محمد سوداگر

The color of ornamental fish is effective factor on sale and economic value. Recent year, due to the expensive price of synthetic pigments, a lot of research were done to evaluate the potential of natural materials as a pigment. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth performance and tonality of Severum fish fed with experimental diets supplemented with different levels (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%) of safflower powder for 8 weeks. Each treatment triple replicates water and 10 fish were used in each replication. In order to evaluate the growth performance, biometry of fish was done every two weeks and indices such as final weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, condition factor, price index, and survival rate were calculated. At the end of the feeding period, digital photograph, were taken reom 6 fish per treatment with constant and uniform light distribution and to assess the rate of change of the color obtained colorimetric system L * a * b * was evaluated using the Photoshop software and Hab values and chroma was determined. Statistical analysis of data was performed by One -Way ANOVA with Duncan test at the level of 95 % using SPSS 16. Statistical significance was set at the level of P < 0.05 with ± standard deviation (SD). The results showed that some indices, such as feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, condition factor, price index and survival rate in second treatment (6%) were significantly improved compared with the other groups. According to the findings of this study, remarkable differences were not observed in fish skin (in fin and trunk) coloration indices among experimental groups, however, these components in the T2 (6%) was improved, relatively.

The aquaculture industry is increasingly facing the challenge of fungal toxins and harmful compounds in fish feed. These toxins, which are mainly called mycotoxins, can cause a wide range of negative effects on the health and performance of aquatic animals. Some of these problems include reduced growth, weakening of the immune system, damage to the liver and kidneys of aquatic animals, and finally their death. Contamination with mycotoxins in aquatic food not only endangers their health, but consumption of contaminated aquatics may be a way for mycotoxins to enter the human food chain and threaten food security and public health. The most important mycotoxins in agricultural products and fish feed are aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. To use crops in aquaculture production, efforts should be made to control their contamination with fungi and mycotoxins. Toxin binders have emerged as an innovative solution to deal with these threats and play a vital role in improving aquatic health, and growth, reducing losses, meat quality, reducing breeding costs, and sustainability in aquaculture.

The ornamental fish industry is of particular importance as a growing industry and accounts for a significant number of exports and imports from many countries. Fighter fish is one of the most popular fishes of breeders and home aquarium owners due to its high rent diversity, caudal fin scales, body shape, and tolerance to environmental conditions. The individual is sold. The feeding of fish larvae is one of the most important parts of the aquaculture industry, which can increase the survival of the larvae. To investigate the effect of infusoria, yeast, and artemia nauplii, an experiment was conducted for four weeks for fighter fish larvae. After hatching, they were collected and fed with live food in separate aquariums. The results showed that the fighter larvae fed with Artemia nauplii had the highest survival rate (48±2%) baker's yeast with 23±1%, and finally the fed larvae. With infusoria, 17±1% had survival. The results showed that Artemia nauplii was the best food among these used foods.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Levabon® (autolyzed yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on growth efficiency, the expression of growth (IGF-I), immune (TNF-1α, LYZ) and antioxidant (CAT, SOD) related genes in the intestinal and liver tissue of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish (n=240; 14.53 ± 0.67 g) were fed with 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% of Levabon® in 12 tanks (250 L) with three replicates (each with 20 fish) for 8 weeks. At end of experiment, fish were weighted and liver and intestinal tissue were collected. RNA was extracted from tissue samples and cDNA was synthesized and the expression of related genes was measured by real time PCR with specific primers. The results of measured experimental indices revealed that there is no significant difference in the growth performance and intestinal lysozyme (LYZ) gene expression among experimental treatments. The expression of TNF-1α, IGF-I, SOD and CAT genes in the intestinal and liver tissues showed a significant difference between the experimental treatments and the control, and the highest gene expression was observed in the 0.6% experimental treatment (P<0.05). Overall, these results suggested that inclusion of Levabon in common carp diet had no significant effect on growth performance but can beneficially effect on immune and antioxidant system.

