محمد کمالی نژاد

In Persian medicine, it is believed that the creation of life and its continuation depends on Innate Moisture, and natural human death occurs when this moisture ends. Despite the use of this term in medical texts, there is no acceptable understanding of this concept. The purpose of this research was to provide a systematic summary of data about Innate Moisture from the perspective of traditional physicians in different centuries, to explain that and enable more use of this concept in clinical setting.

The keywords in this study were as follows: Innate Moisture, Original Moisture, Moisture, al-Rotuba al-Ghrizia, al-Rotuba al-Asliyyah, Innate Humidity, and Natural Moisture in both Persian and English. We used Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis which consists of a series of overlapping steps whose main goal is to clarify the concept.

In medical books, Moisture is considered from two perspectives: Moisture as an accident (quality) and Moisture as a substance (moist substance). Innate Moisture is present as a moist substance in the human body. The nature of Innate Moisture is less discussed in sources, but physicians are in agreement about its role as a main basis for the continuation of human life.

Innate Moisture can be divided into two types; original (originated from zygote) and non-original (originated from nutrition). Non-original Innate Moistures are considered as alternative for original Innate Moisture so that the original Innate Moisture is reduced less and remains as long as the natural life of the person continues.

Wounds are common injuries, that promotion of healing, infection control, and reducing the complications of which are an issue in medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the types of wounds and factors affecting their healing from the perspective of Persian medicine compared to conventional medicine, in order to find potential new solutions to control wounds and their complications. This review study was conducted to investigate definition of wounds and their classification based on five original Persian medicine books, including Kāmil al-Sinā`a al-Tibbīya by Haly Abbas, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb by Avicenna, Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi by Sayyid Isma'il Jurjani, Tibb-i Akbari by Muhammad Akbar Arzānī, and Exir-i Azam by Muhammad Azam Khan Chishti. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant evidence in contemporary medicine and comparison between results was made. According to these results, wounds are divided into seven categories in Persian medicine based on the amount of damage caused to the skin and the process of repairing and treating them is different based on various factors like age, sex, weight and lifestyle. Wounds are categorized based on length, depth, volume and cleanliness in modern medicine. According to results of this study results, lifestyle and six essential principles of health from the perspective of Persian medicine can be effective in the wound healing process. The first step in wound management, is diagnosing the category. The healing process can be accelerated with methods of Persian medicine (six principles of health and treatment methods) as a complementary method to modern medicine and complications can thereby be reduced.

Trachyspermum copticum has been prescribed for the treatment of a variety of ailments including epidemic febrile conditions, cough, respiratory distress, fatigue and loss of appetite in traditional medicine. However, the evidence to support its effectiveness remains unknown. This parallel, triple-blinded, randomized, clinical trial aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of MOCOZIFT syrup (an herbal product of Trachyspermum copticum) in adult patients with confirmed COVID-19. All patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either placebo or MOCOZIFT® syrup 5 cc, three times a day for 14 days, in addition to standard medications of COVID-19. A total of 50 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection completed the study. The mean age of patients was 56.5 years and 21 (42%) subjects were male. There was a significant reduction in dyspnea after taking medication (p=0.001). Patient’s appetite significantly increased in MOCOZIFT® group (p=0.001), also significant decrease in the severity of fatigue score was found in intervention group (p=0.001). Compared to the control group, an increase in appetite and decreasing fatigue occurred earlier in the treatment group. The findings of this study suggest that oral consumption of MOCOZIFT® syrup could be a promising opportunity to reduce dyspnea and fatigue severity and increased appetite in comparison with the placebo in COVID-19 patients.

