فهرست مطالب محمد نصرالله زاده ماسوله

The purpose of this study was to identify and compare echocardiographic, radiographic and blood findings of dogs with uremic pericardial effusion. The study was conducted on 6 terrier dog. After examination, the dogs were equally divided into two groups: patient (uremic pericardial effusion) and control (without any cardiac disorders). All dogs were recorded to evaluate echocardiography, radiography, kidney biochemistry and blood factors. The results of radiography showed that the shadow of the heart of all patient dogs is round and large. There is a statistically significant difference between the echocardiographic factors measured in the two factors of ejection fraction and the pericardial fluid between groups (Respectively P=0.05 and 0.001). The average hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and MCV in the patient group were significantly lower than the control group (Respectively P=0.04, 0.01 and 0.01). Also, the Mean of Urea and BUN in the patient group was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.02). In addition, the findings revealed that there is a positive and significant statistical correlation between the amount of fluid accumulation in the pericardium and Urea and BUN (P=0.04). Therefore, it can be concluded from the results of this study that, firstly, echocardiography is a suitable tool for diagnosing pericardial effusion disease, and secondly, in the severe state of changes in renal enzymes, the amount of fluid accumulation in the pleural membrane is higher.

Right after the day that Seligman published his experimental and laboratory studies about effects of helplessness on the mood of organisms, a new field of research and study was developed, extending from low to human levels. This empirical study was performed to explore the effects of “learned helplessness” on the mood-behavioral states of chimpanzees.

To this end, first, the rate of symptoms of depression and aggression of the three chimpanzees was measured using two independent checklists with sufficient reliability. Then, all three animals experienced “learned helplessness” syndrome using “repeated frustrations”. Three days after, the three animals experienced the syndrome, their rate of depression and aggressive reactions were measured using the two mentioned checklists. The data obtained from the pre-test and post-test stages were analyzed by SPSS software and using statistical dependent t-test.

The obtained results revealed that the learned helplessness has firstly made all three animals depressed and secondly, it has significantly increased the aggressive behaviors of all three animals.

It can be concluded from these findings that like humans, the helplessness caused by continuous failures also makes the animal organisms experience unpleasant and painful moods such as depression and aggressiveness.

Helicobacter pylori infection is the most common stomach disease worldwide. Various invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods are used to detect this bacterium, associated with limitations. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the resonance method and the use of specific modulation frequency (SMF) compared with the histopathology diagnostic method to detect Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsy samples of experimentally infected mice. One hundred healthy male C57BL/6 mice were included in the study and divided into the control and treatment groups. Mice of the treatment group were inoculated intragastrically with 109 colony-forming units of H. pylori (ATCC 43504) mixture or PBS after treatment with 0.2 ml of 0.2 M NaHCO3 (Merck, Germany) to neutralize gastric acidity. Mice were kept up to 28 days and examined on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 using Histopathology and SMF. On day 0, only SMF could detect the H. pylori in the stomach of 60% of mice. On day 7, histopathology could detect H. pylori in 20% of mice. SMF detected all infected mice from days 7 to 28 (100%). Histopathology detected all infected mice only on day 28. Statistically significant differences were found between the two diagnostic methods on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 of the experiment (P <0.05). SMF was found to have high sensitivity and specificity for H. pylori detection in all stages of infection.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most common cardiac diseases in dogs. If this disease is not detected and treated in time, it may cause the death of the affected animal. For this reason, its timely diagnosis is very important. This study was also carried out to investigate and identify the echocardiographic and radiographic indicators of dogs with DCM by sex, sterility status, breed, age and weight. For this purpose, using echocardiography and radiography, various parameters of the left ventricle and VHS (Vertebrae Heart Scale) of all dogs with DCM were measured. The results showed that the highest rate of prevalence was related to male dogs, not sterilized, terrier, age group 6-9 years and weight 5-10 kg. The findings of echocardiography showed that between the parameters of IVSs and LVDs in male and female DCM dogs, EF and FS of different sterility status, LVD and RVD of different breeds, all parameters measured in different weights and EF, LVDd and LVDs are a statistically significant difference in different ages. The average VHS of dogs with breed, age, sterility status and different weights with DCM were significantly different from each other. Also, the findings showed that gender has no effect on VHS change. Therefore, knowing the population with DCM disease, and other diagnostic imaging findings related to it, can help in the early diagnosis of this disease. After that, the findings of this research can be considered as a valid reference in the examination of different dogs with DCM.

