practice by building an ankle mechanical model and a robotic gyroscopic mechanism which is used as a robotic rehabilitation device for ankle rehabilitation. Obtained results show that the maximum error in determining the orientation of the rotation axes is about 2 degrees.

According to the opinion of well-known jurists, a criminal who commits a crime outside the Sacred Mosque (Masjid al-Ḥarām) in Makkah and then takes refuge in this holy place, is subject to Islamic treatment and is immune from punishment as long as he/she resides in the holy shrine. The important question is raised whether it is possible to extend the ruling of “criminal immunity for criminals who reside in the Sacred Mosque” to other holy shrines as well or not. In response to that, some jurists consider holy shrines to be the same as the Sacred Mosque and cite four reasons to prove their claims, but another group does not accept the association of other holy shrines with the Sacred Mosque. In this regard, they citing to this evidence that “there is no special reason” and “adhering to the principle.” Using the descriptive-analytical method and with a critical approach, this study strengthens the second group’s point of view and analyses and criticizes the first group’s point of view. Therefore, in the end, the conclusion has been reached that the view of the second group is correct. But, if the immunity of criminals who take refuge in the Sacred Mosque is based on the security of the shrine, as the religious texts clearly state this matter, due to the existence of a special text (naṣṣ) regarding the security of the Holy Shrine of Imām al-Ḥusayn’s (ʻa), only this holy shrine can be associated with the Sacred Mosque and not the other holy shrines.

In Islamic jurisprudence, individuals belonging to the divine religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism, who possess divine prophets and celestial scriptures, are referred to as religious minorities, People of the Book, or Dhimmis. Through the Dhimma contract, they are permitted to live in Islamic societies. Non-Muslims residing in Islamic lands are obliged to enter into a Dhimma contract, necessitating adherence to two fundamental conditions: the payment of the jizya tax and compliance with the regulations of the Islamic society. Among the commitments for non-Muslims (Dhimmis) in Islamic countries is the prohibition of certain acts, such as sexual offenses. Unfortunately, one of the prominent sexual offenses, known as panderism [ghavvadi], persists among Dhimmis residing in Islamic societies, despite their commitment to Islamic penal laws. This offense has evolved from individual transgressions into organized crimes, including the trafficking of women and girls, leading to the establishment of networks of corruption and centers promoting indecency.

Research Question:

This study aims to address a significant gap in the existing body of research by focusing on the offense of panderism committed by non-Muslim minorities. Despite numerous studies on the subject, there is a lack of independent research specifically dedicated to panderism among non-Muslims.
     Therefore, the primary research question is whether the offense of panderism is unequivocally established for non-Muslims, and if so, what punishment is applicable to them.

Research Hypothesis:

The hypothesis posited for this research is that the offense of panderism by non-Muslim minorities is subject to legal consequences within the framework of Islamic penal laws. While existing legal provisions address the offenses committed by non-Muslims, the legislation does not explicitly mention panderism. This study aims to examine the clarity and adequacy of legal provisions, proposing a nuanced perspective on the equivalence of punishment between Muslim and non-Muslim offenders, particularly in cases of panderism.

Methodology & Framework, if Applicable:

This research adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach, drawing from a comprehensive review of library resources. The nature of panderism as a punishable offense will be first explored from a legal standpoint, examining the legal nature of the offense and its justifiability under the Islamic penal framework. Subsequently, a detailed exploration of panderism from a jurisprudential perspective will be conducted, comparing the legal consequences of panderism committed by Muslim and non-Muslim individuals. The study will scrutinize the legal and jurisprudential foundations to underscore any disparities and ambiguities in the treatment of this offense within Islamic societies.

