محمدرضا افشاری آزاد

Rural women's participation in various rural activities not only enhances their social presence but also contributes to increased income for rural households and improved livelihoods. This research investigates and identifies the influential factors in enhancing women's participation in the rural economy of Shaft County. The descriptive-survey research method is employed, with a statistical population of 66 members of village councils and residents from various villages in the county. The validity of the items, confirmed by experts, exhibits reliability using Cronbach's alpha test, with scores of 0.841, 0.837, 0.871, and 0.78 for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, respectively, indicating a good and acceptable level. Subsequently, through factor analysis utilizing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, the designated items are categorized, and the crucial components for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are identified, comprising 3, 1, 2, and 1 components, respectively. The variance shares of the first to third components for opportunity points are 31.05, 22.33, and 13.564. For weaknesses, the variance share of the only component is 59.154. The variance shares of the first and second components for opportunity points are 32.316 and 29.964. Lastly, the variance share of the single component for threat points is 70.537. The total explained variance for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats is 66.943, 59.154, 62.281, and 70.537, respectively. The results highlight that the key factors driving women's participation include a suitable cultural platform, financial support, and the role of women in sustainable development, women's employment in agriculture and related industries for tourism development and environmental conservation, and tourism attractions and handicraft sales. Weaknesses mainly stem from a lack of training, insufficient technical facilities for handicraft production, financial constraints, cultural shortcomings, and underestimation of women's participation. Opportunities focus on surplus production, government support, and the establishment of organizations and cooperatives, alongside increasing literacy levels. Threats are rooted in cultural, economic, and social barriers.

This research tries to assess the emission and concentration of surface Ozone related to the synoptic weather patterns in general circulation of atmosphere. 2020 – 2021 is the time and Tehran is the place of this research. Based on the defined scenarios, the extreme emission day, the pure day accompanied with stability and instability of the atmosphere, air pressure in sea level and 500 hpa. Skew-T chart from Mehrabad airport were analyzed. The emission datum was taken from the six stations of the air quality control organization in Tehran. The analysis was done daily and seasonally. The result of the research shows that in 24 hours emissions the most concentration happens in the mid-day and last until 6 in the evening. Among the seasons, summer has the most concentration because of the dominance of high pressure in atmosphere, increase in surface temperature high radiation and wind speed. More than 6 m

Air pollution, especially in the two pollutants of suspended particles less than 2.5 microns and sulfur dioxide, is one of the important problems of large and industrial cities of Iran, including in Tehran, especially in the cold half of the year, which affects the health and comfort of citizens.

The severity and weakness of air pollution in Tehran is related to climatic patterns and the dominance of air masses over the city of Tehran.

By following the air pollution during the year 2019, this research investigated the pollutant variables on a monthly, daily and hourly basis for 4 districts 2, 5, 9 and 18 of Tehran city in five pollution measurement stations and based on three climate scenarios: effect of stability, instability and inversion, separate clean and polluted days and investigate the role of air masses dominating the city for both conditions. To better understand the relationship between the weather patterns governing the study area, atmospheric conditions at 1000 and 500 millibar levels, as well as the earth's surface map, have been analyzed. Air pressure, temperature, rain and wind are the elements that have been investigated. Pollutant measurement data were obtained from stations located in the four districts of Tehran municipality and from the air quality control company affiliated to Tehran municipality, and meteorological data were obtained from the country's meteorological organization, and finally, radiosonde data from Mehrabad station were used for the inversion study.
Geographical Context: the area of study in this research is Tehran and its 4 municipal zones 2, 5, 9 and 18.

The research results show that the air quality of the study area has a strong dependence on the development of the geopotential ridge in the middle troposphere, the absence of wind blowing at a significant speed on the surface of the earth, the extreme stability of the air and the creation of a dynamic inversion layer or subsidence at high altitude. In other words, periods of air pollution intensity are related to weak pressure gradient, calm wind, air subsidence and temperature inversion.

Finally, during severe and critical pollution, high-pressure air dominates the city surface and the air is stable, and the wind either does not exist or is less than 3 meters per second, which does not have the power to purify the air. In the defined scenarios, the presence of strong wind (over 6 meters per second) is the best solution for having clean air, and rainfall is effective in removing pollution only when it rains heavily and for a long time.

