محمد مهدی رفیعی

The comparison of the primacy of existence in existential philosophy and Transcendent Wisdom has been an intriguing topic for researchers. However, this study focuses on the principle of “existence precedes essence” or the primacy of existence in Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy, addressing the anthropological dimension of this view. Instead of mere comparison, this study undertakes the evaluation and judgment of this view within the paradigm of Sadrian philosophy, by looking at Martyr Beheshti's works. This study indicates that the principle “the primacy of existence” is merely a homonymous term between Sartre’s philosophy and Sadrian philosophy. Nevertheless, some of the proven themes in Sartre’s anthropology, derived from this principle, are also endorsed by transcendent wisdom. The most significant similarities between these two philosophical systems are the flexibility of human nature and the essential differences among individuals. On the other hand, the most significant ones include the indefinability of humans, the denial of innate nature (fiṭra), and human freedom from divine will in Sartre’s anthropology, which contrasts with the views in Sadrian anthropology and Martyr Beheshti’s thought. This study, which uses a descriptive-analytical method, after explaining the principle of “existence precedes essence” in Sartre’s thought with a focus on his anthropology, critiques it within the framework of Sadrian philosophy and examines the common and differing points.

Social responsibility as the activism of members of society in the field of social environment can be seen among the words of Muslim thinkers and especially contemporary readings of Islam. Martyr Ayatollah Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti; The contemporary thinker and religious scholar has introduced one of the fundamental principles of his social and political anthropology as the principle of "social responsibility". One of the most important fruits of this principle is the duty of individuals to deal with violations of norms and laws and the responsibility of protecting the rules of the Islamic system in the society. In this article, the anthropological foundations of the principle of social responsibility in the eyes of Shahid Beheshti have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way, and it has been explained why one should be committed to this principle.The results of this research showed three principles; "man's existential movement", "man's sociability" and "mixed originality of the individual and society" have outlined the foundations of the human evolutionary path and led Shahid Beheshti to understand the responsibility of man in front of God, in addition to two areas "Self" and "natural environment" to the field of "social environment" as well

Hellenism is a strange period in the history of philosophy, between the Ancient and Middle Ages. This period includes important thoughts such as Epicureanism, Stoicism and Neo-Platonic philosophy and has had considerable effects on the following centuries. Based on the books and sources available on Hellenistic philosophy, this study reviews the anthropology of the two schools: the Epicureans and the Stoics; and, in this way, it tries to review a part of the history of anthropology. The results of this paper showed that ancient Greek doctrines had penetrated the lower layers of Hellenistic philosophy (Hellenism), but Hellenistic philosophers were not just imitators and had considerable innovations. Relying on the instrument of sense and the material-atomic attitude to the world, Epicurus considered man a being consisting of a collection of atoms, so he denied life after death. Respecting moral virtues and defending responsibility, he assumed that man was free from predestination and considered his happiness to be pleasure and freedom from suffering. On the other side, by adding the element of ‘acknowledgment’ to sensory perceptions, the Stoics changed the criterion of knowledge and had been formalistic with a materialistic attitude. They considered man’s identity to be in form or pneuma. In this study, using a descriptive-analytical method, after presenting an explanation of epistemological and cosmological frameworks, the four following topics are discussed: ‘human identity’, ‘determinism and freedom’, ‘man’s relationship with Allah and life after death’ and ‘human happiness’ in Epicurean and Stoic philosophy.

Martyr Ayatollah Beheshti, a contemporary thinker and philosopher, in his anthropology, has introduced the human being as a moving and continuously “becoming” being that can be on the course of growth and follow the path of perfection. There are various theories on the origin of motion and becoming in ontology, and Hegel’s dialectic theory can be considered as one of the most prominent theory. . On the other hand, Islamic thinkers have refuted this theory, and Martyr Beheshti has adopted the law of contradiction, attraction and healing. According to this theory, man evolves when he faces contradiction and tends towards one of the contradictions, and this continuous evolution is the very motion and ‘becoming’ in the eyes of Beheshti. This law has a clear manifestation in his anthropology, and originates from anthropology in human social systems, such as political, legal and educational systems. In the present study, through the descriptive-analytical method, while explaining and criticizing Hegel’s dialectic theory, we have discussed Ayatollah Beheshti’s viewpoint about the agent of motion in metaphysics, we have made use of this viewpoint in explaining the ‘becoming of a human being’, and we have pointed out its effects in Beheshti’s educational and political thoughts.