Background and Purpose:

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and one of the problems of the world's medical system. Huge financial and spiritual costs, disease complications, long-term use of drugs, and inadequacy of conventional therapies in complete control of symptoms, reveal the need to focus on and use complementary therapies. The purpose of this study was to prioritize and introduce the medicinal plants mentioned in Persian Medicine (PM) resources to find new ideas for producing a suitable and effective drug in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
 

In this narrative library study, the search for effective medicinal plants on ulcerative colitis, with the keywords "Sahj-e-am’a, Ghorouh-e-am’a, Ghorouh-e-me’a, and Ghorheh-am’a" in five authoritative pharmaceutical books of PM, including: “Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb, Al-Abnyia 'an Haqa'iq al-Adwiya, Al-Aghrāḍ al-Ṭibbīyah wa al-Mabāhith al-Alāīyah, Tuhfat ul-Momineen, Makhzan al-Adwiya”; was performed. After scoring and prioritizing based on the frequency of use and the degree of effectiveness from the perspective of physicians, related studies in scientific databases investigating the effect of the highest rated items on inflammatory and ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, their mechanism of action and their active components were reviewed.
 

59 plants were found and the highest scores were related to “Oryza sativa L., Rumex acetosa, Plantago major L., Vicia faba, and Tragopogon graminifolius DC.”. The effects of these herbs on inflammatory and ulcerative diseases of the gastrointestinal tract have been confirmed in modern animal and clinical studies.
 

Considering similar symptoms of the two diseases “Sahj-e-am’a and ulcerative colitis”, it may be possible to propose them as equivalent terms. Concerning the anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects of most of the medicinal plants mentioned in this study, it seems that they can be used in designing clinical studies and formulating new drugs to propose therapies that improve symptoms of ulcerative colitis and inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract based on PM approach.

Punica granatum var. pleniflora (Golnar in Persian) is a subspecies of pomegranate that only has the blooms with no fruit generation. The plant has been used for the treatment of liver diseases in Iranian folk medicine.

In the present study, the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Punica granatum var. pleniflora (APG) were evaluated in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats along with its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities. In vitro free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of APG were also measured by DPPH method and the determination of polyphenol and flavonoids contents.

Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by CCl4 administration and the extract were administered orally at three different doses.

At the end of the experiment, the serum biomarkers of liver injury, including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), bilirubin, and total protein were significantly decrease in APG-treated animals when compared to CCl4-intoxicated rats (P<0.001). Besides, in vivo examination showed that the extract prevented CCl4-induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats, which demonstrated by the restoration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the lessening of lipid peroxidation (P<0.001). In addition, APG diminished the increase of relative liver weight induced by CCl4 in rats (P<0.001).

To conclude, this study showed that APG possesses potent free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Also, the hepatoprotective properties of APG against CCl4-induced liver injury may be partly mediated by its antioxidant activity due to the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids in the plant.

Skin cancers are the most prevalent type among the white with an increasing trend of incidence around the world and Iran. Scientific developments in diagnosing these cancers and using screening methods and utilizing treatment methods have contributed to the relative control of the cancer. Hence, it is necessary to consider other suggested approaches of complementary and traditional medicine to prevent and treat these cancers.

The purpose of this review is to investigate the alternative remedies from the Persian Medicine; as a pioneer medical approach with an old history.

In this review study, the medical textbooks of the golden era of Persian Medicine (9th to 19th centuries AD), i.e., the times of Razes and Avicenna, were explored and interesting opinions on skin malignancies were found. In addition, the phrase “skin cancers” was searched in databases like PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The gleaned data were analyzed and compared.

The ancient Persian scholars knew the cancers and were forerunners in the description, classified, etiology and treatment of skin cancers. This study explored interesting opinions like nutrition and black bile clearance on skin malignancies  treatment, also found no contradictory views between the Persian and modern medicine on the topic of skin cancers.

Paying attention to the neglected areas can makes useful theories and hypotheses fore achievement to new more effective and safe remedies.

Radiation-Induced Mucositis (RIM) is more common in patients with head and neck cancers. Common medications have not been fully successful in preventing and treating RIM. We can use the potential of Iranian medicine for prevention and oral/topical treatment of these lesions. 

In this review study, the keywords of “Mucositis”, “Head and Neck Radiotherapy”, “Aphthous”, and “Mouth Ulcers” (In Persian) were used for searching in books related to Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) and in related papers published online and indexed in Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases from 1995 to 2018.

