محمدرضا امیراسماعیلی

"Conflict of interest" or "competing interest" occurs when the author or sponsor of the study has a financial, commercial, legal, or professional relationship with the organization, individuals, study samples, or research environment, so as the results of that study are influenced. When the authors of a study seek to publish research, they must fully disclose what was mentioned above. Conflicts of interest can occur both financially and non-financially. In some cases, non-financial conflicts of interest are even more important than financial ones. Such conflicts originate from personal, political, academic, ideological, or religious issues (1). Although there is no single definition of conflict of interest in the scientific community, almost all reputable journals ask authors to disclose conflict of interest at the time of submitting their articles. However, various studies have shown that accurate disclosure of conflicts of interest is significantly rare (2-4).   In general, conflict of interest occurs in different forms, intentionally and unintentionally. Although conflict of interest in the field of medicine and equipment is significantly observed and its importance has been emphasized, there are new dimensions of conflict of interest that have not yet been addressed, including:1) Conflict of interest among managers and officials of organizations: Some ministers and managers of different departments in the field of health provide research on their performance and the indicators of their organizations, and have no reference to conflict of interest in their articles. Obviously, when a person conducts research on the performance and performance indicators of his organization, he may present a better image of the organization intentionally or unintentionally, which is in turn a kind of conflict of interest. 2) The relationship between the author / authors and the journal: When the journal editor and the author / authors of an article have relationships as colleagues, friends, or student and teacher, conflicts of interest may occur and cause the author’s / authors’ article to be easily accepted and go through a convenient and fast reviewing process, which will ultimately result in low quality the article(s). Conflicts of interest give rise to personal / organizational, political, religious, ideological, academic, or intellectual interests that may affect the published content, and may ultimately show the research methods, data interpretation, and conclusion biased and endanger human health and the environment. Thus, it should be noted that conflicts of interest might occur in different parts of any research, whether on the part of the research executive or sponsor or organization managers, etc. Therefore, informing people in this field can increase the quality of and confidence in the study results. health and the environment. Thus, it should be noted that conflicts of interest might occur in different parts of any research, whether on the part of the research executive or sponsor or organization managers, etc. Therefore, informing people in this field can increase the quality of and confidence in the study results. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines There were no ethical considerations to be considered in this research. Funding This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. Authors' contributions Both authors equally contributed to preparing this article. Conflict of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest.

Given the importance of psychosocial health in the society there is a need for national and institutional plans for their implementation. This paper sought to assess  national laws and documents in this regard.

The contents of upstream documents and laws were done using websites of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the Ministry of Health and other sites relating to mental health; assessment was done via the SDH approach.

The findings of the study in the form of a review showed weaknesses in implementation of principles to promote mental health in the society.

Methods to achieve and promote mental health are suggested.

Introduction:

Urban health centers provide primary health services in cities. In recent years, comprehensive urban health services centers have undergone changes in structure, function, and area of activity; however, these changes cannot address all the problems in this area. This study endeavored to identify the challenges facing Integrated Health Services after implementing health transformation plan.

Methods:

 In this qualitative case study, the target population was managers and staff of Kerman City comprehensive health services centers in Iran. Semi-structured interview was conducted with 8 managers and 7 staff members of Kerman comprehensive health centers. The interview guide was employed to gather information, including some general questions based on the literature review, and to clarify specific topics. The content analysis method based on Colaizzi’s seven stages of rapeseed was used to obtain data as well.

Results:

 In this study, after analyzing the challenges of comprehensive urban health centers, four main themes of human, organizational, functional, and clients were identified.

Conclusion:

It is possible to offset these problems through strategies such as reforming the payment system and incentive system, expanding physical departments of the centers, reviewing programs, and effective implementation of family physician plans.

Department of Nutrition is one of the most important parts of a hospital that has a significant role in patient's satisfaction. Managers' attention to the quality of nutrition services reduces hospital costs. This study was conducted to identify the challenges of the nutrition department of a selected teaching hospital.

The present study was a qualitative study done with phenomenological approach in 2018. Purposeful sampling and snowball sampling were used. Data collection was done through semi-structured interview.  Participants were 25 individuals involved in the nutrition department of the selected teaching hospital in Kerman. Finally, data analysis was done using framework analysis.

The identified challenges were classified into 7 main codes and 21 sub-codes. Main codes were the contracts and tenders, staff supervision, financing, operational line monitoring, human resources, quality of food and physical space. 

