فهرست مطالب محمدتقی مختاری

The institution of the “vizierate” was the center of Iran's bureaucratic order throughout history. The “vizier” was at the head of the system with various titles, such as the grand chancellor, the chancellor, etc., were administering the country with heads of the bureaux assistance. Some efforts were made to renovate the Iran’s bureaucratic system from the time of Nasser al-Din Shah. These efforts were two-fold: the creation of multiple ministries and the modification of the position of the Chancellor. This was simply not possible as a change in the institution of the “vizierate”. Because the institutions resisted the change. By the end of the reign of Mozaffar al-Din Shah, numerous ministerial titles were created, while the focus of affairs remained on the chancellery, without the "multiple ministries" being transformed. The blow of the Constitutional Revolution provided the force needed to make a sudden change in the “vizierate” structure. This realization came about through a new meaning consolidation of the concept of “Vizier”. This semantic consolidation was realized through the concept of "responsible minister." The concept of "responsible minister" in the bureaucratic and political contexts of Iran, had roots in the Nasseri and Mozaffari era reformists. Following the victory of the constitution, the realization of the constitutional government was considered as the "responsibility" of the ministers. On the other hand, the turbulences of the first months after the victory of the Constitutional Revolution transformed the form of the executive system and the concept of ministry into a central issue for political activists. The unification of these two factors provided the basis for a change in the institution of the “vizierate”, the removal of numerous pre-constitutional ministerial titles, and the creation of new ministries as a new institution.

Dimensions of social changes in the capital city of Kurdistan province of Iran is discussed during the 37 years of the reign of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
Method/Research Design: Social changes in the city, in terms of changes in physical expansion and urban facilities (including education, health, financial institutions, and recreation) are studied. Data was collected from library materials and archival records.
Findings: Access to modern education provided women an opportunity to take a more active role in the Sanandaj. Availability of a range of public sector jobs enhanced urbanism too. Both developments were found to be the engine of change of the city into a service oriented city.

The issue of establishing national legislative council election was one of the most important and challenging issues of the governments in constitutional era and Pahlavi governance, during all 24 periods of the council. The elections were happening in non-democratic space, with many interventions of the implementation’s agents of elections, together with illiteracy, weakness and unawareness of Iranian people about election and duties of representatives. When Dr. Mosaddegh got the power, by the companionship of a wide range of Iranian people, regarding to the government and the importance of oil issue, Mosaddegh’s government and its supporters, that were always against establishing elections with previous statutory regulations, continued implementing the 17th election of the Parliament by the previous regulations. By approaching the implementation of this election, many political groups, being in opposition with Mosaddegh’s reforming plans, began to oppose this election. The court of the Shah and the Tude Party were among the most important oppositions. These groups, having various kinds of newspapers, in the free political space that Mosaddegh established in his governance, proceeded publishing their plans and thoughts against election establishment. In this paper, it has been tried to address the prominent thoughts and the reasons of Mosaddegh’s oppositions to oppose election establishment in this period, by descriptive and analytic method and using archival sources of that period, we also aim to analyze the approach of the political organizations in Persia, regarding the above mentioned issue, in that important period of contemporary Persian history.

During Qajar era, Afghanistan became the central of attention as a result of reasons such as temporal rebellions, the invasion of rulers of regions i.e. Herat, Qandehar and Kabol to Khorasan and also Qajar king's tendency for restoration of sovereignty on such regions. Internationally, some factors including the domination of England and East India Company on India, England's fear for Dorani Afqan's Attacks and colonial rivalries with Russia and France had a remarkable role in the importance of Afghanistan. England succeeded in provoking Fath Ali Shah against Zaman Shah Dorani by sending ambassadors and signing the treaties. Subsequently, England prevented the alliance of Iran with France and the influence of France by invalid promises for financial and military assistances against Russia troops and restoration of Caucasus region's control. Under Mohammed Shah's kingdom, the fear of Russia's influence on Central Asia and Afghanistan obliged England not only to provoke the rulers of Herat against Iran's government but also to attack Persian Gulf's islands preventing from Iran's conquest in Heart and other regions by utilizing the policy of threat and challenge. During Nasser Al din Shah's period, at first, England imposed the contract of 1269 A.H on Iran and then the separation of Herat by occupation of south of Iran and Paris treaty, which was as a result of incompetence of Iran's authorities.

After the victory of constitution revolution، the context became ready for creating new institutions. One of the main elements of these institutions was making people familiar with their social and political rights. Thus establishment of parliament and political and social institutions in Iran clarified the necessity of political and economic independence. As one of the major concerns of Parliament، The plot for the establishment of National Bank، executed in order to preserve the fundamentals of the economy of thecountry. Research findings indicate that several important factors explained the necessity of formation of the National Bank for prliamentarians، including basic financial problems and foreign domination over economic life of country. Although this process was associated with many obstacles and difficulties; as lack of knowledge and education of the masses، lack of experience، lack of investment security، and etc was some of the main reasons for failure of the original plan of the National Bank. The method In this research is descriptive-analytical.