Today, expanding tourism is one of the most important phenomena. In fact, it can be pretended that in the current conditions, tourists rendezvous have changed from major cities and historic areas to rural and natural spaces, which in turn, it has had a significant impact on the development of rural areas. It is a suitable platform for its sustainable development, and on the other hand, it is also a means to stimulate the growth and development of the national economy. What has been considered as the main purpose of this study is the explanation of the role of tourism in the physical and institutional sustainability of villages. This is a case study was done in 85 villages which enjoy tourist resources and attraction in Amol city of Mazandaran province. The present study was applied and also descriptive-analytic research in terms of purpose and also nature, respectively. Also, the method of collecting information was library and field study. Then, the sample size by the Cochran formula was 365 families estimated. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were verified through a panel consisting of rural development professors by SPSS software was approved through Cronbach's Alpha calculation in terms of infrastructure improvement items and improving the quality of access to services. Pearson test was used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis showed that infrastructure improvement and improving the quality of access to services in the village is related to sustainable rural development.

Rivers across the nation in terms of conservation, utilization and development of as well as quantitative and qualitative evaluation of favorable river conditions for fish to be used. This study is analysis of factors that is necessary to apply physiographic models of river which have role on topology of stations of fish culture(salmon), in addition to factors which have been used currently in this field, Sham rood river has been studied in terms of physiography. Results of survey among various factors are indicating importance of physiography of studied location that is usable for constructing workshops of fish culture; Sham rood river is regarding to biologic and frequency indices, its potential power to produce fish is 348 kg.hec. This production is high since Farvardin until Shahrivar and then Khordad has highest amount of fish production. Effective factors include physiographic patterns such as area and perimeter, form of basin, height, inclination, and direction of inclination. These results in analysis of future procedures show condition of topology of fish culture pool's construction and physical and mechanical elements of fish culture such as PH of water, velocity of water flow, light effect, degree of water turbid, suspension solids, solidity of water, electric conduction of water (EC), chemical materials, water salinity, rate of required water show biological factors. Finally, check the condition of steep mountainous watersheds for fish with cold water and put the channel maps, political spots, lithology, slope, aspect factors needed to put them together with the salmon farming appropriate the construction of stations and half fish and unfavorable conditions for fish and plant construction has been determined. .