Considering the key role of apoptosis and other factors in inflammation, growth and metastasis of tumor cells and also regulating effect of physical activity, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on the expression of these factors in breast cancer and also on breast cancer tumors weight reduction in mice.

Twenty female 3-weeks-old C ball mice with a mean weight of 17.10 ±0.10 g were randomly divided into experimental (aerobic exercise) and control groups. By subcutaneous injection of MC4-L2 cancer cells, both groups were diagnosed with cancer, and then the experimental group was trained for 8 weeks (5 sessions per week and each session lasted 14-20 minutes running at 55-70 percent of VO2max on the treadmill with zero gradient. The exercises began at a speed of 14 m/min in the first week and finally reached to 20 m/min in the last two weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed and their tumors tissue samples were removed and stored at -70 ° C and the level of gene expression of Apaf-1 and caspase 3 of tumor tissue were measured by Real Time-PCR. Data were analyzed by SPSS21 using independent sample t- test at the significant level of p≤0.05.

The results of independent sample t- test showed that tumor volume in the training group was significantly lower than the control group (p=0.001), moreover the levels of Apaf-1 (p=0.001) and caspase 3 (p=0.001) was also significantly higher than the control group.

Due to the increased gene expression of Apaf-1 and caspase 3 following regular aerobic exercise with intensity of 55 to 70% VO2max, it can be suggested that medium-intensity aerobic exercise can controls the growth of breast tumors in female Balb C mice.

There are few studies related to effects of exercise training, including concurrent training, on hormonal changes in children. Hence, the aim of this study was to Compare theeffects of 6 weeks of resistance training and concurrent resistance and endurance training on aerobic power (VO2peak) and resting levels of growth hormone and cortisol in healthy children. The subjects ofthis quasi-experimental study were 35 healthy boys between 9-11 years old, which were randomly divided into three groups of concurrent training (n=12), resistance training (n=11), control (n=12). Experimental groups were trained during 6 weeks; 3 times a week.Control group were performed only their routine activities. VO2peak test was taken 48 hours before and after implementation of 6-weeks protocols and samples were selected from all subjects.Measurement of resting levels of GH and cortical was performed with ELISA method. For data analysis, one way ANOVA and paired t-test were used. The results showed that VO2peak and resting levels of GH increased significantly in concurrenttraining group (p=0.001, p=0.003, respectively). Resting level of cortisol in concurrent group was significantly lower than the other groups (p<0.05) and it was reducedsignificantlyin concurrent training and resistance training groups (p=0.001, p=0.036). It seems a concurrent training period has greater benefits on VO2peak and resting levels of GH and cortical in children in comparison with resistance training.

Background & Adipose tissue have an important role in inducing lung dysfunction through production and secretion of adipokins such as leptin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a period of aerobic training on lung function indices and serum leptin levels in obese men. Twenty three overweight and obese subjects were randomly assigned to aerobic training (obese EX, n = 12) (45.26±2.45 yr, body mass index (BMI) 31.81±0.77 kg/m2) and control (obese CON, n = 11) (47.03±3.36 yr, body mass index (BMI) 31.45±0.96 kg/m2) groups. Another control group (n = 9) was sampled from normal weighed individuals to compare at the base level (45.1±4.1 yr, body mass index (BMI) 24.63±0.45 kg/m2). The obese EX group participated in 12 weeks of progressive aerobic training 3 sessions a week. Body composition (CT scan), serum leptin levels and lung (pulmonary) function were measured before and after training. At the baseline, the normal weight participants had significant lower serum leptin concentration and higher lung function compared with obese participants (P<0.05). Also, the results indicated that there is an inverse correlation between leptin and obesity with lung function indices (P<0.05). After the aerobic training, obesity and lung function indices were significantly improved (P<0.05). In contrast, serum leptin concentration was significantly decreased after the aerobic training program (P<0.05). Aerobic exercise improves indices of obesity and lung function in obese men which is associated with reduced levels of leptin.