Providing a desirable food diversity for therapeutic leeches is inevitable with their widespread commercialization and geographic expansion of their cultivation. In this research, the growth, survival, reproduction, and reproductive efficiency (RE) rates of the eastern leech, Hirudu orientalis, fed by a diet based on aquatic (Fish), mammalian (Cattle), and poultry (Broiler) blood were investigated. At first, required blood sources for feeding leeches and also determining blood biochemical parameters were obtained from slaughterhouses and a fish farm. A total number of 135 mature leeches with an average weight of 3.93±0.06 were triplicate fed in three various groups (i.e., fish, cattle, and poultry blood). Gravid leeches after 30 days were individually transferred into containers containing the substrate (sphagnum moss) and water for laying cocoons. Then, collected cocoons were placed into the same substrate for one month. The RE was finally determine. Statistical analysis illustrated that leeches were equally interested in feeding on fish and cattle blood compared to poultry blood (p<0.05). Leeches that fed with cattle blood had the lowest mortality, the highest number of cocooning leeches and collected cocoons, as well as the heaviest and largest cocoons. The leeches fed by poultry blood could record the highest relative production of cocoons, as well as the highest total reproduction (p<0.05). Leeches fed by fish blood despite the less significant efficiency had no remarkable difference in the calculations of relative production of cocoons, larvae, and total reproduction with the two other groups. Poultry blood can have almost the same effect on the RE as cattle blood. Despite the lower RE of fish blood, it is recommended to utilize it as a source of fresh and available blood, considering the storage facilitation of the limited fish number in the water resource of leech farm.

Due to the side effects of chemical drugs, in recent years, the use of herbal medicines and their compounds in fish has been widely considered. The use of medicinal plants and their derivatives can stimulate feed consumption, increase daily weight, feed conversion ratio, increase shelf life, improve the health and function of the digestive system, minimize or mitigate the effects of stress on fish. Lemon herbena (Aloysia triphylla) is a member of Verbenaceae family. This plant is endemic to South America and can growth in other areas, such as Iran. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Aloysia triphylla extract on anaesthesia, some water quality parameters, and haematology in juveniles rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss with average weight of 7 ± 0.42 g after transport.

The experiment was divided in three steps: 1: the anesthesia induction with Aloysia triphylla: 0 (control), 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μL/L; 2: transport for 4 h with the fish separated into three groups: control and two concentrations of A. triphylla: 12.5 and 25 μL/L; and, 3: determination of the ventilatory frequency in fish exposed to A. triphylla at 12.5 or 25 μL/L.

The results showed that the elevated concentration of A. triphylla proportionally decreased the time required for sedation and anesthesia induction and upraised the recovery time. After transport, lower blood serum glucose and cortisol and higher total protein, albumin, non-ionized ammonia, and dissolved oxygen levels in water were observed in fish exposed to 12.5 and 25 μL/L of the extract (p<0.05). By increasing the exposure time to A. triphylla, lower ventilatory frequency was found in fish exposed to 25 μL/L of extract (p<0.05).

In general, these results indicated that A. triphylla may have sedative and anesthetic effects on rainbow trout. Finally, it can be used to reduce the negative effects of stress caused by fish manipulation and transportation.

This research aimed to enrich Artemia nauplii with Easy DHA and Espresso to improve the growth and survival of vannamei shrimp post larvae and transfer them to brackish water (Caspian Sea). 2100 vannamei shrimp post-larval with an approximate average weight of 49.54 ± 2.60 mg and an average length of 1.09 ± 0.07 cm (PL8) were selected. For each replication, 50 vannamei shrimp post-larval were randomly placed in forty-two 20-liter glass tanks (containing 15 liters of water) and were distributed indoors. Post-larvae were fed, including freshly hatched Artemia, Artemia enriched with Easy DHA and espresso, and commercial diet for ten days (in salt water and desalination water). The highest growth rate (weight and length) in the saltwater group was observed in treatment seven (P < 0.05). Also, the highest survival rate in this group was observed in group three, with 71% (P < 0.05). Among the treatments of the brackish water group, the highest growth rate (weight and length) was observed in group fourteen (P < 0.05). The highest survival rate was observed in treatments of nine, ten, and thirteen (P < 0.05). Post larvae of the sea and brackish water showed the highest amount of fatty acid C20-5n3 in treatment three and fatty acid C22-6n3 in treatment two (P < 0.05). Based on the present study's findings, enrichment of Artemia with Easy DHA and Espresso and feeding post larvae with it for nine days can increase survival and resistance to stress (transition to lower salinities) in vannamei shrimp post larvae.