Paying attention to the hospitals’ nutrition departments is one of the main factors in patients' recovery and an inseparable part of the treatment process. Therefore, hospital managers and policymakers should pay particular attention to this part and to improve the nutrition department status of the hospitals through reviewing and modifying contracts and tenders, staff supervision, financing, queue monitoring and providing sufficient human resources, high quality food and required physical space.

Human resources is a key factor in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Lack of indicators and standard tools for monitoring and evaluating human resources may cause limitations in achieving these goals. This study was done to develop evaluation indicators of human resources in the health sector. The present study was carried out using the Delphi technique to extract the indicators of human resources evaluation in 2017. To conduct this study, three independent stages including a review of theoretical concepts, preparation of initial indicators of human resources evaluation, and consensus building were undertaken. The data were collected by a panel of 12 experts and representatives of related organizations in three rounds, with a scorecard designed to score from 1 to 10. In each round, the indexes that attained at least 8 out of 10 by two thirds of the experts were confirmed in the final model. In the first stage, 220 indicators were identified. The final model of human resources evaluation had 45 indicators in 11 main criteria. Four criteria were accepted at the stage of entrance to job market, (qualified applicants for health education, accreditation, capacity and outsourcing of health education institutions, approval and licensing). Five criteria were confirmed during the work (main indicators of availability and distribution, activity, productivity of labor force, waste and renewal, desirable governance on the information system of labor). Two criteria were accepted at the exit stage (transfer and withdrawal). Despite the complexity of the human resources assessment, three different stages of the life cycle of the workforce (input, active labor force and output) should be considered for evaluation and monitoring. The indicators presented in this study make it possible to assess and monitor the health workforce.

Unfortunately, in our country, in the optimistic state of universities in the second generation, there are research-based universities and they have little activity in becoming the third generation of universities, that is, universities of entrepreneurship. At the current time, considering that the economic, cultural, social and political conditions have changed, there is a system in universities that needs to educate and promote the creativity and spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation to talented students as well as faculty members. . This study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, using the review of scientific literature, the characteristics of the entrepreneurial university were identified and then a valid checklist was prepared and in the second stage of the checklist in Kerman University of Medical Sciences, the data were analyzed and analyzed by descriptive statistics.
Findings: According to this research, the information obtained in the areas of administrative bureaucracy, the status of graduates, the level of people's ability, the status of education and research in the field of study, as well as the relationship with industry and knowledge-based companies should be more effort. The findings show that the Kerman University of Medical Sciences, considering the content of the checklist designed, has focused on entrepreneurship and has begun moving to a third-generation university, although these are not enough, but the sign Start this process.

Background & Objectives: The combination and distribution of human resources is one of the major factors affecting the quality, quantity, cost, and speed of provision of health services. Today, one of the most important problems of human health systems is the inappropriate distribution of human resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the ratio of human resources to the amount of services provided in hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during March 2015 to February 2016, to review the occupational categories of nursing staff, midwife, patient carrier, and unit secretary in 10 teaching and non-teaching hospitals in Kerman province using three methods of Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN), systematic approach, and bed occupancy rate (BOR). Data were collected using a form contains job descriptions, the quantity of services provided per year by the occupational categories studied, the standard of activity time, the work time available to the hospital staff, and bed occupancy rate in the units studied.. The systematic approach showed the highest need for human resources, and then, the bed occupancy ratio and WISN respectively showed the highest need, which however, depended on the hospital unit. So that, in calculating the required number of nurses in the intensive care and burn units, the index proposed by the Ministry of Health in bed occupancy rate was higher than the WISN, and the index obtained in the emergency department, was higher than the WISN. It is suggested to replace traditional methods with modern human resources estimation systems, as WISN. Also, it is recommended to measure the time and activities of hospital units to determine the ratio of staff to bed for each hospital.

The patient relationship management is a comprehensive strategy of reception, preservation, and cooperation of customers and gaining information about them as much as possible to create increased value for both the organization and customer. Achieving this goal in hospitals increases patient satisfaction, trust, and commitment. Therefore, this study aimed to determin the dimensions and affecting factors in boosting patient relationship management strategies in Kerman City hospitals, Iran, in 2015.
This functional qualitative-correlation study was conducted through phenomenological method in the city of Kerman. The research participants were 15 male and female managers, experts, physitions, assistants, nurses, and scholars in the field of healthcare and treatment, and also patients and their companies in public and private hospitals in Kerman City.
The six dimensions of “identifying and attracting the patient”, “patient participation”, “patient confrontation”, “patient empowerment”, “understanding patient’s expectation”, and “patient relationship” were identified as general criteria of patient relationship management in hospitals.
Regarding the results, familiarization of hospital managers with the importance of the issue of patient relationship management must be conducted by Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Provision and operationalization of practical and theoretical guidelines for the implementation of patient relationship management strategies in three domains of staffs, equipment, and procedures are suggested.

