فهرست مطالب محمدرضا فرجی

The 21st century is marked by the proliferation of hybrid warfare among actors involved in asymmetric conflicts, utilizing diverse forms of warfare that are suited to the scenario and context. Therefore, modern conflicts differ from classical conflicts in terms of their complexity, diversity, form, nature, and dynamics. This study examines the susceptibility of actors in hybrid warfare. Thus, the research question is “What requirements does a hybrid war impose on international actors, and how should Iran be explained as a case study?” The data were collected through desk studies and analyzed based on a descriptive-analytical approach. The study findings showed that, given the assumption of changes in the nature of wars and the emergence of hybrid wars as a result of the combined nature of threats in the complex international system, hybrid war is the most difficult challenge for actors, particularly dissatisfied ones, in confrontation with the international system's power poles, particularly the hegemon. This includes a variety of conventional and unconventional wars that are fought at anytime, anywhere, and with varying degrees of intensity by military or civilians. Iran is under pressure from rivals engaged in this type of conflict to give up its demands and needs on the regional and international levels.

One of the strategies of actors, especially small actors in the hierarchy of power in the turbulent situation of the international system, is their behavioral and systemic adaptation to their environment. In other words since in the anarchic environment of the international system, there is a lot of competition for obtain limited resources between the actors of the system, and this competition ultimately leads to conflict and situations in the system in which the weak actor unable to change environmental , or the actor's limitations more than its capabilities, and in this situation, the actor tends to adapt his behavioral patterns to the existing conditions in order to avoid wasting his power in the hierarchy of power. Therefore, the research, by focusing on the adaptation mechanism in foreign policy and using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to explain the foreign policy strategies of the actors of the Persian Gulf region. The result of the present study indicates that environmental constraints lead actors to adaptive strategies and actors in the Persian Gulf region in the face of environmental constraints according to their capabilities and ideals, adopted three types of creative (Pragmatic middle actors), active (Poles of power) and passive (Weak actors) adaptation.

Changes in the international distribution of power create an incentive for strategic changes. With the emergence of emerging powers, international institutions are under pressure to adapt to the new realities of power. Based on the satisfaction of changing actors in power, as well as the hard and soft nature of power transformations, the strategic adaptation of actors takes the nature of power bargaining, strategic partnership, or strategic persuasion. This research tries to examine China's strategies in the Middle East region. To achieve this goal, the research explains China's strategies in the Middle East region with the assumption of power changes and their effect on the actors' strategies. The main hypothesis of the article is that China has adopted a strategy of creative adaptation in the regions with the experience of transformation in its power due to the reformist approach and having hard and soft power, and the Middle East is one of the regions that is in its strategic circle. Therefore, it seems that China's approach in the Middle East region is creative adaptation. On this basis, tries to avoid entering into controversial issues and trying to be active and adaptive in the region with innovative plans such as the Belt and Road and investing in different places.

Economic power is considered as one of the important components in geopolitical competition. The economic power of countries is mainly influenced by the factors that play a role in their national power. Meanwhile, economic factors are among the factors that are effective in both national power and economic power of countries. Some of such factors have a geopolitical nature due to their significant role in displaying the national power of countries in the international and global arenas. As sources of power, such factors are considered by the powers in geopolitical competition.They are also considered as effective geopolitical variables in the regional and global geopolitical system. Based on the identification of economic factors effective in economic power, the current research seeks to explain the geopolitical variables of economic power. The main research question is what are the geopolitical variables of economic power based on economic factors? The approach of the current research is theoretical and explains the causal relationship between the dependent variables (economic power) and the independent variable (geopolitical variables). The method of collecting information and data has been done in base on library and documents form.The research method is descriptive-analytical. In response to the main question of the research, the variables affected by economic factors affecting economic power were explained under the title of "geoeconomic variables". Each of these conceptual variables includes several operational variables that are effective in national power and national economy, which determine the country's economic power as a whole.