Horses of native breed are considered as the national capital in every country, and their preservation and propagation is of great value and importance. One of the most valuable native horse breeds in Iran is the Turkmen horse. The purpose of this research was to obtain the normal echocardiographic size of a healthy Turkmen horse and compare the size of the parameters between female and male and immature and adults.

Fifty healthy Turkmen horses, which were kept in horse riding clubs in Tehran and the suburbs of Tehran, were randomly selected. Then, after preparation, by using Mindary M7 echocardiography device and with phased water from the standard right parasternal approach, short axis views were taken at the papillary muscle stage and aortic root and long axis at the chamber 4.

The mean and standard deviation of each parameter were calculated. The findings showed that the factors of left ventricular internal volume at the end of diastole, left ventricular internal volume at the end of systole, ejection fraction and the percentage of left ventricular muscle shortening are significantly higher in female horses than in male horses. Also, the factors of left atrial diameter, aortic root diameter, right atrium diameter, interventricular wall thickness in diastole and systole, left ventricular free diameter at the end of diastole and systole, factors of the internal volume of the left ventricle at the end of diastole and cardiac output in adult horses are more than immature.

The measurements specified in this research can be considered as a criterion for echocardiography of Turkmen horses. It is absolutely necessary to check the components of each horse with its gender and maturity status.

Oryctolagus cuniculus are an excellent model for cardiovascular research because the size of these animals is more suitable for study and experimentation than smaller animals and are economical and cost-effective in research. One of the most important diagnostic imaging techniques is echocardiography, which is used today to perform anatomical and functional evaluation of the cardiovascular system and is one of the most accurate and sensitive non-invasive methods for examining heart diseases. Ventricular function indices could be assessed by cardiac imaging techniques. One of these important cardiac parameters is the ejection fraction, which has a valuable position along with other involved parameters. Ejection fraction is a measure of blood percentage that comes out of the heart with each contraction.

For this study, 100 six-month to one-year adult, standard and young Oryctolagus Cuniculus (in Iran) and in healthy   appearance of both sexes (50 female rabbits and 50 male rabbits) were studied without anesthesia and sedation.

In this study, the mean ejection fraction in the studied Oryctolagus cuniculus was 58.753±6.889 in male animals and 61.397±6.530 in females which indicates that the ejection fraction in the assessed male population was significantly higher than the female population.

The measured ejection fraction values were comparable to those mentioned in the authoritative books and there is no significant difference in the average size of ejection fraction measured in this study with the previous research.

The pericardiectomy is an effective remedy for some heart disease and the use of the heart biomarkers are a significant way to assessing the surgery on the heart health. In this regard, the Creatine Kinase (CK), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes as spatial heart damage enzymes are particularly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pericardiectomy surgery on the activity of heart damage marker enzymes in the healthy rabbits. Twelve healthy white male New Zealand rabbits in the same age, approximately weight of 1.5±0.3 kg were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. Experimental group were treated with Pericardiectomy, while the control group undertook Thoracotomy. In order to evaluate CK, LDH and AST enzymes, blood samples were taken from both groups during first, second, third and fourth weeks following the operation. There was a significant difference between CK level of control and experimental groups in 1st week (p<0.05). Significant difference was observed in experimental group CK in first weak in comparison with 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks (p<0.05). There was also a significant increase in AST and LDH level of experimental groups in 2st week (p<0.05). Difference in experimental group AST and LDH in 2nd week was significant in comparison with 1st, 3rd and 4th weeks (p<0.05). In general, it is concluded that pericardiectomy may lead to temporary increase of the heart damage enzyme markers in first and second weeks, after this time, the level of the mentioned enzymes will return to the normal range, this damage is transitory.