Health insurance is one of the most important financial resources for covering the growing costs of health care. Asymmetric information in the insurance market means that the insurer has less information about the health status of the insured person than the insured person him/herself and this leads to waste of treatment resources due to moral hazards. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of moral hazards in the health insurance industry.
This study was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic research. The study population was all households residing in Iran. For data collection, the questionnaire of urban and rural households Income and Expenditure Survey of Iran Statistics Center was used. For identification and estimation of utility function parameters , the generalized method of moments (GMM) and instrumental variables model were used. GAUSS and E-views software were used for data analysis.
According to the results, there were moral hazards in the basic health insurance organizations (medical service insurance organization and Social Security organization) and the complementary insurance. In addition, during these three years, individuals covered by the medical service insurance, with an average elasticity of -2.78, had the lowest moral hazards and those covered by the complementary insurance, with an average elasticity of -3.86, had the highest moral hazards.
Insurance policy makers should control consumer's moral hazards.

Background and In order to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and quality of health care services, it is necessary to manage their organizational knowledge and information. In this paper, the readiness of Iran’s health centers for establishing knowledge management was studied.
We conducted a descriptive study in which the status of some indicators for the establishment of knowledge management was studied. The indicators included the leadership, human resources, technology, culture, structure and processes of Iran’s health care centers. A questionnaire was administered that consisted of items scored according to Likert scale from very high (5) to very low (1). The research population included the managers and administrators in health centers who were selected from 15 provinces. Data analysis was done in SPSS V.16.
The indicators of information technology 3.24±1.06, organizational processes 3.21±1.04, human resources 3.21±0.93, organizational structure 3.19±0.84, and organizational leadership 3.16±1.05 were in appropriate state for establishing knowledge management. But the organizational culture 2.91±0.99 was found to have inappropriate condition.
Health policy makers are needed to plan for enhancing health care centers readiness for establishing knowledge management. The poor state of health centers in organizational culture calls for appropriate planning to improve its sub-indicators such as creativity and critical thinking, collaboration between experienced staff and newcomers, institutionalization of knowledge among the staff, supporting innovation in knowledge and teaching methods, and performance evaluation based on the individuals’ contribution in the organization.

Natural and man-made disasters always threaten human lives and properties. Iran as one of the disastrous countries has experienced both natural and man-made disasters. Preparedness is one of the vital elements in response to disasters. So¡ this study was arranged and carried out with the aim of measuring preparedness of hospitals affiliated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences in response to disasters.
Material and This cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in four hospitals affiliated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2015. A satisfactorily valid (kappa: 0.8) and reliable checklist was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS version 17.
The surveyed hospitals with the total score of 67 % were in good condition in response to disasters. The emergency departments (83%)¡ reception (75%)¡ communication (69%)¡ education (70%)¡ supply services (61%)¡ human sources (71%) and command (79%) also acquired good scores. Discharge units (60%)¡ traffic (55%) and security (53%) were in moderate condition in preparedness. In necessary fields for response to disasters¡ the whole research units acquired 67% which showed good condition in this field.
The surveyed hospitals were in prepared and suitable condition in the emergency departments¡ reception¡ communication¡ education¡ human sources and command. In order to improve and enhance the preparedness¡ a schedule plan should be programmed for some elements such as discharge¡ transfer¡ traffic¡ security and six-crucial elements of the field.

The presence of committed human resources improves organizational performance and achievement of individual and organizational goals. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational commitment and job burnout among staff of the selected hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytic study was carried out in 2015. In this study, 278 employees were selected using quota sampling. In order to collect data, Maslach questionnaires on job burnout (22 questions) and Allen & Meyer organization commitment questionnaire (24 questions) were used. Data analysis was performed through SPSS 16 and using descriptive statistics as well as analytical statistics tests such as Pearson correlation, ANOVA and linear regression.
In whole, 74.8% of the participants were female and 40% had less than 10 years of work experience. Mean scores of organizational commitment (98.20) and job burnout (74.58) were in moderate level. Organization commitment and all its dimensions had significant inverse relationship with job burnout (P=0.000). In addition, the relationships of organization commitment with gender and age, and job burnout with employment status were significant (P=0.01).
High organizational commitment represents the acceptance of organizational goals and values by the employees. Committed employees have better job performance in the organization and less job burnout. Therefore, managers must attempt to raise the level of organizational commitment and put it in their programs planning.

