محمد مهدی فتوره چی

It is less common in our country to express one's pain. In a few cases, the mass media have given the word of mouth to ordinary people to talk about their past and present sorrows. However, social media has provided a good opportunity for self-portrait and self-disclosure. The purpose of this article is to cogitate Instagram self-portraits achievements of people who have lost a member of their family due to medical error. The statistical population of this qualitative research, which has been done by phenomenological method, is all the members of the families of the victims of medical error who have a page on Instagram for self-writing in this subject. Sampling was targeted Snowball method saturated to 17 people and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the individuals. Data analysis was thematic, with three central brings: relieving hot pain, finding similar persons and community formation, and transferring and receiving experiences and information. The users employ Instagram which is launched to post photos of users daily life, for others goals and defined new fonctions: association for the support of families of victims of medical error or grouptherapy. Therefore, the results showed that users appropriate Instagram, and it is used to meet the psychological and social needs of these people.

Rumors have always been around in all societies and reflect the society’s anxieties, beliefs and thoughts. With the advent of information and communications technology (ICT) and its popularity, the spread of words and also rumors has become easier than ever. The youth as an important part of user of these applications, are exposed to receiving and spreading them. The study is to explore the reasons behind passing or not passing rumors by youth on all Iranian and international messaging Apps. In another words, it aims to investigate why internet users instantly share and pass a message although they know it is not valid, trustworthy or well-grounded. The study is a qualitative research and the statistical population is based on all different kinds of mobile phone messaging application users. 22 young people were chosen as samples (subjects) for the semi-structured interview with snowball sampling method. Analyzing the research results revealed that they share rumors as a way to asset their existence and draw attention to themselves. They have an instrumental use of rumor to open the dialogue. Also, they pass or post a message to communicate and feel connected and valuable and helpful. These are the main reasons which encourage them to spread rumors on messaging apps on mobile phones. Therefore, the youth use IM to meet their needs in the social context. Increasing critical thinking and developing media literacy through workshops for young people and supporting NGO's projects can be an effective way to cease the spreading rumors.

Introduction and problematic of research: The youth now constitute a considerable part of Internet users in the world as they spend more time on the Web than other age groups. Their objective mostly include promoting their communication skills, finding new friends, etc. Some of the unwilling consequences of the excessive Internet use, however, might lead them to some kind of dependency issues (addiction) while it might also increase their rate of satisfaction consistently. This problem is especially noticeable in educational and academic centers due to the consequences of excessive use of internet on the young users. Moreover, the subject is nowadays attractive to many researchers and some of them even believe that “Internet is changing students’ lifestyle increasingly and they suggest a substitution of the internet by off- line social actions (Frenet, Yves, 2005). Accordingly, I felt this problematic needs academic attention and I felt I could study this subject matter. Considering the fact that internet-use may create even more serious problems than mentioned here, among users as they are connected most of the time at university, in their dormitory or in home which is accompanied by feeling of satisfaction, I decided to make my point by studying the subject among university students in two countries. This was especially of my curiosity to see how similar patterns of usage can be found in two countries with different cultures, such as that of Iran and France. Employing the survey method, I concentrated on the students of two main campuses, i. e., at the university of Tehran and university of Lorraine. In addition to determining typology of Internet users, I measured the rate of satisfaction of young students on internet. I also, measured their level of dependency on Internet use. This paper is partly based on the results of my PhD dissertation and is an attempt to develop and argument on the satisfaction rate of Internet users and their dependence on it. The study had taken place among the students in Iran and in France aiming to explain and analyze the subject matter by using a comparative method. Theory and Theoretically, I used two approaches, first of which is normally called «Uses and Satisfaction» approach developed by Mcquail (1993). The second approach is known as «Usage and Dependence» which was developed by Rubin et. Windahl (1986). I used the first approach to account for the tendency of internet users in Iran and France to use internet for satisfaction purposes. Then I combined it with the second approach to account for processes through which dependency on internet takes place. Methodologically, this research paper focuses on measuring the rate of satisfaction as the users work with internet. This is followed by measuring the dependency of internet users on internet use. The unit of analysis in this research is consisted of two sections; 1) internet users in University of Tehran, Iran; and, 2) internet users in University of Lorrain, France. The research method is based on application of a quantitative method that aims at comparing the two units of analysis at University of Tehran and at University of Lorraine. The basic empirical analysis is done based on two survey data, and I used Ben Youssef’s scales to measure users’ satisfaction, then it is followed by Hadhari’s dependence study that uses Test of Orman. This research has taken place in Tehran and Metz using a sample size of 300 students from the discipline of social sciences. Findings and In addition to distinguishing the typology of Internet users of two societies, I used a comparative method to see if the phenomenon is evident in both countries. I also tried to study and measure the rate of uses and satisfaction among students. This had to be followed by analysis of the dependency rates on Internet. The paper then indicates the differences and the similarities of the Internet users in two countries despite the cultural and social differences. Some of the results show that approximately one third of Iranian and French internet users are satisfied with Internet. This is while French internet users (students) are a bit more satisfied with Internet than Iranian students are. In addition, the number of Internet users who are considered as dependent on internet (with a small difference) is lower than 10 % while Iranian internet users are more dependent than French internet users are. In comparison to Iranian internet users, the findings indicate that the French users use internet more frequently for educational objectives than do the Iranian students.

The present research applies the information of major plans for predicting drug consumption in 1991/1992 as well as the data of census in 1990 to evaluate this assumption that “some arrestees’ sturctural weakness-related factors” contribute in using cocaine and other opiates. This research which applies non-linear modelling techniques، reviews the effectivity of the social control factors as well as population factors in foresighting the rate of drug consumption among arrestees. This issue is also evalauted wether there is any change in the effects of such factors in the rate of drug consumption despite of structural weakness of arrestees’ residential areas. In general، the research concludes that there should be a relationship between a group of major drug users and the structural weakness of environmental factors.