According to ITM, RIM is mostly similar to a kind of aphthous oral ulcers called Ghola, both of which have the same treatment. For RIM treatment, various strategies for lifestyle modification have been recommended. Furthermore, considering that heat and dryness are the primary causes of RIM occurrence, the plants that cause damp feeling and produce moisture and maintain tissue integrity throughout the body and mouth can be used locally and orally for the prevention and treatment of RIM based on their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibiotic properties.

Due to different viewpoints of ITM on health and disease, lifestyle modification and herbal remedies along with therapeutic measures can be effective in controlling RIM.

Chronic itching reduces the quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis. This study was done to determine the effect of chronic itching on the quality of life of patients under hemodialysis in north of Iran. In this descriptive-analytical study, 111 patients with mean age of 58.36±12.7 years were randomly selected from hemodialysis centers of Golestan province from May to December 2017. Demographic data, quality of life (Itchy QOL questionnaire), Xerosis, pruritus intensity (Balaskas 1998), and laboratory tests including calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, hemoglobin and hematocrit were evaluated. The mean score of itching severity and overall quality of life was 29.27±7.46 and 41.4±10.44, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the severity of itching and the overall score of patients' quality of life (P<0.05). Correlation between severity of pruritus with symptom dimension, functional dimension and emotional dimension was significant (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between severity of itching and Xerosis and serum calcium level (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between Xerosis and calcium level with increased itching (P<0.05). Itching reduced the quality of life in hemodialysis patients in north of Iran.

Natural sleep increases the strength of the body. Sleep is caused by increased moisture in the brain and the moisture in the nerves prevents the movement of the soul and thus the person goes to sleep. High costs, complications of treatment, and lack of appropriate response to common treatments have increased the interest in using complementary therapies. The present study examined the factors associated with insomnia and sleep of high quality from the perspective of Persian medicine and modern medicine. This study was a library research based on searching ancient medical books and databases. Finally, sleep and related disorders in Persian medicine were compared with allopathic medicine. The causes of insomnia are divided into internal and external categories in which factors such as dryness of the brain are internal causes and factors like sadness are external causes. The proper sleep is related to the temperament of the seasons and its moisture content, mild exercise, good digestion of food, the proper disposal of pesticides and waste materials, as well as proper control of mental movement and response. Proper moisture in the brain, avoiding unhealthy foods and increasing dryness of the brain and feet massage are good treatments for insomnia. Both modern and old medical schools emphasize on proper timing of sleep to avoid daytime sleep. Also, lifestyle modification is the first line of treatment for sleep-related disorders in both medical disciplines.

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) or innate eczema is the most common chronic relapsing inflammatory skin diseases in infantile and childhood, which is rarely continued into adulthood. Family or personal history of atopy (e.g. asthma, allergic rhinitis or food sensitivity) is very common in children suffered from AD. Although the role of inflammatory processes in AD is well recognized, the exact pathogenesis of it is not fully understood. Therefore, comparison between AD and diseases described in traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) as a holistic medicine may open new horizons to the deeper comprehension and therapeutic approaches. In this study, we try to draw an analogy between AD and inflammatory skin rashes described in traditional Iranian medicine references. The lack of information of lesion's location, being chronic or recurrent and family or personal history of allergy in traditional Iranian medicine references led us to solely use the clinical manifestation. Hence, according to the major symptoms of AD, inflammatory rashes, pruritus, and xerosis are defined as the clinical manifestation of AD in this study. At the first step, we compare the symptoms and causes of inflammation skin rashes in traditional medicine and clinical manifestation with pathogenesis of AD in modern medicine. In the second step, we extract the similarities and differences between AD and inflammatory skin rashes described in TIM. The results reveal that, Namleh and Javarsiyeh have the most common symptoms to AD, among all diseases described in traditional Iranian medicine.

Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the major causes of maternal mortality, especially in the developing countries. Some studies have shown the positive effects of Plantago on postpartum hemorrhage. We conducted this study to determine the effects of Plantago syrup on postpartum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in low-risk women in terms of postpartum hemorrhage.
A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial was carried out on all the women who had gone through normal vaginal delivery in Ganjavian Maternity Clinic of Dezful, Iran, in 2017. The participants were randomly assigned to intervention and placebo group (n=50 per group). Immediately after placental expulsion, the intervention group received 100 cc of Plantago extract 20% and infusion of 20 U of oxytocin in 1 L of Ringer’s solution, and the control group was given 100 cc of placebo syrup and infusion of 20 U of oxytocin in 1 L of Ringer’s solution. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were measured in all the participants 6 h postpartum. To analyze the data, independent t-test, Fischer’s Exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kendall rank correlation coefficient, Chi-squared test, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were run in SPSS, version 17.
There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of hemoglobin and hematocrit reduction. Before the intervention, the mean levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit in the intervention group were 12.60±3.8 g/dl and 36.69±3.3%, respectively, and in the control group, they were 12.25±1.1 g/dl and 38.06±3.4%, respectively (P>0.005). After the intervention, the mean reduction in hemoglobin level in the intervention and control groups was 1.17±0.4 and 2.19±0.6 g/dl, respectively (P=0.001).
Oral Plantago syrup played a significant role in lowering the mean reduction in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after delivery. The use of this syrup could help prevent the complications of postpartum anemia.

The most common complication of peripheral intravenous catheter use is phlebitis. This study aimed to determine the effect of Arnebia Euchroma on the prevention of peripheral intravenous catheter-related phlebitis.
Methods & Materials: A double-blind randomized clinical trial done on 120 patients hospitalized in CCU and heart wards of Shariaty hospital in Tehran in 2017. The convenience samples were allocated into the two groups of control and intervention. After the insertion of an IV catheter (by sterile technique, in the site of upper limb without any signs of phlebitis), Arnebia Euchroma poultice for the intervention group and placebo poultice for the control group, was applied to the skin in the distal portion of IV catheter at 3×3 cm from the catheter insertion site. Then, this site was covered by sterile dressing. The patient was monitored every 12 hours by removing the dressing, and the poultice was applied again. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using the SPSS software.
The two groups were homogeneous in terms of age and sex, but were different in the number of hospitalization days. While no phlebitis was observed in the baseline, there was a significant difference between the two groups (42.37% for intervention group vs 0% for control group) at the hour of 12. By adjusting the effect of hospitalization days, the difference was still significant (P Arnebia Euchroma poultice was effective in the prevention of phlebitis. Thus, this poultice can be used when inserting a peripheral intravenous catheter.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most important parasitic disease. As the number of resistant types to glucantime (drug of choice) is increasing, it is needed to investigate the effects of other drugs like herbal medicines on this disease. Several studies have shown the anti Leishmania effects of olive leaf on the Leishmania and also some organisms. The goal of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of olive leaf aqueos and hydroalcoholic extract on amastigots of Leishmania tropica glutamimn resistance and sensitive in vitro.
Materials & Methodes: Mouse peritoneal macrophages for the maintenance of Leishmania were used in vitro culture.To determine the effect of the extract on macrophage cytotoxicity MTT assay was performed and CC50 was calculated. In order to investigate the Leishmania tropica amastigots glutamimn resistance with different concentrations of olive leaf aqueous extract 0.31, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5mg/ml and olive leaf hydroalcoholic extract with different concentrations 3.1, 6.25, 12.5, 25 µg/ml were incubated for 24-72 hours. Geimsa stain was used as positive and negative controls, respectively.
we found that olive leaf aqueous extract in 2.5mg/ml and hydroalcoholic extract in 25 µg/ml to 72 hours, are the best concentration and time. It is important to note that olive leaf aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract didn’t have any effect on Leishmania tropica Glucantime resistance in vitro (p≤0.05).
Discussion & the natural products are available and safe and can be used as a drug model without side effects, especially on amastigots of Leishmania tropica glutamimn sensitive.