Climate change, as one of the biggest challenges facing humanity, has affected natural and human systems in complex ways and has increased public and organizational concerns about the possible consequences of climate change. The police organization, as a large and public order organization in the national scope, can be affected by this phenomenon. The research method in this study is qualitative and the grounded theory method is used. Using the purposeful and theoretical sampling , 27 military commanders and environmental experts in Fars province were selected as a sample. The results of grounded theory are in four core models. After examining each of the nuclear categories and their connecting elements, the phenomenon of "climate change and crime production in Fars" was extracted as the focal phenomenon of the research. What is obtained from the findings of the research is that climate change, as one of the variables of the transformation of the geographical space of Fars, was first of all a platform for the production of crime and with a deep impact on the quantity and quality of the province's water resources, it has deepened these spatial effects. This issue has caused negative phenomena in the geography of the province, especially the depopulation of rural areas and the agricultural sector on the one hand, and social and security challenges in the urban outskirts.

Basically, after the Cold War, the two major trends of diffusion of power and transition of power dominated international politics. From 1991 onwards, with the rise of international actors and their role in international developments, power shifted from the state to non-state actors, and with ascendance of economic, military, and political countries such as Brazil, China, India, Russia, and South Africa, the possibility of transition in the international hegemonic order was created. One of the most important consequences of these two trends is the regionalization of order and the increase of regional interactions in global politics. With the regionalization of order, the international system is known with the emergence of regional hegemons, the escalation of regional conflicts, regional arms races, and tensions, especially in fragile regions. This study seeks to examine Russia's strategy as an emerging revitalized power in the Middle East. Therefore the main question of the research is about the strategic principles and foundations of Russia's foreign policy in the Middle East? In response to this question and considering the principle of explaining strategies based on interests in the framework of power and assumption derived strategies from preferences and achieving foreign policy goals with specific tools, this hypothesis expressed that Russia regard experience of power changes in the international system, try have to retrieval position and role in the international system, accordingly, due to the hegemonic of international construction, intervention in neighboring regions, especially in the former Soviet-dominated regions, in the hierarchy of goals of definition and role-playing and intervention in regions due to regionalization of the international system order is a foreign policy priority, and since the Middle East is one of the important regions in the international system, becomes an important area in Russian foreign policy, and Russia's strategies in this area are based on the circumstances and source of threat, and include a set of strategies; Local multilateralism strategies in the face of regional systemic crises, competitive strategies in the face of emerging rivals in the region, tension and reaction severe strategies in the face of threats hegemon and its allies, and coalition strategies with regional actors.

The research tries to explain Russia's foreign policy strategies in the Middle East with a realistic approach and focuses on the power cycle theory and case study method.

Basically, in international politics, power determines the strategies of the actors in the international system. This principle implies the degrees of power, determine, interests, strategies, and behaviors of the actors in the international system. Thus the causal link between the distribution of power and the nature of the international system is purely systemic. Therefore, the strategies of the actors are adjusted according to their power and position in the hierarchy of power in the international system. With the rise and fall of actors in the international system, the gap between role and power emerges to reason the time-consuming process of setting roles and missions. The gap between role and power is created when an actor imagines that action is not proportionate with relative power in the international system. Usually, during power changes, a large gap formed between power and the role of the actors.According to these discussions, Russia's foreign policy strategies after the collapse of the Soviet Union can be classified into separate periods. These periods differed from each other as far as the priority to geographical areas, the goals and the choice of tactics, the scope of the resources that were available to the Russians and its ability to achieve internal stability. By restoring power in the international system and having sufficient resources, neo-imperialist tendencies increase and Russia tries to design new strategies following its power and role in the international system. In general, Russia's strategies in the Middle East are derived from its foreign policy principles and are designed according to national interests, its peripheral threats and environmental conditions, and variables from local multilateralism in the face of systemic crises to competitive strategies and tensions with rivals and hegemon. In other words, Russia is interested of strategic diversity in the Middle East, with attention to its peripheral interests and threats.

The argument here underscores the idea that Russia has a type of grand (strategic) behavior in world affairs, in which the Middle East region is only one – not necessarily the most important – element. The grand strategic behavior is the most visible element of Russia's foreign policy. Russia's actions in the Middle East could be viewed functionally as a type of grand behavior. Russia is constantly trying to improve its political, military, and economic interests in the region while reducing the advantages and strategic superiority of its potential rivals. Therefore, Russia's foreign policy strategies in the region based on interests, goals, and existing threats, are diverse and include a set of local multilateralism strategies, competitive strategies with emerging powers in the region, tension strategies with the hegemon, and Coalition strategies with regional actors.