Emergency department is the important part of the healthcare system. Today, the need for integrated emergency care services and delivering qualified care services have been felt more than before. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of emergency medicine specialists on performance of the emergency department of Shahid Bahonar hospital, Kerman.
This phenomenological qualitative study was conducted on 16 emergency medicine specialists (EMSs) and nurses of emergency department and Emergency Operations Center (EOC) who were selected using purposeful sampling in 2015. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using framework analysis.
The main themes included economics impact, service quality promotion, and emergency management. Some sub-themes included hospitals revenue improvement, tariffs definition for emergency services, effective treatment, improvement of emergency team knowledge, emergency department management, and triage quality improvement.
With presence of EMS in healthcare system, the quality of healthcare delivery system has been improved and waiting time for healthcare services has been significantly decreased. By decreasing waiting time, determining of patient statue and determining the ward for patient in the hospital, emergency beds for other possible admissions and emergency preparedness for future admissions will be kept empty.

One of the managers’ characteristics that lead to the success of the modern organizations is managers’ intelligence. The intelligence that enable managers to make strategic decisions in these organizations is spiritual intelligence. Another characteristic of managers that lead to the success of the organizations is how to apply the effective leadership styles. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between leadership styles and managers’ spiritual intelligence in Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 71 managers of Kerman University of Medical Sciences in the three levels of management who were selected using census method. In this study, spiritual intelligence was measured using King Questionnaire and leadership style was measured using Metzcus & Burdens questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Then Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used by Smart PLS 2.0.
The results showed that managers of Kerman University of Medical Sciences often use task-oriented leadership style (67%). There was a significant positive relationship between the spiritual intelligence and leadership styles and also between the spiritual intelligence and education level of managers (P=0.01). It was also revealed that the managers who use the combination of leadership style, have higher level of spiritual intelligence.
Due to the condition of modern organizations which are always faced with different challenges, managers are recommended to raise the level of their spiritual intelligence by reinforcing their beliefs and values and using the combination of leadership style for leading the organization.

The plan of integration of medical schools into the health system was adopted in 1985 and one of its consequences was the creation of the teaching hospital. The aim of this study was to investigate the problems and challenges of managing teaching hospitals.
This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted through interviews with 16 health experts about the integration of medical education and the problems of the management of teaching hospitals in 2014. In this study, the data gathering tool was interviews. In order to approve the credibility and confirmability of the text, it was transcribed and the resulting analysis was distributed among the professors participating in this study and their corrective recommendations and comments were applied. Data were analyzed through the analysis framework techniques.
The findings of this study included 6 main codes and 20 sub-codes regarding the problems of teaching hospitals. The main codes included the weaknesses of the integration of education and health, the strengths of the integration of education and health, management problems of teaching hospitals, weaknesses of the separation of education and health, strengths of the separation of education and health, and organizational communications.
Management of teaching hospitals, compared with treatment hospitals, is very difficult. Many of the problems in hospitals are due to the lack of sufficient power of the director and the head of the hospital. Thus, these problems can be reduced by the delegation of authority to the hospital managers.

Workforce reaches the plateau in its career after which job promotion is less probable.The present study aimed to study the relationship between career plateau and job burnout among employees of teaching hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
The present research was a cross-sectional study carried out in 2012. The statistical population was the financial and administrative workers of teaching hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done through the stratified appraoch. Data collection was done through questionnaires on career plateau and job burnout that their validity and relieability had already been confirmed. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, ANOVA, t-test) through SPSS19.
Career plateau rate was relatively high, while the rate of job burnout and its components were moderate. There was a significant correlation (r= 0.408) between career plateau and job burnout (P Regarding the high rate of career plateau in this study, hospital administrators should recruit basic strategies such as education, structural flexibility, identification of competent staff, job enrichment and motivation to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of their human resources.