Drug discovery based on traditional medicines is called reverse pharmacology. During investigation of traditional medicine, there are two categories of diseases: The first, diseases such as constipation which they could be partially or fully matched in conventional and traditional medicine. The second, diseases such as diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) that, there is no direct mention about them in the context of traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to prioritize the materia medica utilized in Persian medicine for treatment of ghorooh (wounds) and using a reverse pharmacology approach to develop new effective drugs for DFU.
In this library study, on the first level, different types of ghorooh were searched and collected in four references of traditional medicine and then, these data were rated into two groups based on similarity with the main symptoms of DFU: Ghorooh with symptoms closed to DFU and ghorooh with symptoms away from DFU. In later levels, different materia affecting ghorooh were scored based on repetition in sources and scientists emphasis. Lastly, adding the scores of the two levels, acquired data was ranked in term of effect on DFUs.
Myrtle, Frankincense, Plantain, Aloe Vera and Chinese lantern had highest scores. Finally, the myrtle fruits suggested for preparing the best formulation drug for DFU.
For use of traditional knowledge in modern diseases, first, we must establish a logical connection between conventional and traditional medicine. Then, prioritization of effective materia medica and reverse pharmacology could lead to production of new effective drugs for DFU.

Ginger is a plant widely used in complementary medicine because of its various therapeutic properties. In recent medical and compelimentary medicine textbooks, it has been stated that the oral form of ginger is antiemetic, prevents vomiting and motion sickness, is used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory, and enhances the memory. If the patients had used specific amounts of ginger or its products routinely before surgery and anesthesia, it could have consequences such as increased bleeding and analgesic effects during surgery and anesthesia. In this Study, we assessed the side effects and warnings surgeons and anesthesiologists had stated as interactions of this plant considering reputed Iranian’s traditional and new medicine and papers that texts published in the different Database.

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 2 signaling pathways and their receptors exert a pivotal role in behavior and fate of tumor cells. Therefore, these pathways are target of drug discovery researches. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the aqueous extract of Trachyspermum copticum (L.) link (carum) seeds on TGF-beta receptor 1 and 2 genes coding the heterodimer complex of receptor in MCF-7 cell line of human breast cancer.
Non-cytotoxic concentrations of the extract determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test and cells treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations (5 and 40 µg/ml) of extract for 24 hours. Then, to evaluate the expression of TGF-beta receptors 1 and 2 genes at the level of transcription, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed (comparing the control group). Data were analyzed using REST® software and analysis of variance test. Level of significance was set at 0.05.
Findings: Cells treated with concentration of 5 µg/ml of extract showed reduction in gene transcription levels to almost half (0.52) (P = 0.015); and in cells treated with concentration of 40 µg/ml of extract, gene transcription levels increased to 1.34 times (P = 0.066) comparing to control group. Treatment of cells with extract showed no meaningful changes in TGF-beta receptor 2 gene expression at the level of transcription (P = 0.148).
Results suggest that treatment of MCF-7 cells with low concentration of aqueous extract of Trachyspermum copticum (L.) link seeds can affect the TGF-beta receptor 1 gene transcription, but not the TGF-beta receptor 2; and alter the microenvironment of tumor cell. Further studies have to be performed for conclusive evidence.

Given that the effectiveness of mint on a plaque. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of mint mouthwash with chlorhexidine on persons volunteered to be studied Islamic Azad University in Tehran.
The clinical trial cross over- double blind clinical trial was carried out. Initial plaque was recorded, and the samples randomly divided into two groups and they asked to rinse their mouthwash twice a day for 4 weeks. After 2 weeks wash out period, the groups were rotated and they used different mouthwash as the same methods.T he plaque and pigments and acceptance of person were recorded and Mann-U-Whitney test was used.
The stain of those who had used chlorhexidine was (6.05 ± 1.16), and those who used mint mouthwash was (2.18±0.83) (P It seems, Chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing microbial plaque is better than mint mouthwash but regarding feeling flavor, no burning sensation and less staining, mint mouthwash had better efficacy.