The culmination of legal perspectives indicates a challenge in categorizing the offense of panderism by non-Muslim minorities as a crime and enforcing punishment solely based on the legality of crimes and penalties. However, a profound examination of the rational foundations and the refinement of principles allows for the substantiation of the criminal nature of panderism committed by non-Muslims (Dhimmis). Furthermore, a steadfast commitment to the broad interpretation of the narrative provided by Abdullah ibn Sinan, as recounted by Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him), sheds light on the role of a panderism. Described as a sexual intermediary who facilitates adultery between men and women, the narrative prescribes a punishment of seventy-five lashes and banishment from the city. Notably, this narrative encompasses both Muslim and non-Muslim offenders, emphasizing the act of bringing individuals together for unlawful sexual activities.
     The application of this narrative, inclusive of Dhimmis, overcomes existing challenges and obstacles, leading to the conclusion that there is no ambiguity in the criminality of a panderism, whether Muslim or non-Muslim. The change in religion does not impact the essence of the offense, as a mature, rational, and consenting individual intentionally gathering people for illicit acts remains unchanged. Therefore, establishing both the material and mental elements of the crime is unequivocal, enabling the enforcement of the punishment outlined in Article 242 of the Iran's Islamic Penal Code of 1392 SH. This entails seventy-five lashes and subsequent banishment from the place of residence upon a repeat offense.
     Moreover, through the refinement of legal principles, it becomes apparent that the execution of the prescribed punishment is equally applicable to non-Muslim pimpers. This affirms the equivalence of penalties between Muslim and non-Muslim offenders, addressing any potential concerns about disparate treatment based on religious affiliation.

In conclusion, this study navigates the intricate legal terrain surrounding the offense of panderism committed by non-Muslim minorities in Islamic societies. By examining both the legal and jurisprudential aspects, the research establishes that the criminality of panderism by non-Muslims can be substantiated through rational foundations and the refinement of legal principles. The study draws on a comprehensive interpretation of a narrated account from Islamic tradition, encompassing both Muslim and non-Muslim offenders, thereby offering a nuanced understanding of the offense.
     Furthermore, the research underscores that the conditions warranting the execution of punishment for panderism are applicable to non-Muslim pandersims without any shadow of doubt. The change in religious affiliation does not mitigate the criminal nature of this act, as it involves a mature individual intentionally facilitating illicit activities between consenting parties.
     This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the treatment of offenses committed by non-Muslim minorities within Islamic legal frameworks. By clarifying the legal implications surrounding panderism, the research provides valuable insights for legal practitioners, policymakers, and scholars seeking a comprehensive understanding of the complexities associated with such offenses in the context of Islamic societies.

In the viewpoint of some hadith scholars, the hadith "whoever transgresses in ablution is as its violator" may refers to the number of washings or an excess in ablution or an excess in the amount of water which is required for ablution, not the wipe in ablution. In the present survey, which studies the library sources by a descriptive-analytical method, it is revealed that the hadith is authentic due to the reliability of its narrators, and from the juridical point of view. By studying the verses of the Holy Quran, hadiths, and rational reasoning, it could be concluded Imam (AS) refers to a person who has obsession and performs ablution several times and therefore his ablution is invalid. Many hadiths express the prohibition of transgression in ablution and its performance for several times explicitly, implicitly, and confirmatory. The opposing hadiths can be summed up in two ways: 1) the second time washing could be accepted as a prescribed matter which is in accordance with fatwa or 2) which means transgression, is washing more than two times and refers to third washing, the issues makes the ablution unacceptable according to all jurists' consensus.

Understanding the ḥadīth is the next step after proving the issuance of the ḥadīth and making sure that the text is correct. Scholars, jurists and ḥadīth researchers have different principles and methods in understanding ḥadīth which have a great impact on the understanding of ḥadīth and its main and real purpose. In fact, understanding ḥadīth and understanding the real meaning of the pure narrators, which is the ultimate goal of all aḥādīth knowledges, is one of the most important and difficult knowledge of ḥadīth. The Infallible Imams (pbuh) have given a lot of advice on the science of critical study of transmission of tradition and understanding of ḥadīth. Al-Sheikh al-Ṣadūq, in his book Maʿānī l-ʾAkhbār has quoted from Dāwūd ibn Farqad from Imām al-Ṣādiq (pbuh) that the narrator said: I heard from Imam Ṣādiq (pbuh) that he said: "You are the best jurists, when you understand the meaning of our words." Sheikh Aʿzam writes: “The meaning of this tradition is to encourage Ijtihād and to use all one's strength in the way of understanding the meanings of the traditions.”