Groundwater is one of the essential resources for supplying requirements of drinking water, agriculture and industry. This resulted in establishment of civilization in plains and lands where are far from rivers of freshwater. Regarding low amount annual rainfall in Iran and loss of water as a result of evaporation, volume of water production is about 128 billion cubic meters. From this volume about 83 billion cubic meters form surface water resources and 45 billion cubic meters join the groundwater by penetration. In recent decades, the growth of population and the need for water resources have led to an increase in exploitation to these essential sources hidden in the heart of the earth. Study area of this research is located in southern coast of Caspian Sea in Guilan Province. The research problem is that in some wells the coefficient of pressure drop shows negative figures whereas in some other wells these figures are positive. It is not clear that what is the effect of these changes on exploitation of water resources of the aquifer and how much this effect is and in what field it may be. This research tries to recognize the factors that affect this phenomenon besides recognizing the effective reason in negative coefficient of pressure drop in aquifer and lining of wells and determining scientific results and its applied effects. In this research, field method and using step back test has been applied to find the reason of the negativeness of pressure coefficient in available wells in the plain. Thus, through providing necessary conditions, digging operation and pumping of more than 600 deep wells have been supervised and controlled. More than 300 regions were directly controlled. Geographical features in some of sample wells in the region were taken and the selected points were specified on the map by using ArcGIS. Statistics and information related to geographical and geomorphologic conditions and geology of location of the wells and testing scope of pumping in the selected wells were collected and was analyzed in the form of graphs by SPSS program. Then, the results were analyzed and all wells were classified in separate groups and those with similar situation in the view of pressure drop coefficient were assigned in the same groups. Finally, the selected wells have been classified in three different groups. In the next step, the features of wells in each level such as geographical and geomorphological conditions, geology of constituting sediment layers in location of the wells, texture of surface water and layers in location of them, technical and expert characteristics of the company, the quality of digging and supervising system were all evaluated and compared. Common aspects of well was distinguished in each group. Then, after recognition and regarding the common aspects of the wells belonging to each group it had been concentrated on the wells which had negative coefficient of pressure drop.. Being sure about the result, besides repeating considerations on the ground, they have been controlled and evaluated and in some cases the test has been performed again. Doing pumping test for determination of hydraulic features of groundwater aquifer and well is one of the usual methods. In this case, the pumping test has been done in two different methods one is pumping by fixed rate (shuttle test) for determining aquifer coefficient and pumping by varying rate (step pumping) for determining well's coefficients. Therefore, the well's coefficient specification has been possible just by using the result of pumping with varying rate (step pumping). So, in this research by paying attention to the importance of the coefficients, the data of step pumping is used for determining features and situations of well and aquifer. Before starting test first the water level in the wells has been measured. Then, by doing the operations of digging and tubing of a well, washing and exiting of the fine-grained materials remained in it has been done by pure water and pumping method. After providing suitable condition for water arrival from aquifer layers into the well, water pumping operations has been continued with different engine turn until the water level became fixed. During this period water level was measured based on a predetermined timetable. The process of water level changes and its constancy was distinguished and from the results (result related to the first step of the test) the coefficient related to aquifer has been computed. After being sure about the constancy of the water level (reaching the water level to the dynamic level), well's rate and in another word engine's turn has been increased and the act of measuring water depth from the surface up to the constancy of water level in well has been continued as before. This plan has been implemented at least in four steps with 4 different rates as 4 engine's turns. In the next step, the result of step pumping was analyzed and after finishing field operations and recording figures it was abstracted in related table. After designing the mentioned table, the coefficient of pressure drop in aquifer (B) has been obtained by using the curve of especial drop to the rate that the mentioned crossing point of the curve connect with the widths axis with drawing the related curve. From obtaining pressure drop in aquifer, the pressure drop in lining network of well (C) was obtained by using y2- 1 (x2- x1) that is, in fact, the slope of especial drop curve to the rate. Finally, after calculating B and C, the table of brief result of pumping is provided. Considerations show that available problems in taking groundwater in Guilan Plain is related to the nature of the region in terms of sediment texture and hydrologic characteristics of the plain, humanistic factor, the performance of feeding, unsuitable quality of digging and also exploitation methods. The groundwater feeding is through different sources such as rivers and networks of irrigation channels, floodgate and pools of growing fish that are extensively in the plains, and also free aquifers situated on semi-confined aquifer that have hydraulic balance state. These sources were useful and can have positive function at increasing the age of economic exploitation of a well. However, due to unfamiliarity of most experts with the mentioned phenomenon and varying performance of this phenomenon in different seasons, the wells affected by the mentioned elements will be faced with damages and sometimes it is so severe that may destroy the well. Considering the effective factors on the pressure drop of hydraulic data in Guilan's Plain by pumping method indicates that the step back method is better for determining hydraulic coefficient of well. It is suggested that to use this pumping method instead of step pressure. Because for determining the features and real situation of wells and aquifers especially in plains and coast region, implementing step pumping through step drop is suitable. The data gained from pumping which has been done on more than 600 wells were tested by step drop and approved these results. The lack of observing technical principles for digging leads to the increase of pressure drop in well's lining network and causes a speed at the entrance of water to the wells. Therefore, this will change the physical conditions of water. This may lead to transformation of sodium bicarbonate soluble in water to insoluble carbonate which by sedimentation on the well's lining and general pack of the back of lining's tube and tracks of lining network (shell investing) will increase pressure drop of lining network. Moreover, it decreases discharge of the wells and intensifies shell investing action which leads to a decrease in economic life time of exploitation.

Road transport plays a key role in the effective implementation of national sustainable development plays and safety of traffic during the year. Of special importance are Col Almass Anklet and Esalam in the western Alborz 30 km long road. This way of connects sections steep and passes high-risk areas and always threatens types of risks, especially in the range of movement types. Established lines of communication and identification of natural risks and geomorphic effects of road accidents caused by geomorphologic factors is a main issue The relationship between climatic phenomena, road accidents and the high-risk areas is studied which can provide suggestions and solutions to improve road transport safety factors. In one of the axes, the axis connecting the north of the country Esalem-Khalkhal (Col Almass) are included in the study. Methods are based on field observations and interpretation of these observations, geological and topographic maps, aerial photographs. In addition, a risk zoning map of the area showed geomorphologic 64 percent of association is high and very high risk. Geomorphologic assessment conducted in this study, shows damage to roads and other facilities in the area.

The volume and surface area of the coast is a function of basin water levels. Recognizing the factors of coastal geomorphologic changes could have a pivotal role in planning and managing the coast. Effective factors in the formation and evolution of geomorphologic factors such as geological, tectonic, paleoclimatic, paleoclimatic and sea level changes have been considered in this study and the main purpose has been the study and classification of coastal geomorphology and the forces of change in water level fluctuations of the Caspian coast from Anzali to Astara. In this study, the classification method has been Shepard Studies and the research was based on satellite images, GIS and field surveys, using all the features of the coast: hydrodynamic characteristics (waves, ocean currents, and water level fluctuations), geological features, climate, land use, and vegetation. The extent and rate of geomorphologic changes were identified and classified. The zoning map on the basis of satellite images and Shepard studies were divided and category indicators like delta, sand dunes, and wetlands were identified.