Geographical space is a system composed of intertwined and interrelated natural, environmental and human factors and elements. These geographical factors sustain different values that adopt political, economic, cultural, security and geopolitical implications according to human needs and perceptions. The effect of geographical factors on economics has always played a role in human life. These factors as the sources of power acquire a geopolitical nature when the countries use them in line with macroeconomic goals. The current study seeks to explain the geopolitical categories of economic power on the basis of the study of geographical factors affecting economic power. The main question of the research maintains what the geopolitical variables of economic power are. This study is based on a theoretical approach and explains the causal relationship between the dependent variable (economic power) and the independent variable (geopolitical variables). Information and data collecting is arranged in terms of library documents studies. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In response to the main research question, three types of geopolitical conceptual variables are explained which are influenced by geographical factors affecting economic power: ‘Geolocation’; ‘Geoculture’ and ‘Geotechnology’.  Each of these conceptual variables includes several geographical factors influencing economic growth and development, which together determine the economic power of a country.

With the dominance of complexity on the international system, one of the fundamental issues related to the strategies of actors in complex situations. This study with assuming complexity situation in the international system, tries to investigate the principles and basis of hegemony strategy in complex regions and the Middle East explained as a case study. The result of the present study explained, that the complexity situation, classical foreign policy strategies based on centrality of control has made incapable of responding to complex threats and new strategies based on condition management imposed to actors of international system and the hegemon is trying to take advantage of these strategies in the regions. Thus, with the complexity of existing system and phenomena in the Middle East, the hegemonic control management approach with the control systems based on the conditions of phenomena and strategic multiplicity and tactical diversity of phenomena management has replaced the hegemonic control centrality and top-down control approach, and hegemon uses of these strategies in its complex deterrence system in the Middle East.

The hegemonic state usually creates and maintains a hegemonic order in order to achieve its interests. Thus, preventing major and central wars has become the most important goal of the hegemonic state in the hegemonic order. In contrast to the hegemonic state, there are emerging powers that, according to the variables of satisfaction, role, ideology and power developments and the role they experience, try to create regional order in accordance with their principles and rules and are considered as a challenge to the hegemonic order. The question of this paper is what principles are the main strategies of emerging powers in the hegemonic order? In response to this question, and considering the assumption of power dynamics and the effect of role and satisfaction variables on the design of actors strategies in the international system, it is hypothesized that the proximity of emerging powers to hegemony leads to role changes in actors behaviors and this leads to contrastive behavioral patterns and seizing the power gap will lead to the aggressive and challenging policies of the dissatisfied emerging actor. This study tries to explain the strategies of emerging powers in the hegemonic order by focusing on the theories of power cycle, hegemonic stability and power transition.

Basically, transition is a common phenomenon in the international system since its emersion. Apart from the international system, transition ability also be explained in the regions. Currently, one of the areas that most affected by the situation transition is the Middle East, and the two actors most affected by this phenomenon are Iran and Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the article with using the theory of "power transition", tries to explain the foreign policy strategies in situation of power transition and in the relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. In this regard, the research question is based on "what principles is governor on strategy of the actors in situation the transition of power and the strategy of Iran and Saudi Arabia as a case study?" In answer to the above question, this hypothesis proposed that the strategy of the actors in situation the transition of power is formed according to the centrality and periphery of the actors and the type of structure transition in which they are involved. Continuation, the research with supposing assumption the transition situation in the Middle East, discusses with the strategies of Iran and Saudi Arabia in the transitional situation of the Middle East.

Nowadays, with the complexity and chaos of the international system, regions have also been greatly affected by the logic of complexity. One of the important areas affected by the complex security order is middle east. In this way, the question is what are the bases for the middle east security order in the Conditions of complexity of its dominant?In response to this question, it is suggested that non linearity, dynamics, and chaos are the hallmarks features of the phenomena in the middle east region. Accordingly, the middle east regions security order is nonlinear and based on novel and fuzzy logic and therefore demands new security strategies. This research with descriptive-analytical approach attempts to explain the Middle East security order in complex situation. Accordingly, according to complexity theory the research tries to explain complexity in the regions and then the Middle East region as a case study explained. Accordingly, according to complexity theory the research tries to explain complexity in the regions and then the Middle East region as a case study explained.