Jurists in their deductive jurisprudential books have criticized and evaluated many ḥadīths with bases and methods and have discovered the meaning and purpose of the transmitter of the hadith. Sheikh al-Anṣārī, the deep-thinking Shiʿa jurist, has also criticized and understood many ḥadīths in his jurisprudential and principal collections. The author tries to analyze his foundations and methods in understanding the ḥadīth with descriptive-analytical method by providing objective examples among his works, which no work has been observed in this regard. The Isnad or the text of the tradition may refer to damages such as Idrāj, Taṣḥīf, Taḥrīf, Taqdīm wa Ta’khīr, Iḍṭrāb, taqṭī’, transmitted to meaning, etc., which make it difficult to validate or understand it. The ḥadīth researcher should review the context of ḥadīth before beginning to understand ḥadīth and identify these damages and take necessary steps to eliminate them and access to an emended text of the ḥadīth to pave the way for the understanding of the ḥadīth.

Sheikh al-Anṣārī, in his jurisprudential and principal works, has noticed the damages that affect the correct understanding of ḥadīth in order to study the emergence and achieve the serious purpose of the Imam (pbuh), some of which are:The ḥadīth in the view of Sheikh al- Anṣārī should be examined before the process of understanding ḥadīth begins, so that it is not Taṣḥīf in it and it should be reconstructed, if it has Taṣḥīf. Sheikh al-Anṣārī applies the principle of non-misrepresentation if there is doubt about the occurrence of the Taṣḥīf in the narration. Sheikh al-Anṣārī considers the wrong understanding of some ḥadīths as a result of the negligence of the Idrāj occurred in the traditions, and although he did not use the term Idrāj and did not say that the narration is entered, but he noticed it and considered neglecting it as a reason for the slippage of others.Taqdīm wa Ta’khīr is one of the disadvantages of understanding the ḥadīth that has appeared in some ḥadīths and Sheikh al-Anṣārī paid attention to this damage and sometimes made it easier to understand the ḥadīth by showing it.It is necessary for a ḥadīth researcher from Sheikh al-Anṣārī's point of view to reconstruct an interrupted ḥadīth by referring to the original sources in order to have a correct understanding of the ḥadīth. He considers the exact semantics of some narrations to be dependent on seeing the entire narration, and brings the entire narration and explores the Infallible's meaning. Sheikh al-Anṣārī considered it permissible for a word in a ḥadīth to be transmitted in the meaning. He clarifies in the case that the original and the transmitted word's meaning differ only in the wording: "It is not permissible to transmit an muṭlaq tradition in a muqayyad manner, even if the transmitter acknowledges that it meant by muṭlaq is muqayyad manner, because this Ijtihād is from the transmitter and is only a proof for himself." Sheikh al-Anṣārī sometimes differentiates the tradition that transmitted to word from the tradition that transmitted to meaning by comparing similar narrations related to the same subject and by considering other evidences.One of the other problems of some ḥadīths that should be noticed before entering into the understanding of ḥadīth is having or showing Iḍṭrāb in ḥadīth. The extent of this problem is such that Muḥaqqiq al-Baḥrānī has claimed that there are few ḥadīths in al-Sheikh al-Ṭūsī’s Tahdhīb that are free of Ikhtilāl and Iḍṭrāb in the Isnad or text. Sheikh al-Anṣārī paid attention to this issue and tried to solve it. Sheikh al-Anṣārī points out: One of the problems that may cause misunderstanding in a ḥadīth is not to refer to similar and related ḥadīths, and therefore, in some cases, by referring to similar ḥadīths, Sheikh al-Anṣārī tried to remove the ambiguity of the ḥadīths.

The present research has dealt with some of these damages in Sheikh al-Anṣārī's viewpoint in a descriptive-analytical manner and has concluded that: factors such as not referring to primary references, Idrāj, Taṣḥīf, Taḥrīf, Taqdīm wa Ta’khīr, Iḍṭrāb, taqṭī’, transmitted to meaning and failure to refer to similar hadiths to remove ambiguity from the hadith has been considered by Sheikh al-Anṣārī, and even Sheikh al-Anṣārī himself has suffered from some of these damages and they have caused him to make mistakes in understanding the hadith in some cases.

