محمد فرقان

The unity of the Ummah is one of the most important requirements for the revival of Islamic civilization in the contemporary era. Therefore, all Muslim civilization thinkers have a strong belief in the necessity of the unity of the Ummah. But the most important challenge is to explain the process of realizing unity and provide a mechanism to face the challenge of division in the Islamic society in a way that leads to the revival of Islamic civilization. Therefore, the problem of the present research is what kind of relationship between unity and civilization exists from Al-Alwani's point of view as a unificationist and civilizationist Muslim thinker? This article explains Al-Alwani's thoughts by referring to his works. The result is that al-Alwani has pursued the project of unity through the reconstruction of the Ummah in the field of concept and reality. According to him, a broad and deep understanding of the concept of the Ummah, its global mission and its requirements is the most basic starting point, and to realize it, steps such as drawing the same method of ijtihad, the unity of building the Qur'an and the Sunnah with the Qur'an as its center and considering the comprehensive approach has suggested He has made intellectual unity with the aim of realizing the grand goals in the world as the basis for the realization of Islamic civilization.

Appealing to the righteous and saint guys is one of the deep-rooted issues of belief in Islamic culture, but Ibn Taymiyyah and his followers have doubted on it. Rashid Reza is one of those who criticized this issue, considering the mediation between man and the creator in any way to be contrary to monotheism. Therefore, he rejected appealing to saints many times in his famous book, Tafsir al-Manar. In order to prove his point of view, he mentioned the following: Supplication and appealing to the saints is against to purity in worshiping, monotheism and so on. The present essay with a critical method and relying on verses and traditions has criticized the content of Rashid Reza's arguments. The result is that, contrary to his idea, mediation does not conflict with purity in worshiping; because the intercession to the righteous is not their worshiping at all; because worship is submission to the one whom the worshiper considers to be God. The Holy Qur'an in several verses proves the occult dominion of special people. So, if we reject the supernatural power of Saints, we must also reject these Quranic verses as well.

Zorara ibn Ayon, a jurisprudent, theologian and Imami scholar, is one of the main characters of the Kufa city in the second century of Hegira. In various jurisprudential, verbal and hadith spheres, he has had remarkable activities in the Imamiyah, although he is well-known personality from the perspective of Rijāl and Hadith, but his "ijtihad" function has not been explained for various reasons.
This paper seeks to elucidate the thoughts and functions of Zorara's ijtihad with the method of analyzing Rijālī's and hadith's propositions belonging to him with the historical context insight and according to the types of questions posed by him in order to clarify how much he has gone further from religious texts in his thoughts. It also explains his attitude to the texts and the degree of adherence to them.
It is assumed that while he has performed valuable role in the area of hadith, the element of opinion-oriented approach is clearly seen in his ijtihadi practice, as it can be seen in some of his theological and jurisprudential views and also the continuation of his thoughts can be seen in his "Fatahy" students like Ibn Bokair