In this study, the flooding passages of Rasht were assessed using Geographic Information System(GIS). The passage has been studied while flooded due to overflowing compound collection network and lack of water and sewer capacity and the hydraulic proper disposal of surface water due to the occurrence of extreme events occurring in the city. In this situation, streets and sidewalks, homes located in low land areas and large ring roads are flooded. Using GIS technique and the information in a library as well as field visits, the study was conducted to determine the characteristics of action of the different climatic, physiographic, hydrological of the city. Since the rain is the basic factor of the producing the surface and underground waters, this study focuses on important factors at flood time including the month, season, year, rain, max-dailyand the sever– durationand abundant as the most relevent varables. The Impermeability of the city basins and the changes that are made due to the growth and development of the city such as omission of the fluvial covers, the soil density and generating of the collecting system and guiding the surface water.Briefly, if there is incapacity of the discharge place for receiving and the safe repulse of the city flood water, it is possible that the runoff results from raining in inside network specially in the bottom regions pack and after completing the transmitting canal capacities, leads to distributing the water in the city specially in the deep and lowlight regions that are covered by the city drainage system. The aim of this research is to investigate the human factors which help froming the construction or destruction of natural vegetation and and passage covers in flood water as well as offering suggestions towards the repulse of the passage flood waters in the studied confined.

In this research after supplying the data and TIN for a restricted area that was studied separately we studied land efficiency situation in georefrenced polygons with conformity of the city network on paths and streets along with the physiographics characteristic of the urban drinage? Runoff depth and flood water capacity of the 17 fold sub basins with different return periods were calculated using SCS and deductive approach. They did not show good efficiency because of shortness of the basin. The infiltration severity and the flood waters of the immediate approximation with different return periods was considered as dependent variables The impenetrable city basins and the changes across the city and changes due to development, as well as destruction of vegetation cover, soil compaction and the establishment of surface water systems that reduces water infiltration in the soil. Runoff depth and flood water capacity with the different returns were calculated through SCS and deductive approach. The research showed that there is a positive correlation between the maximum peak discharge and the rate of precipitation. Also there is a strong correlation between the maximum peak discharge and the maximum of intensity precipitation in 24 hours. By using the geographic information system (GIS) we drew topographic maps, soil and plant cover maps. Through preparing the maximum rainfall table in 24 hours and using the curve number (CN) formula and soil conservation service (SCS) model.The main object of this research was to determine the role of human factors, such as house or road, construction and the removal of plant cover and natural areas, on floods and also present some suggestions for solving flooding problems focusing on Shahid Gholipoor Avenue to Yakhsazi square of Rasht.

It is a very short time that the Quaternaries period in Geology and physical Geography's knowledge has occupied a very important place. During this period, the earth has suffered consecutive freezing that has been accompanied by tides and alternate erosion and sedimentation. Sedimentary successions have recorded valuable evidence of changes with very accurate details. The study of these sediments has been the main way of the past event of earth's new technology such as fixing the snowline depression, the boundary of extension and also, the study of region changes of that period. Recently, a series of studies have been done and reported in western Alborz. In a detailed scale, however, there is no word of boundaries of glacial extension, the existence of temperature in the period of Quaternaries and snowline depression. To fill this gap, the cirque-floor altitude is the best method for reconstruction of the Wurm snowline. This research is a descriptive survey. The research results prove that siyalan glacier tongue has a maximum height of 1200 m and exactly up to the present location of Assal Mahaleh village. The altitude of old snowline was 2100 m and the average of temperature in the highest cirque at present in this region is -4oC and the forms such as glacier cirques, drifts and wurm region changes in this zone are among the most important phenomena related to the Wurm climate changes.

One of the most important factors of road accidents is unfavourable climate. factors such as temperature, snow and rainfall, relative humidity, fog, storm, feezing- weather, Etc,are highly influential on road accidents. In this study, by considering recent climate factors,we tried to study and analyse Rasht to Anzali road accident. At first, with regard to aerological figures, we analy sed climate parameters and then by using accident figures in the mentioned road, accidents due to climate factors were investingated. we concluded that in 1385, 1384, and 1381,we had the most accidents in this road when the weather was clear, cloudy, and raing in these years. respectively. In 1385, the accidents were due to unfavourable atmosphericconditions. there fore, there is a relationship between theseaccidents and climate factors. The mostaccidents in rainy days also happened beween hours 14:00 to 18:00 p.m. during the years from 1376 to 1385 This study shows that on the main road, pooshesh factory,khomam Ringway, chaparkhaneh, and TalebAbad to Anzali, we had the most accidents. We had a 17 percent increase in accidents after having the Rasht to Anzali road two – banded. This increase was due to the large number of vehicles. The most accidents during sunny and clear weather belonged to the single- band road.