Job satisfaction in any organization can lead to success and achievement. Blood centers require the staff with strong spirit to manage best the voluntary blood donors and do their best to ensure safe and adequate blood. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to assess job satisfaction of the staff of blood centers in Kerman.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 staff members of blood centers in Kerman province, southeast of Iran, in 1393. By census sampling method, 97 completed questionnaires were returned to the researchers. To collect the data, Job Descriptive Index (JDI) questionnaire was used. To analyze the data, the independent t-test and analysis of variance using SPSS v.18 software were used.
The study results showed the overall satisfaction of the staff was moderate (3.17 ± 0.66), with men and women being assessed 3.08 ± 0.08 and 3.23 ± 0.09, respectively. The greatest satisfaction pertained to co-workers (3.7 ± 1.05) and the lowest satisfaction to payments (2.35 ± 0.94) and job promotion (2.56 ± 0.1). The satisfaction levels of the staff about the work nature (3.17 ± 0.79) and the supervisor (3.5 ± 0.98) were similar to that of the overall satisfaction.
The results demonstrated that by paying more equitable salaries to the staff and promoting their job situation based on the meritocracy system, the degree of satisfaction can greatly increase.

Changes in diseases pattern and increase in demand have necessitated private hospitals’ involvement in the health system. The purpose of this study was to analyze the private hospital industry in order to identify its strengths and weaknesses.
This qualitative study was carried out through phenomenological approach. The study participants consisted of 17 experts and chief managers of private hospitals and were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using framework analysis method.
The challenges of the private hospital industry, in the format of Porter’s diamond model, included 4 main themes and 21 minor themes. The most important challenges of private hospitals were shortage of medical equipment and facilities, old hospital building and physical environment, nursing shortage, lack of job security, and poor of management skills. The strengths of private hospitals were patient satisfaction with welfare services, good relationship between healthcare personnel and patients, and observance of the patient rights charter.
Dominance of profit on the private sector's management viewpoint, lack of state financial support, limitations on signing contracts with a variety of supplemental insurances, and poor government monitoring are the major causes of problems in private hospitals. The realization of private-public cooperation in community health improvement can be expected through increased government support and the improvement of the quality and quantity of human, informational, and physical resources.

Radiology department is one of the important and costly units in general hospitals. The present study aimed to evaluate the economic efficiency of radiology wards of general hospitals located in Kerman province.
In the present cross-sectional, analytical study, information about model inputs and outputs was collected from 15 general hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences. The input variables included number of personnel, technicians, and radiology equipment. On the other hand, the output variables were radiology clichés and number of patients admitted at radiology departments. Information about price, including staff’s monthly income and cost of medical equipment, was also collected. After all, the data were analyzed using Deap software, version 2.
The results showed that the mean score of economic efficiency was 0.49, which is lower than the mean score of technical and allocative efficiency. Additionally, 20% of the radiology wards in the studied hospitals showed economic efficiency. However, economic efficiency of about 66% of the studied units was below 0.5. Moreover, the mean scores of the units’ technical and allocative efficiency were 0.70 and 0.701, respectively.
According to the results, 80% of radiology wards under study suffered from economic inefficiency. Hence, hospitals’ authorities should develop appropriate action plans to improve economic efficiency. Managers can also help improve efficiency by considering clinical standards and using cost-effective medical equipment.

Access to family physicians plays an important role in individual's health and health indicators. This study aimed to determine the effect of family physicians lodge on performance indicators of rural family physicians working in health centers of Jiroft and Kerman Universities of Medical Sciences. In this cross - sectional study conducted in 2013, 26 lodge physicians (as the case group) and 26 non lodge physicians (as the control group) were selected by systematic sampling from health centers of Jiroft and Kerman Universities of Medical Sciences. Demographic information of physicians and data related to health centers and indicators were collected. Average times visiting a physician, village visit and forming health files indicators were calculated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, t-test, chi-square and Pearson coefficient of correlations and through SPSS 16 software package. There was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to demographic variables. According to t-test, there was statistically significant differences between the two groups in percentage of forming health files (P=0.05) and percentage of village visits (P=0.001); and the mean of these indicators in lodge physicians was more than that in the non- lodge physicians and there was no significant difference between the two groups in average times visiting a physician (P=0.35). Some strategies such as increasing the number of lodge health centers, providing transportation facilities, suitable physical spaces and equipment seem necessary in order to improve indicators.

End-of-life care is important considering the ethical issues, and the high health care costs are associated with it. Being informed of these costs can help managers in planning and making policy on this type of services. Hence, this study aimed to assess the costs of end-of-life care for patients admitted to hospitals in Kerman. The present study is a descriptive-analytical study which was performed retrospectively in Kerman University of medical sciences in 2013. The population consisted of all expired patients of two hospitals in Kerman whom all were studied according to a census basis. Data analysis was carried out using inferential (linear regression, Anova, and Independent T test) and descriptive statistics through SPSS 19. The most and the least studied cases related to cardiovascular disease (23%) and gastrointestinal disease (2.5¬¬%) respectively. On the other hand, the most and the least expenses were for neurological diseases and cancers respectively. However in Afzalipoor hospital, the highest and the lowest costs were for cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases respectively. And in Shafa hospital the highest and the lowest costs were for neurological and gastrointestinal diseases. The results of this study showed that the cost of end-of-lifecare in Iran, like other countries, is high, but little attention is paid to palliative care for patients in this stage, and the provided services will cause a waste of resources because there is no chance forrecovery for these patients. So we should pay special attention to palliative care.