The zebra fish, Danio rerio is an ornamental freshwater fish. It is important because of beautiful appearance, economic value and has emerged as a pre-eminent vertebrate model for studying genetics. The use of appropriate diets is one of the most important biological components for growth and health fish. Since, protein and lipid are the main components of diet, in this feeding trial, we compared the effects of 9 diets with 3 protein levels (25, 30 and 35%) and 3 lipid levels (4, 8 and 12%) to evaluate the protein and lipid ratio on skin mucus immune indices of zebra fish. A total of 135 pieces of fish were divided into five groups with an average biomass (± SD) of 1.23 ± 0.02 g and a sex ratio of 2 to 3 (male / female) were randomly distributed into 27 aquaria (20-L) and fed 3 times daily during 4 months. Results showed that activity of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase enzymes and soluble protein of zebra fish were  significantly higher in the fish fed 35% protein and 12% lipid (p<0.05). In conclusion, protein and lipid have a positive effect on skin mucus immune indices in zebra fish.

Achieving the sustainable development of aquaculture requires the use of new techniques, in which different strategies have been used, and the use of plant extracts, phytochemicals, and plant secondary metabolites due to their cheapness, availability, few side effects, and effective compounds and diverse has increased. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and survival indicators of goldfish (Carassius auratus) fed with different levels of pomegranate peel powder (Punica granatum). 300 pieces of goldfish (Carassius auratus), apparently healthy, had passed the winter period in the pool environment, based on a completely random design, 20 pieces of goldfish with an average weight of 17.39±1.71 grams were distributed in 12 tanks. Then, they were reared with the basic diet as a control diet and three experimental diets containing 1, 2, and 4% of pomegranate peel powder. The initial weight was not significantly different in any of the treatments (P<0.05), but the highest percentage of body weight increase, specific growth rate, final weight, and body weight increase observed in the 4% treatment, which showed a significant difference with the other treatments. P>0.05); The food conversion ratio decreased in the treatments compared to the control group, and the fourth treatment showed a significant difference from the control (P<0.05); Also, an increase and maintenance of 100% survival were observed in fish (P<0.05). According to the results of the use of herbal supplements such as pomegranate peel powder with antioxidant properties, by increasing the secretion of digestive enzymes, they lead to improved growth performance and increased nutrient absorption, and according to the findings, the amount of 4% pomegranate peel powder in the goldfish diet to improve growth performance and survival is recommended.

To investigate the effect of oral administration of Moringa leaf powder, 360 rainbow trout (35.5 ± 0.5 g) were randomly divided into 12 tanks. The fish were fed with Moringa leaf powder levels of 0(control), 1, 2.5 and 5% for eight weeks. After the challenge test with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria, the activity of alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes in the 2.5% treatment significantly decreased compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). The optimal amount of Moringa leaf powder inclusion in the diet for aspartate aminotransferase enzyme based on polynomial regression analysis was 1.97% and 3.33% respectively for the periods before and after the challenge with bacteria. There was no significant change in the amount of alkaline phosphatase enzyme, the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin and hematocrit between all treatments compared to the control treatment in both periods before and after the challenge with bacteria (P<0.05). The amount of glucose showed a significant decrease in all treatments, especially in the 2.5% treatment compared to the control treatment in both stages (P<0.05). Regression analysis showed the optimal value of Moringa for this factor, 3.40% and 2.77%, respectively, before and after the challenge with bacteria. According to the results, moringa leaf powder at 2.5% can help reduce stress and possibly improve the general health of this fish. The appropriate dose was obtained from 1.97% to 3.4% based on polynomial regression model for serum biochemical parameters such as glucose and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme.