Contexts can be divided in various ways, which are divided into two types i.e. literal and non-literal (situational) according to one division. Like other Shiite jurisprudents, Sheikh Ansari uses various contexts to achieve the true meaning of Imam by forming hadith families in all jurisprudential discussions (issues). The present research has been involved in studying four non-literal (situational) contexts in a descriptive-analytical method and has concluded that: Firstly, according to Sheikh Ansari, consensus is one of the most important non-literal contexts that guides the hadith-researcher to understand the serious meaning of the Sinless; Secondly, the Grand Sheikh does not consider the understanding and action of the Companions as compensatory but he has repeatedly cited the understanding and action of the Companions to understand and analyze the meaning of the narrations in position of action; Thirdly, one of the non-literal contexts, which guides the hadith-researcher to the serious and real meaning of the hadith, is the scientific position of the seeker and Sheikh Ansari has used this context in his jurisprudential works, too; Fourth, Sheikh Ansari has omitted some possible meanings, which required the allocation of the majority, in some cases in his jurisprudential and principle heritage. Fifth, the Grand Sheikh has measured some narrations with the degree of incompatibility with the dignity and infallibility of the Sinless, and although they have been authentic in terms of the document (instrument), he has interpreted or discarded them.

Conflict and difference of hadiths means inconsistency in content and reasoning of two or more hadiths. The issue of resolving the conflict and difference of hadiths, except in a few cases, is related to the understanding and knowing the purpose of the hadith, not to the critique, purification, and distinction of the valid hadith from the invalid one. The present research has investigated the methods of resolving the news conflict in viewpoint of Sheikh Ansari in a descriptive-analytical method and has concluded that: The Grand Sheikh uses the three methods of addition, preference, and selection - maintaining the mentioned order - in order to resolve the news conflict - in such a way that the customary addition takes precedence over implementation of preference rules, and if customary adaptation and addition is not possible, he refers to the preferences in order to prefer one of the two conflicting news over another and if there is no preference, it is time to select and he selects one of the two conflicting news. Accepting the generality over specific, absolute over constrained, government and entry, accepting the command over recommended one, prohibition to forbid, specific time and taqiyyah (hide and on-time action) are the most common methods of addition between conflicting narrations in the viewpoing of Sheikh Ansari.

According to Sheikh Ansari, the process of understanding hadith consists of two steps: imaginative emergence (semantics) and affirmative emergence (purposefulness); Statistics and signs that are used to determine the lexical and customary meaning of words are called "imaginary emergence". The present research has come to the conclusion by descriptive-analytical method that Sheikh Ansari has used some literary sciences and techniques such as vocabulary, grammar, syntax and rhetorical sciences as well as many topics of the words of jurisprudence principles knowledge to obtain the imaginative emergence. He believes that not only strange words do not need semantics, but some words still need to be conceptualized to explain the semantic range although they are among the clearest customary concepts. Some part of the topics related to concepts, general and specific are related to semantics, which is used in the imaginative emergence step, and Sheikh Ansari has also used these topics in his various books.

A hadith can be referred when its issuance from the Infallible (AS) is proven by criticism and evaluation. One of the criticizing and validating methods of narrations is to make an investigation into the text and content of a narration and to measure it with the criteria accepted by scholars and narrators. Sheikh Ansari, a thoughtful and unique Shiite jurist, has also criticized many hadiths in his jurisprudential and principled works. Based on the descriptive-analytical method, this paper discusses the critique of the text (content critique) from Sheikh Ansari’s view. It concluded that incompatibility with definite tradition, incompatibility with certain and consensual rules, incompatibility with dignity and innocence of the Infallible (AS), measuring with historical facts, including excellent themes, and weakness of a part of the narrative content are the criteria of content critique on which Sheikh Ansari has used in hadith studies. In addition, famous action and statements, Qomis’ trust and perception of accepting a narration have been used by Sheikh to criticize a hadith.