One of the important ocular tests in case of ophthalmic infection and corneal ulcer is microbial culture. In the present study ocular microflora of Newzealand white, angora, and Dutch rabbits were evaluated. 96 rabbits from three different breeds (32 of each breed) were studied. All animals enrolled in the study after complete physical and ophthalmic examination. Ophthalmic examination was including slit lamp biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, measurement of intraocular pressure, measurement of tear production, corneal dye with fluorescein. For microbiologic evaluation, sterile swabs were used for sampling from the cornea and lower conjunctival fornix. The culture was initiated immediately after sampling. After 48 hours of incubation, the growth of bacteria was observed, and then differential and biochemistry tests were performed. Results of microbiological culture revealed the difference in bacteria species, especially in gram-negative ones. More eyes with positive bacterial culture were observed in Dutch rabbits. No significant differences were reported in gram-positive bacteria population. Common isolated ocular microflora of rabbits is gram-positive. Clinical significant differences in isolated bacteria and species were observed.

The aim of this study was to determine abdominal aorta and intrarenal arteries Doppler indices by duplex Doppler ultrasonography in clinically normal adult domestic shorthair cats. For this purpose, twenty domestic shorthair cats (10 males and 10 females) were evaluated. To determine normal kidney function, ultrasound-guided core biopsy of both right and left kidneys was performed and histopathologic samples were taken. B-mode, color Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonography of both right and left kidneys were performed to record the Doppler indices of intrarenal arteries. In the next step, the abdominal aortic lumen diameter was measured and its Doppler indices were also recorded. Mean ± SD RI and PI of the right and left intrarenal arteries were 0.58 ± 0.03, 0.6 ± 0.02, 1.02 ± 0.09 and 1.04 ± 0.07, respectively. The mean ± SD diameter of abdominal aortic lumen was 0.37 ± 0.06. PI and RI values of abdominal aorta were 0.79 ± 0.05 and 1.93± 0.37, respectively. The results of current study may be considered as reference range of Doppler indices of the abdominal aorta and intrarenal arteries in domestic shorthair cats. In addition, these values are helpful in comparison with pathologic conditions.

Objective- To find normal value of thickness of the lens capsules in domesticated rabbits by ultrasonography. Design- experimental in vivo study and clinical trial.Animals- Twelve matured and immature domesticated rabbit. Procedures- The eyes of 12 non anaesthetized domesticated rabbits were sonograophed using a linear 6-12 MHz high frequency transducer. The thickness of anterior and posterior capsule of the lens was measured in millimeter (mm). All measurements’ were done only by one experienced radiologist and confirmed by another radiologist. Mean and standard errors were calculated statistically by spss statistical software. Results were compared with ultrasonography of the eye of 75 rabbits referred to different small animal clinic and sonographed by a radiologist.Results- The measurement of the thickness of anterior and posterior capsule of both eyes was 0.3979 ± 0.03255. The mean value and standard deviation of 75 clinically studied rabbits was 0.3933 ± 0.02552.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- The thickness of lens capsule can be measured by ultrasonography and this value can be used for diagnosis of production of capsular cataract either experimentally or acquired in rabbit. There was no significant difference.

Sacroiliac luxation results when there is disruption of the articulation between the wing of the sacrum and iliacwing. This problem may be unilateral or bilateral. A two year-old, 9 kg weighting, male Spitz dog was referred toprivate clinic. Clinical signs were non-weight-bearing on hind-limbs, lameness, and loss of appetite and sever painon palpation.Sacroiliac separation and fracture of ilium were reconstructed using cortical screw and 2.7 plates respectively.Muscles, subcutaneous tissue, and skin of both sides were sutured routinely. Postoperative care was performedby broad-spectrum antibiotic and aspirin. The patient started weight bearing on day 4 after operation. Cliniciansshould reconstruct sacroiliac separation immediately because of nerve roots engagement following the sacroiliacseparation and pelvic fracture and likely secondary nerve root damage or disruption.