One of the limitations in fish reproduction is the duration of sperm motility. One of the hypotheses related is the possibility that sperm survive relatively long in the female body. Therefore, in this study, the reproductive ability of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi fish) was investigated by direct injection of sperm into the female ovaries. Three experimental groups were investigated in this study. In the control group, fertilization was performed by the conventional method. In the second group, sperm was injected directly into the ovaries 12 hours before ovulation, and in the third group, sperm were injected 2 hours before ovulation. In each group, 2 males and 3 females were used. Fertilization was performed by the dry fertilization method, using a mixture of cow's milk and water in a 1:10 ratio to eliminate adhesion. The results showed that in groups 2 and 3, which were injected directly into the ovary 2 and 12 hours before ovulation, respectively, the percentage of fertilization did not show a significant difference (p<0.05), but the percentage of fertilization in the control group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than groups 2 and 3. The percentage of hatching and survival showed no significant difference between control group and groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The results showed that ovarian fluid in carp could not activate sperm for motility. In general, it can be said koi carp sperm can maintain their fertilization ability in the ovaries of female for at least 12 hours.

Ornamental fish is one of the most important industries in the aquaculture industry, which has international reputation compared to other aquatics. Breeding of ornamental fish has been successful in terms of using internal resources, high profitability, low investment, relative simplicity of production technology, and the possibility of spreading innovation and participation of young people for direct and indirect employment generation. Polypterus fish which is known as Azarakhsh fish in Iran, is one of our prehistoric fish whose history goes back to more than 200 million years ago. In addition to water breathing, this fish has air breathing and is resistant to many diseases and unfavorable environmental conditions. The birthplace of this fish is Africa and the catchment areas of the Nile River, Senegal, Niger, and other countries. The weight of this fish is reported to be about two hundred grams. In nature, these fish use insects, small fish, crustaceans, frog larvae and some molluscs, although some polypterous species are insectivorous and their lifespan reaches 34 years. Although it is very difficult to reproduce polypterus fish inside the aquarium, it can be done using techniques. The best age for polypterus fish reproduction is over 7 years and 30 cm long, otherwise these fish will not spawn. In order to stimulate the spawning of these fishes, it is necessary that the place of the aquarium is quite large and covered with hiding places.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of Magnolia (Sambucus ebulus) fruit extract on growth performance, serum antioxidant activities and immune-related genes in Cyprinus carpio. 120 healthy common carp with an average weight of 7± 1.08 g were fed with Magnolia fruit extract including: 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% and the control group for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, growth indices, serum antioxidant activities and expression of genes involved in immunity were examined. The results showed that different levels of Magnolia fruit extract had no significant effect on growth performance compared to the control group (P>0.05). Serum antioxidant activities of the treated diet with a level of 0.3% caused a significant decrease in comparison with other treatments and the control group (P<0.05). In addition, evaluation of the results of the relative expression of Lyz and TNF-α genes in common carp showed that different levels of Magnolia fruit extract significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05). In general, the results of this study showed that using 0.3% fruit extract of Magnolia could be as a dietary supplement to improve the immunity and serum antioxidant activities in common carp. Therefore, it is recommended to add 0.3% of Magnolia fruit extract to the diet of common carp.