Waqf is of the juridical acts after its establishment, the relation between founder of waqf (Arabic: واقف waqif) with the Waqf asset (Arabic: موقوف mawquf) is dissociated and there is no real right for waqif in relation to the waqf asset. Since there has been stated a question if waqif can stipulate a condition within the waqf that he can add new persons as beneficiaries of waqf or not in future. If the contract is absolute, mostly, most of the researchers and Islamic jurists believe that for the interruption the relation between waqif with the waqf asset (mawquf), there is not the possibility of the inclusion and adding new persons to the beneficiaries of waqf. But there is disagreement between scholars if it is stipulated the inclusions of new persons to the beneficiaries of waqf. Some scholars believes that this clause is void therefore it is impossible to add new persons, in contrast to them, some other scholars believe that this condition is valid and the exigency of the believers must fulfill their conditions ”المومنون عند شروطهم“ makes waqif have this right. In this paper based on the analytic-descriptive method, this outcome has been taken that if the content of the provision is the authority of waqif to possess the waqf asset and to include everyone to the beneficiaries of waqf he desires, this provision is void.

Children have an important role in organizing and directing the community and defining its  goals, and a positive intuition to them depends on their full enjoyment of their childhood rights. Therefore, it is essential .for the community to have familiarity with the judicial and legal rights of the child and act based on these rights This study, in problem-solving style, with a descriptive-analytical approach and library research method, states that: there are some widely discussed and debated issues in Islamic jurisprudence and law that regards the criminal protection for children's spiritual rights. Matters like abusing children for beggary, drug issues, sexual abuse including adultery, sodomy, marriage, defamation, and issues related to crimes against the child's identity, including kidnapping and abandoning the child. Although in case of some new matters such as the refusal to declare the birth of a child, children trafficking, the forced labor of the child, there are not judicial logical debates but in judicial system of Iran, a practical guarantee has been applied

Industrial arms must be able to perform their tasks in environments with serious unplanned conditions and perturbations. In this paper, the aim is to control a robotic manipulator which is under parametric uncertainty and significant external perturbations. Fuzzy type 2 logic is considered as an appropriate choice in the face of uncertain conditions due to various reasons such as the use of fuzzy membership functions and footprint of uncertainty existence in the algorithm. The use of neural network can increase the robustness of controller in the face of uncertainties. Although the neural network does not necessarily need to build its fuzzy type 2 rules, the initial rules based on sliding surface of sliding mode scheme can improve system’s performance. More robustness of the novel algorithm in comparison with classic sliding mode controller is the main feature made in the presence of parametric uncertainty and external perturbations. In addition, the controller self-regulation feature, based on the existence of neural network in the central block of fuzzy type 2 controller, helps to increase the robustness of the method. Positive performance of novel scheme has been shown in simulation of two-link robotic arm with different significant perturbations.

In this paper, a trajectory tracking control of a nonholonomic wheeled mobile robot is proposed based on terminal sliding mode control, and the proposed method has been implemented on a wheeled mobile robot. A wheeled mobile robot is a nonlinear nonholonomic system, and it has three extended coordinates and a nonholonomic constraint. First, the equation of wheeled mobile robot for the extended chained form is derived by transformation of the nonholonomic system equation to the extended chained form. Then a finite time terminal sliding mode approach for trajectory tracking control of the wheeled mobile robot is presented. Afterward, with a graphical simulation environment which is applicable in the Matlab software, graphical simulations of wheeled mobile robot’s movement are done. The result of the graphical simulation in comparing with sliding mode control show the performance of the proposed method. Finally, the practical results of implementation of the controller for trajectory tracking of the wheeled mobile robot is shown, and the results show good tracking performance of the proposed method.