Today about 27.4 percent of female 15-44 years and 1 percent of female in fertility age are affected by infertility. Iodine is a rare element that is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Concentration of the thyroid hormones in blood under the influence of iodine intake and changes in thyroid hormones levels interact with reproductive system. Today, all the people of Iran consuming iodized salt regardless of iodine status in their body. In this study according to high prevalence of the infertility among young couples, iodized salt intake on fertility in male rats were investigated.
In this study 20 male and 20 female adult Wistar rats were used. Twenty male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. Including the control group and treatment group that received iodine and female adult Wistar were fed with a regular diet. Five male rats from each group were killed at the end of the fourth weeks in order to evaluate the possible effect of iodized salt on sperm analysis and weight of testis. After a month, male and female rats were placed in pairs in separate cages and their offspring were investigated in terms of number, gender and health.
The result of this study showed that the number of healthy offspring of treated male rats was significantly lower than the control group.
Due to the negative effect of excessive iodine intake on fertility rate, it is recommended to couples to perform functional tests of their thyroid glands before intake of iodized salts.

In industrialized countries, cancer is the second cause of death and in Iran is the third. So, one of the research priorities of all communities is according to the methods of prevention and treatment of cancer.
This study is an analytical review of the etiology, prevention and treatment of cancer from the viewpoint of Iranian Traditional Medicine.
Persian physicians believed that human body was composed of four substances that named humorous (blood, phlegm, bile, black bile) and imbalance of them causes different types of diseases.
From the perspective of Iranian Traditional physicians, Ignition and combustion phenomena humors is the starting point for the onset of cancer. Based on this insight, preventive and therapeutic strategies have been proposed.
They are believed abnormal black bile, have the power of influence, aggression and high dispersion. However, stimulating interventions had been avoided in the cancers of internal organs. The goal of treatment and recurrent inhibition are reduction of carcinogenic substance, improving body action and Inhibition of Invasive behavior of disease.

Hydatid cyst is observed in any organ, especially in liver and lung. Use of effective scolicidal agents during hydatid cyst surgery is essential to prevent the secondary infection. Most of these agents are not safe and effective. Many studies have shown that Punica granatum has antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitical effects. This study was undertaken for the first time to evaluate the scolicidal effect of P. granatum aqueous extract in vitro.
Material & Viability of protoscoleces of hydatid cyst was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. Normal saline and hypertonic saline were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Protoscoleces were treated with 60, 70 and 80 mg/ml of the sour P. granatum extract (based on the total amount of citric acid). All extracts were examined for 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used for data analysis.
Sour P. granatum extract at the concentration of 80 mg/ml killed 100% of protoscoleces after 15 minutes of application. Scolicidal effect of Sour P. granatum extract at the concentration of 70 mg/ml was lower than that in 80 mg/ml. However, after 15 minutes of application, all of protoscoleces were killed. We observed a statistically significant difference in the protoscolicidal activity of the sour aqueous extract with different dilutions (60, 70, 80 mg/ml) (p > 0.05).
Our results suggest that aqueous extract of P. granatum can be a promising source of potential protoscolicidal agent. Regarding the usage of pomegranate and aqueous extract as drink and food, it seems this component is harmless and safe. Therefore, after being examined in vivo and additional experiments, it may be used as a suitable and effective scolicidal in surgery.

Wound healing is one of the most complicated biological events after birth that causes dead tissue replace with new one. Any defect in wound healing, can lead to chronic skin disorders causing severe loss of quality of life and even death. So far, a drug that could effectively promote and advance the natural process of wound healing in the body, has not been introduced. Treatment of wounds and burns, is still one major issue, even in developed countries. Due to importance and value of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on wound healing, and the presence of these activities in some medicinal plants, in this study, the healing effects of aqueous extract of Rhus coriaria fruit, was examined.
After creating a full-thickness skin wound on the back of 45 male Sprague-Dawley rats, they were randomly divided into three groups: treatment, control or positive control. After 24 hours, the treatment group received 0.5 gram of the fruit extract, the positive control group treated with 2%mupirocin ointment and the control group received no treatment. Wound healing rates were calculated on days 0, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12 and 15 post-wounding and the wound tissues were harvested at 5, 10, and 15 days for histological and biochemical analysis. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was used to determine the anti-oxidant and anti- inflamatory activity of the pklant extract. The results were statistically analysed using SPSS software.
The percentage of the wound contraction was significantly increased in days 10, 12 and 15 in the treated group compared to the control group(P These data provide evidence that Rhus coriaria extract accelerates cutaneous wound healing and its effect may be due to the increased re-epithelialization, collagen deposition and decreased MPO activity and oxidative damage in wound and so it can be used as a therapeutic agent for wound healing.