Yersiniosis is one of the most important bacterial diseases that cause a lot of economic losses to cold-water fish farms in the country. Therefore, the use of effective vaccination is one of the best ways to control this disease. In this study, the vaccine efficacy of different methods of bathing in these fish has been evaluated. In this regard, 300 fish with an average weight of 3 ± 0.35 were divided into 12 tanks after adaptation. In this study, 6 experimental groups including a positive control group, negative control group, single dose vaccinated fish group, two-dose vaccinated fish group, hyperosmotic environment + single dose vaccinated fish group, and hyperosmotic environment + two-dose vaccinated fish group. Fish from different groups were exposed to 4.3 10 107 bacteria intraperitoneally after vaccination and the survival rates of the fish was evaluated.Based on the results, the white blood cells counts (WBC) in the vaccinated groups were significantly higher than the control group. Yersinia ruckeri antibody titers by microagglutination method were also measured significantly higher in the vaccinated groups compare to the control, in the othe hand, in the fish that received the vaccine twice, this titer was significantly higher than the other groups. According to the bacterial exposure results, 100% of the fish in the control group died during 5 days. In all vaccinated groups, the mortality rate was significantly lower than the control group, while the lowest mortality rate was recorded for fish in the hyperosmotic environment + twice vaccine. In this study, vaccination significantly reduced fish mortality after exposure to Yersinia rockeri bacterium, and based on this study, the use of hyperosmotic environments with vaccination is recommended to increase vaccine efficacy.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of two species of Lactobacillus probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) extract singular and combined on digestive enzyme activities, body composition, survival, growth and microbial flora in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). For this purpose, 7 experimental diets were evaluated in 3 replications. One-month-old aged zebrafish (D. rerio) (75.9±1 mg) were fed with experimental diets including: diet without probiotics and prebiotic as the control diet (diet 1), diet with 1% button mushroom extract as prebiotic (diet 2), diet with 107 CFU g-1 Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic (diet 3), diet with 107 CFU g-1  Lactobacillus bulgaricus  as probiotic (diet 4), diet with 107 CFU g-1  Lactobacillus acidophilus in combination with 1% button mushroom extract as synbiotic1 (diet 5), diet with 107 CFU g-1  Lactobacillus bulgaricus in combination with 1% button mushroom extract as synbiotic2 (diet 6) and diet with 107 CFU g-1  Lactobacillus acidophilus, 107 CFU g-1  Lactobacillus bulgaricus and 1% button mushroom extract as synbiotic3 (diet 7) for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, Sampling was performed randomly to evaluate those mentioned factors. The results showed that the highest growth rate, specific growth rate and the lowest feed conversion ratio were observed in the synbiotic treatments, which were significantly different from the control group (P <0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the survival rate of all treatments with the control group (P <0.05). Also, the highest activity of digestive enzymes was observed in the group which fed with diet 7, which was significantly different from other treatments and control group (P <0.05). In addition, the highest amount of protein was observed in the treatment which fed with diet 7, which was significantly different from control group (P <0.05). However, this difference in fat, ash content and body moisture between control group and other treatments was not significant (P <0.05). The total number of intestinal microbial flora bacteria and lactic acid bacteria that was examined at the end of the period was significantly different from the control group in all treatments (P <0.05). But, there was no significant difference between all treatments with the control group 10 days after stopping feeding with the experimental diets (P <0.05). According to the results, feeding with synbiotics containing these probiotics in combination with button mushroom extract as a prebiotic had a positive effect on growth performance and digestive enzymes in Zebrafish (D.rerio), therefore, it can be recommended as a functional synbiotic in zebrafish (D. rerio) farming.

Guppy, Poecilia reticulate, is a member of the Poecilidae family. This species is viviparous and one of the most popular ornamental fish in the world, whose phenotype is usually determined during the last ten days of pregnancy. However, most differentiation and development of secondary sexual traits are formed during adolescence, i.e. about 16 weeks after birth. These secondary characteristics that are used to identify gender include: body shape, size and color, tail and dorsal fin shape, and anterior fin deformity. Ornamental fish that have more color characteristics and attractiveness have a higher selling price commercially than their less attractive counterparts. Whereas males in guppies are usually more beautiful, colorful, brighter, and have longer fins than females. Separating them for investment purposes and management purposes is something that needs to be considered. Because, the production cost is the same for both sexes, but the demand for males is higher. Therefore, it is important to correctly identify males and females using inexpensive, accurate, effective and non-invasive methods.

In recent years, leeches have been used to treat some diseases, extract many enzymes and substances that are effective in treating diseases. This research is aimed at determining the In recent years, leeches have been used in the treatment of some diseases, the extraction of many enzymes and substances effective in the treatment of diseases. This study was performed to determine the appropriate blood for sexual maturation and cocoon and larval production in oriental leech. For this purpose, 120 leeches with an average age of one week and an average weight of 0/1±0/04 in 2 treatments (feeding on camel and frog blood) and each treatment with 3 replicate were divided into 10-liter plastic containers. 100 individuals of frogs were used to feeding the leeches with its blood. To feed the rest of the leeches, the blood needed from the slaughterhouse was prepared. To feed the leeches, the blood reached a temperature of 37 to 38 degrees Celsius. For the first 48 hours after feeding the water, the plastic containers were replaced twice a day at a rate of 70%. Re-feeding was performed one month after the previous feeding and in 6 steps. In order to find out the sexuality of leeches, at the end of stages 5 and 6 of feeding, two leeches were randomly selected and described from each treatment. The results showed that the number of cocoons and larvae in camel blood-fed treatment was significantly higher than in frog-blood-fed treatment (p <0.05). The survival of camel-fed leeches was significantly higher than that of frog-fed blood (p <0.05). The results of this study indicate the effectiveness of feeding leeches with camel blood.