One of the most important improvement and health indexes is under 5-year children’s mortality. Recently under 5-year children decreased but it is still more than developing countries. This research aimed to study accidents and injuries of under 5-year children in province of Kerman. This was a descriptive analytical prospective study in2013. This project included 1303 under 5 years children who could refer to three training hospitals 'emergencies which data on accidents for a period of 1 year (2013) were collected from record accident and mortality of health military forms of Kerman Medical University (‌. The study was conducted in 1303 under 5-year children. Data were analyzed by spss19 software and using t-test, ANOVA, 2χtests. Among 1303 under 5-year children were studied, 159 people died. 69% were girls and 31% were boys. The most accidents that occurred for them were injury, poisoning and falling. Accidents range were higher among girls and most of them occurred in 3-4 years old children. Age, Sex and season of death did not have correlation with kind of accident however there was a significant correlation between accidents occurred in under 5-year children and season of death. Three main causes of accidents occurring were injury, poisoning and falling so we must choose proportional trainings with age group and accidents that happened for them, and in addition we should try more to train all society particularly parents that care children.

Various medical devices, while helping professionals, have charged lots of costs to the health system, the purchase of medical devices for hospitals based on previous needs assessment, will have a significant impact on reducing costs and providing better health services. So, this study was done to investigate needs assessment status of medical devices purchase in the Kerman University of medical sciences. The present study is descriptive that was a cross-sectional study in Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2012. The study population was 71 of purchase experts and users of medical devices who were studied with census method. A questionnaire which reliability and validity were approved was used for data collection. Data analysis was carried with using descriptive statistic and one sample t -test through spss17. The results obtained from the t-test were at level of significance and pay attention to the use of appropriate medical devices (3.69 ± 0.75), physical factors (3.48 ±0.78), outside environment information (3.45 ± 0.73) and medical devices planning (3.18 ± 0.69) were assessed desirable. But pay attention to stakeholders participation component was undesirable (0.58 ± 2.50) (0.05> p). It seems that the use of systematic and scientific approach for evaluation of activities, workplace and functional limitations will help to identify the user’s need to the medical devices.

Out of pocket expenditure for health services is a major issue of health system in developing countries. Health insurance is a way to confront this problem. Regarding advancements in medical diagnosis and treatment, providing an appropriate healthcare package is difficult. This study aimed to create a hypothetical market to elicit willingness to pay and demand for complementary health insurance.
We used a multi-stage sampling method to select 1023 head householders in Kerman. The Bidding Game approach was used to estimate willingness to pay; and the multiple linear regression and ordinary least square were used to elicit the demand for health insurance and its influencing factors. The variance inflation factor was used to assess collinearity; and the Breusch-Pagan test was used to review heteroscedasticity.
The average willingness to pay for complementary health insurance was 220156 Rials per se in one month. Risk aversion, household income, health insurance status, employment states and marital status affected the willingness to pay. The price elasticity was estimated about -1/54 percent. Risk aversion was the most influencial factor in the individuals’ insurance demand. Risk level had no effect in the individuals’ insurance demand.
From a policymaker’s point of view, willingness to pay can be assumed as a criterion to determine premium in health insurance. Identifying willingness to pay in risk aversion people and risk pooling can reduce exposure to large financial losses.

Employees are an important resource for any organization and the organizations success can be obtained through continuous learning efforts by the staff and creating and applying knowledge. Therefore، the present study aimed to study the relationship between Organizational Learning and Organizational Success.

This was a descriptive cross sectional study and the research population consisted of medical schools staff in Kerman. Because of the small size of population، all employees (n = 300) were examined in 2013. Data was collected using two questionnaires whose validity and reliability (Cronbach''s Alpha= 0/09) was confirmed. Data analysis was conducted through SPSS 18 software.

According to the results، Organizational Success and the Organizational Learning in the schools under study were at an undesirable level. Therefore، Due to the sensitive and effective role of Universities in the development of social، economic and cultural development، one should make it possible to observe all organizational learning components to achieve success and better performance of universities.