محمدتقی بوستان افروز

The modern history of Iran's Qajar era holds a lesser-known aspect in the realm of law codification prior to the establishment of the National Assembly. This research delves into the efforts made in the field of law-codifying during this period, particularly focusing on the configuration approach termed as Regulatory law-codifying. The research aims to comprehensively understand this issue by examining two distinct types: "large" and "small" regulatory law codifying. Macro Regulatory law-codifying pertains to writings distinct from political treatises, focusing on governmental structure. Two notable examples discussed in this research are the second part of Malkam's "Daftar-e-Tanzimat" and Sepehsalar's "Ketabcheye TnazimatE Hasaneye Dowlate Elliyeh va Mamaleke Mahrouseye Iran". The second type, Small Regulatory law-codifying, encompasses laws tailored for smaller subjects or institutions, defined under macro laws. The research scrutinizes laws such as "Layeheye Dar al-Tanzil", "Entezam-e Lashkar va Majles-e Tanzimat", "Ketabcheye Ghannoun-e Dokhaniat", "Klid-e Esteta’at", "Ketebcheye Dastorolamal-e Divankhaneye Adliyeye A’zam", "Takalif-e Moshtarak-e Majales-e Vezarat-e Adliyeye A’zam", and "Resaleh Dar Taghsimat-e Edariye Vezarat-e Omour-e Kharejeh". The research identifies that regulatory laws were primarily based on macro laws, and the formulation of "Small" laws aimed to instill order and drive transformation in the government structure.

One of the lesser-known areas in the "experience of political modernization in Iran" is the efforts that were made in the field of "law writing" in the Qajar era, before the establishment of the National Assembly. These efforts, on the one hand, were based on the expanding idea of legalism, and on the other hand, they helped a lot in its development. The present research, taking into account the analysis of critical discourse, and emphasizing the discursive "texture" of legalism, while paying attention to its "constitutional" type, seeks to know the approaches of this type of law writing in relation to Sharia. The findings of the research show that two important approaches were intended. One was the "positive" approach, which was discussed most of all in one word, and the other was the "negative" approach that Akhundzadeh followed in response to the writing of this treatise, and it was in complete agreement with his attitude. In the "positive" approach, Sharia is presented as an important rule for a better understanding of law writing, in which no law will be written, unless there is a clear relationship with Sharia, and of course in that modern law, which is based on European "constitutions". and Shariat was a category that was considered as its confirmation. At the same time, the negative approach basically considered the law writing on this basis to be incorrect and unhelpful for the society and the government and rejected it altogether.

Security is one of the important categories of sustainable development, which is influenced by various factors. Some effective factors in this field are known as social factors. Each region has its own social, cultural and economic conditions, and these differences show the necessity of knowing the social factors in each region. The purpose of this research is to investigate social factors affecting sustainable security in Izeh county and to provide solutions to improve it. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the collection of field data (survey). The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the research was formed by experts, and 85 people were determined as the sample size using the snowball method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through elites and the reliability was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.70. The result of the research showed that all social factors affecting sustainable security were significant at a level less than 0.05 and equal to 0.000. According to the results, the highest average is related to the factor of preventing discrimination with a value of 3.058 and the lowest average is related to the factor of creating employment for young people with a value of 1.411. Therefore, comparing the minimum and maximum average of social factors shows that there is an unfavorable situation. Among other social factors affecting stable security, they have a weak status: equal opportunities (2.435), management of moral and social networks (2.564), regional tourism development (1.788) and social identity in the region. (2/400) pointed out. The result confirmed that the promotion of social factors can be effective in improving the sustainable security of the region. In this context, the factor of improving the social identity of the region with a beta value of 0.694;