The growing demand for medicinal leeches around the world has increased the need for new leech resources. In order to determine the appropriate blood for sexual intercourse and the amount of cocoon production in oriental leech. For this purpose, 120 leeches with an average age of one week and an average weight of 0.1±0.04 in 2 treatments (feeding on goat and sheep blood) and each treatment with 3 repetitions were divided into 10-liter containers. To feed the leeches, the blood needed from the slaughterhouse was prepared and to prevent blood clotting, a blood vessel was taken and added to the blood of sodium heparin. To feed the leeches, the blood reached a temperature of 37 to 38 °c. For the first 48 hours after feeding to prevent loss and control of ammonia, container water was changed twice a day at a rate of 70%. Re-feeding was performed one month after the previous feeding and in 6 steps. In order to find out the sexuality of leeches, at the end of stages 5 and 6 of feeding, two leeches were randomly selected and described from each treatment. The results showed that the number of cocoons and larvae in goat-fed blood was significantly higher than in sheep-fed blood (p<0.05). The survival of goat-fed leeches was higher than that of sheep-fed blood, but there was no statistically significant difference. The results of this study indicate that leeches feed effectively on goat's blood.

The aim of this study was investigation of effects of biotronic top3 on some growth indices, mucus and serum immunity and expression of genes involved in growth of Persian sturgeon .240 fish (with an average weight of 104±1 g) were fed for 8 weeks under three experimental diets with different levels of biotronic top3, including: 2, 4 and 8 g / kg diet and a control group. At the end of the period, sampling was done randomly to evaluate the growth indices, mucosal and serum immunity as well as the expression of genes involved in growth.The results showed that the best growth performance and the highest expression of genes involved in growth (GH, IGF-1 and Ghrelin) were presented in the control group (P <0.05). The highest amount of alkaline phosphatase, total mucus protein and total serum protein and the lowest amount of serum alanine transaminase were presented in the treatment fed with diet containing 8 g biotronic top3 / kg of diet, which was significantly different from the control group (P <0.05). Diets containing biotronic top3 significantly increased and decreased serum lysozyme mucus and aspartate transaminase activity, respectively, which was significantly different from the control group (P <0.05). There was no significant difference in serum glucose and alkaline phosphatase levels in all treatments with the control group (P <0.05).Diet containing 8 g of biotronic top3 / kg diet, despite not having an effect on growth indices, improved the mucus and serum immunity parameters in Persian sturgeon .

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of prebiotic properties of potato and banana on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisia yeast. To perform this experiment, S. cerevisia was prepared as lyophilized and after culturing in Sabouraud dextrose broth medium, it was cultured on agar culture medium; the obtained colonies inoculated to the free-glucose media containing concentrations of 2, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent of banana and potato extractions as prebiotics; then, the growth rate of S. cerevisia was measured according to the growth curve and optical density was read by spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 600 nm. The results showed that the growth of S. cerevisia in both media containing banana and potato extracts at a concentration of 100% had a significant increase compared to other treatments; Also, the highest growth rate of treatments containing banana and potato extract with 100% concentration were significantly different from each other. According to the results of this study, banana and potato extract can be used as a prebiotic substance for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