In this paper, the dynamic responses of the KVLCC2 tanker at differents speeds have been evaluated using a numerical method. Ship movements and the forces acting on it have been determined accurately based on computational fluid dynamics method using OpenFoam open source code. Free surface of the two phase flow has been simulated using interFoam and interDyMFoam solvers. The amplitude of ship's heave and pitch motions have been determined in the regular head waves at various speeds. The regular second order stokes wave is generated using the input speed technique. In order to verify the accuracy of the numerical results obtained from the present study, the values of the heave motion, rolling angle, thrust coefficient, as well as added resistance compared with the validated experimental results presented by other researchers. In addition, free surface contours and important flow parameters have been extracted. Also, heave and pitch RAO changes are presented and compared with valid experimental results. These simulations are carried out at different speeds and current numerical results have acceptable accuracy compared with experimental data. By comparing the average force applied to the hull in the waves with the amount of calm water resistance, the amount of added resistance is determined at different speeds. The ratio of the added resistance to the total resistance decreases with increasing the Froude number. Due to the hull form of the tanker, the calm water resistance has a higher growth rate relative to added resistance. Such an analysis, using virtual wave making techniques and simulating dynamic behavior Conforms to reality, can provide more accurate results than potential methods and can be used in a wider range of marine applications.

The aim of this study is.to decrease naval Trimaran weight by optimizing Crossdeck structural elements under splitting moment in the finite element software. Adding sidehulls to mainlhull improves seakeeping and behavior of vessel in waves. In addition, because of asymmetry pressure acts on vessels, designing of crossdeck, especially under big angle of effect, is very important. So in this article, the loading of waves is obtained according to Lloyd’s register by using some assumption and simplification. The initial structural design of vessel is done based on some requirements provided by Lloyd’s register. Based on the research conducted on this issue, the hulls and elements of Trimaran are simulated with uncomplicated geometry. Before solving the main problem, the present experimental method is validated by comparing with another authentic article. Furthermore, validation process, meshing details and the problem solving results are presented in detail. numerical analysis has shown that structural elements variation could lead to the decrease in the vessel weight. Accordingly, a decrease of 3% in weight based on the change of cross deck structural elements is presented as a result of this study, as an achievement is obtained.

Buckling analysis of thin cylindrical shells is very important due to their production process. Usually longitudinal and transversal stiffeners are used to increase the buckling stiffness. In this paper, considering a thin cylindrical shell with longitudinal and transversal ribs subjected to axial force and lateral pressure, the influence of different aspect of axial force to lateral pressure on buckling load is investigated for different ratios such as thickness to radius and length to radius. The analytical results based on Donnell’s classical linear stability equations for anisotropic cylindrical shells are compared with FEM results of ANSYS software. The results show that the analytical method of Donnell can be used for special aspect ratios. Furthermore, by increasing the axial to lateral load ratio, the axial buckling load is increased for most of the aspect ratios, while the lateral buckling load decreases.

Phenology of four range species including Elymus transhircanus, Elytrigia libanotica Stipa bromoides and Stipa capillata were studied in Homand Absard Research Station, 70 km far from east Tehran, for five years (2003-2007). 20 plants were selected for each species and four important phenological stages including early and vegetative growth, flowering, seed milk stage, seed maturity and autumn regrowth were recorded. Data recording was done once each week and once 15 days in growing and inactive seasons respectively. Phenological data were recorded during five years and interpreted using climatic data (temperature and precipitation) to calculate Growth Degree Days in each stage. The purpose of this study was to identify and introduce important phenological stages with a view to livestock grazing and farm management based upon phenology and Growth Degree Days. The results showed that onset and end of growth varied in different years and these changes occurred based upon temperature. Phenological period of all studied species in cool years was longer than that of warm years. But required Growth Degree Days for all mentioned species were almost similar. For example, Elytrigia libanotica required 833.3, 830.8, 834, 832 and 846.3 GDD for vegetative stage in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. For flowering stage, 1342.1, 1342.8, 1355, 1344.8 and 1346.3 GDD were calculated from 2003 to 2007. In other words, Elytrigia libanotica species needs the mentioned GDD so that it can start seed milk stage. Start of growth varied in different years according to plant type and climatic condition and it was usually from mid to early March. Active growth continued to early July and then stopped. All studied species had an autumn regrowth in wet season.