Background and Depression is a mental disorder that has so far been considered as the second cause of disability. Naturally, it was studied in Persian medicine. In this study, the causes and types of melancholia in Traditional Persian medicine with new psychiatric depression were compared.
Methods and Materials: This study is a research library that was extracted, analyzed and reported comments of Iranian physicians about the causes and types of melancholia.
is divided into three general types: cerebral melancholia, mālenkholia-l-marāqqī and systemic melancholia. Many of the signs of cerebral melancholia are similar to that of depression in conventional psychiatry. In Persian Medicine sources, it is believed that an abnormally high level of black bile in the brain is the cause of melancholia.
According to Ibn Sina, the cause of melancholia in the three organs of the brain, heart and blood must be searched. Thus in the treatment of this disease should also be considered to treat heart diseases and blood disorders. It seems appropriate that this theory be used by researchers for clinical researches.

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) or innate eczema is the most common chronic relapsing inflammatory skin diseases in infantile and childhood, which is rarely continued into adulthood. Family or personal history of atopy (e.g. asthma, allergic rhinitis or food sensitivity) is very common in children suffered from AD.
Although the role of inflammatory processes in AD is well recognized, the exact pathogenesis of it is not fully understood. Therefore, comparison between AD and diseases described in traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) as a holistic medicine may open new horizons to the deeper comprehension and therapeutic approaches. In this study, we try to draw an analogy between AD and inflammatory skin rashes described in traditional Iranian medicine references. The lack of information of lesion's location, being chronic or recurrent and family or personal history of allergy in traditional Iranian medicine references led us to solely use the clinical manifestation. Hence, according to the major symptoms of AD, inflammatory rashes, pruritus, and xerosis are defined as the clinical manifestation of AD in this study. At the first step, we compare the symptoms and causes of inflammation skin rashes in traditional medicine and clinical manifestation with pathogenesis of AD in modern medicine. In the second step, we extract the similarities and differences between AD and inflammatory skin rashes described in TIM.
The results reveal that, Namleh and Javarsiyeh have the most common symptoms to AD, among all diseases described in traditional Iranian medicine.

Premature ejaculation (PE) that is named as "Sorat-e-Enzal" [ejaculation quickly] in traditional Persian medicine (PM), means to ejaculate sooner than one minute from the start of vaginal penetration, inability to delay ejaculation and distress and suffering during intercourse. Its prevalence has been reported 2.3 to 30 percent.
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the causes of premature ejaculation in traditional and conventional medicine and use it to explain more accurate concept of pathophysiology of the disease which provides more appropriate way to achieve therapeutic protocol.
Data collection was based on targeted review of the credible books from traditional medicine such as Canon of Medicine and recent reference books and literatures in urology and psychiatry. The causes of premature ejaculation were obtained by searching keywords such as premature ejaculation and sexual disorders in databases including Pub Med, Science Direct, SID (Scientific Information Database) and also Google Scholar from 2004 to 2016. The causes identified were summarized in a table and the similarities and differences were determined.
At the first look, the causes of premature ejaculation in traditional and conventional medicine seem to be different but more exact comparison showed significant similarities. The effect of six essential factors (named as sette-zarurieh in PM) on PE has been explained in both traditional and conventional medicine.
In conventional and traditional medicine, the diseases of heart, liver, stomach and kidney and also neurological and psychological disorders cited as factors for sexual dysfunction.
Factors related to the penis diseases, metabolic disorders or physiological, anatomical, histological diseases and causes related to sexual gonads have been mentioned in both conventional and traditional medicine. Conventional medicine specifically expresses hormonal causes (hyperthyroidism) whilst Persian medicine exclusively has explained symptoms related to semen liquid in this disorder.
Discussion & This review has categorized fourteen causes for premature ejaculation that are similar in both conventional and Persian medicine in almost all fields.