This study was carried out to compare the effects of different sources of selenium on growth, survival, and some immunological and hematological parameters of whole female Triploid of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). 10 diets including selenium (selenium sodium), selenium (selenomethionine) and nano-selenium with zero (control), 0.1 (treatment 1), 0.5 (treatment 2) and 1 (treatment 3) mg / kg The diet was made. After 8 weeks of nutrition, The final weight was 0.5 mg / kg Nanoselenium had the highest amount. The highest specific growth factor (4.26 ± 0.24) percentage/day was observed in fish fed 0.5 mg / kg Nanoselenium. The lowest feed conversion ratio (0.71 ± 023) and the highest weight gain (41.99 ± 1.36) g were observed in this treatment, which was significantly different with the control group (P <0.05). Feeding treatments with nano-selenium also produced the best feed conversion ratio (P <0.05). Nanoselenium and selenium treatments had significant differences in red and white blood cells, hemoglobin and lysozyme with control (P <0.05); However, this difference was not observed in treatments fed with selenium (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in hematocrit in all treatments with the control group (p <0.05). Immunoglobulin level was significantly different in all treatments on all three sources of nutrition with the control (P <0.05) and the highest concentration was observed in the  one concentration of nanoselenium. The results showed that the addition of nanoseleniums up to 0.5 mg / kg of food resulted in a good proportion of growth indices, survival, and some blood and immune factors in the fry of the whole female mono-sex Triploid rainbow trout.

A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to estimate effect of Histidin as a feed attractant on growth performance, blood parameters and amino acid profile of great Sturgeon (Huso huso), One hundred and eighty juvenile great sturgeons (26.3 ± 0.98 g) were stocked in 18, 500-L polyethylene tanks (10 fish per group) in a completely randomized design trial (n=3). Fish were fed three daily meals ad libitum at 7h, 14 h and 17h, for 63 days, the best weight gain(WG), percentage weight gain (Wg%), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth rate (DGR), condition factor (CF), were recorded with treatment feed having Histidin 1.5 %. (p < 0.05), and phenylalanine had no significant differences between treatments (p < /em>>0.05). At the end of experiment, hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb) and complementary activities were determined. Results suggested that, mean and complementary activities were determined (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) had no significant differences between treatments. Results indicated that Histidin had no significant effects on some hematological parameters in beluga, also the results showed that survival rate of fish fed with diets containing Histidine had significant difference between treatments and amino acid profile of body composition had no significant differences between treatments (P>0.05).

Parrotfish is a beautiful hybrid of the family Scaridae and the order Perciformes that is created by genetic manipulation of the fish cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus) and the female red-headed cichlid (Paraneetroplus synspilus). Parrotfishes by chewing grasses and coral reefs and preventing their overgrowth are considered as a determining factor in the structure and bioerosion of marine diversity. Six genders have been reported from the parrot family of fish in the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. They have structural abnormalities (curved and round vertebrae, always open mouth) and sexual (inability to fertilize eggs). Due to the aggressive behavior of the fish and the restrictions, they are difficult to maintain in the aquarium and should not be adjacent to very small or very peaceful fish. Parrotfishes are omnivorous and feed on triangular mouths and beaks, as usual, on algae and invertebrates, live corals, and shellfish. These fish are male to female hermaphrodites and usually change sex at 7 years of age. Their eggs are pelagic and do not take care of them. No obvious secondary sexual characteristics are seen in these fish. After spawning, the eggs or parents can be moved. By mating a male Texas cichlid with a red femalechr('39')s original can, red Texas, which is very rare, can be created, or beautiful rays can be propagated by mating a male flower horn with a femalechr('39')s redchr('39')s.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of plantain (Plantago major L) extraction on several growth indices and nutritional efficacy in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). For this purpose, 204 common carps with an average weight (18.69 ± 2.09 g) in 4 treatments and each treatment with 3 replicas including: control (without Extract of Great Plantain Extract), 0.1, 0.5 and 1% of the extraction distributed in kilograms of food, feeding the fish twice a day, with 3% of body weight and the experimental period was 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment period, the results showed growth indices (weight gain, weight gain percentage, specific growth coefficient, daily weight and percentage of daily weight gain) and some nutrition indices (feed conversion coefficient and feed efficiency coefficient) with no significant difference with the control group (P> 0.05). The highest and lowest weight gain, weight gain percentage and condition factor were observed in the 0.1% extraction diet and control group, respectively. The highest and lowest specific growth coefficients were observed in 0.1% and 0.5% extraction diet and control groups, respectively. The lowest feed conversion coefficient was observed in 1% extraction diet and the lowest feed efficiency coefficient was observed in the control group. According to the results, different levels of extraction had no significant effect on growth performance and nutritional efficiency.