Hip joint insuffciency (loss of function as a joint to transfer force) follows some causes as in congenital and traumatic conditions. Clinical signs depend on severity of joint involvement and degenerative changes. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine and compare success rate of hip arthroplasty in referral toy and large breed dogs for 4 years. Eighty-four dogs with toy and large breed dogs less than one year old have been referred to small animal clinic with lameness, pain and loss of function on hind limb. Radiograph survey was prformed and revealed various changes in hip joint. Conservative and surgical treatments were carried out and followed up during two years period. All dogs tolerated head and neck resection of femur. In congenital cases, weight was not a determinant factor and there was not signifcant difference between DJD and outcome statistically, but in all congenital and traumatic cases less than one year old there was not a signifcant difference between DJD and outcome in less than 10 Kg and was statistically signifcant in dogs more than 10 kg. In our study we found that, weight and etiology were not effective factors on success rate.

There is no data on the effect of maximum and minimum premedication dose of atropine on work performance of heart and amount of Fractional Shortening (FS) in rabbit echocardiography, so this study was designed for evaluation of probability of the above effect. 24 White New Zealand rabbits, clinically healthy with no consideration in sex and age, weighting 1.5±0.3 kg in four groups consisting six animals for access to the purpose of study were evaluated. Injection of atropine with maximum and minimum dosage for frst and second groups and injection of distilled water for third and fourth groups were observed. Calculations of FS for left ventricles in statutory times were done by echocardiography with no knowledge about injection solution. Determinations for Mean, Standard Deviation, Minimum and Maximum amount for FS were 37.29, 3.355, 30 and 43 respectively. Determinations for Mean and Standard Deviation for FS in group one, before injection and in minutes 2, 5, 15 and 30 after injection were 36.33±3.011, 35.33±2.944, 36.17±4.119, 36.83±3.251 and 37.00±2.449 respectively. Determinations for Mean and Standard Deviation for FS in group two, before injection and in minutes 2, 5, 15 and 30 after injection were 39.17±2.994, 39.00±3.347, 36.50±3.017, 35.50±6.025 and 36.83±5.811 respectively. Determinations for Mean and Standard Deviation for FS in group three, before injection and in minutes 2, 5, 15 and 30 after injection were 36.17±2.483, 33.83±3.061, 34.33±2.805, 35.00±2.828 and 33.67±4.885 respectively. Determinations for Mean and Standard Deviation for FS in group four, before injection and in minutes 2, 5, 15 and 30 after injection were 37.50±4.550, 34.17±4.622, 37.17±3.125, 36.50±1.225 and 37.50±2.811 respectively. As a conclusion, Stability of heart performance was observed after using maximum dose of atropine.

Echocardiography has been frequently used in veterinary in horses and cows since 40 years ago but there is no information about camel echocardiography. In this study، 10 male and 10 female clinically healthy one-year-old camels (camelus dromedarius) wereexamined. Echocardiography was performed by B. K. Medical machine (mini focus model) and 2-4MHZ multi frequency phased array transducer. Camels were examined clinically andelectrocardiographically and those found healthy were studied for echocardiography. The third through the fifth intercostal space (midway) between point of shoulder (POS) and point of elbow (POE) were shaved in both side and covered by copulated gel. Toobtain image of right parasternal long axis four chamber view، transducer was placed parallel to ribs in 5th intercostal space midway between point of shoulder and point of elbow، then transducer was placed slightly cranially to image left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). Transducer was placed in LVOTlocation but in the 4th intercostal space and slightly craniodorsally to image right ventricular out flow tract (RVOT). To image left ventricle short axis views، transducer with 90-100 degree clockwise rotation، was placed vertically to the ribs direction in 5th intercostals space. Slightly fanning transducer to dorsal was necessary to image mitral valve. To image aortic valve، transducer with 30 degree clockwise rotation was placed in the same location for mitral valve location. Cardiac structures in left parasternal long axis views in three viewswere seen. Transducer in the 3rd intercostal space in heart location parallel to ribs was placed. To image LVOT، transducer was placed in 4th intercostal space slightly craniodorsally. Then for viewing mitral valve it was placed in 5th intercostals space parallel to ribs direction without rotation. Camel heart is located more caudally than horse and cow and this helps to better imaging in its echocardiography. The quality of the images varied. This variation was due to a variety of factors، including body condition، the widthof the intercostal space and the demeanor of the camels. Low heart rate in camel makes careful evaluation of anatomy and movement of cardiac structures possible in real time echocardiography.