foreign policy is one of important functions of actors in international system, so that lack of proper and correct foreign policy leads to confusion about goals and functions of the actors in the international system. one of the concepts that is very much related to foreign policy and is one of elements foreign policy is Power. The present article by assuming power as a very important tool in drawing foreign policy and accepting this fact that the international system is cyclical and has experienced multiple cycles of cycle, attempt at answer to question that cyclical of the international system and its phenomena what affection have on actors foreign policy? Long cycle, points turning, cycle phases and non linearity of events and phenomena in points turning and long cycle phases are the most important foreign policy parameters in international system cycles. therefore, the international system actors drawing their foreign policy and strategy with respect to the existing cycles, and the relationship between foreign policy and the cycles of power is a direct and immediate connection, so that the effectiveness of foreign policy states is highly influenced from high power cycles and different phases in international relations.

Administrative political decentralization, the move towards political development and the management of geographic space are one of the main concerns of governmental systems in developing countries in general and in Iran in particular to achieve democracy. Such a decentralization follows a special approach to the geographic (Natural human) characteristics of each country as well as the type of administrative political system that governs it. However, the most important regional geopolitical decentralization in each independent political unit is the local government. Local governments play an effective role in optimizing the management of human habitats with the knowledge of geographical areas and human rights. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the effective elements in the formation of an effective local government in Iran? The method of this research was descriptive- analytic, which has been done by studying high-handed documents and rules in Iran, as well as studying the human-natural characteristics of Iran to identify the indices and elements effective in the formation of an efficient local government. Findings of the research indicate that the decentralization and delegated powers to non-central places and the distribution of power at the geographical level are scattered in some of the laws and documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The present study aims to investigate the ratio of geopolitics and progress in 1404 perspective document. Thus, the geopolitical components and considerations, foundations and geopolitical considerations of Iran's strategic environment and its impact on the development of the country have been studied in terms of the Outlook 1404 document. The results of the research, using an analytical-critical approach and the use of relevant documents, showed that for reasons such as disregard for geopolitical variables, incompatibility between national goals and geopolitical realities, single-factor and mostly inner approach toward progress and an unrealistic understanding of geographical capacities and realities, Outlook 1404 lacks geopolitical considerations. Given the fundamental weaknesses (disregarding the geographical and geopolitical considerations) and structural (lack of administrative and executive mechanisms), the expected goals of the prospective document in the 1404 time horizon will not be achieved. Therefore the prospective document will require fundamental revision with a new timeframe.

With the complexity of the international system and its chaos, foreign policy of countries as part of this system no longer follow the linear logic of the past. Therefore, in the field of foreign policy, there is a need for a new analytical system based on the characteristics of such a system. The West Asian system is heavily influenced by the complexity of the international system. Considering of this point, the main qiestion of this research is what is  the principles and basics of Iran’s foreign polciy strtegy in the west asian regional system considering the complexity which are controlling this network ? The diversity of threats, the diversity of actors, dynamics interference, nonlinear behavior patterns, and the intense cluster of network is the characteristics that Iran faces with them in west Asian network, and according to it, the strategic diversity in west of Asia networking and the strategic system based on triangular _ network deterrence  is axis of Iran's foreign policy in West Asia.

The dialogue is one of the most important elements of dramatic texts. Introduction of characters, story progressing, creating dramatic space, creating struggle, disclosing necessary information, creating question and introducing time and place are some of the dialogue duties. The duties of dialogue in play and screenplay as two aspect of dramatic literature are common, but they differ in rendering. The different effect of time and place, short and pictorial dialogues and the kind of approach to linear narration are some of the signs of dialogue differences in play and screenplay. Mr.Hallo, the play and screenplay in contemporary dramatic literature of Iran, is one of the most reliable sources for studying the differences which are present between characters’ dialogues and that’s because this piece was produced in two media and provide a comparison ground between dramatic elements and characters

The Middle East and North Africa region is the driest region in the world. There are four great rivers, ie Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and Jordan in this area. The coastal states of these rivers disagree on how to divide the water and construct what type of dam on the river. Basically, the upstream countries use the doctrine of absolute sovereignty, considering the realist and interests-based approach, and consider damming of the waterfall located within their land as their absolute right, while the downstream countries, according to the liberal and neoliberal approaches condemn any exploitation of common water resources in the upstream territory and seek to achieve shared waters and the fair allocation of water. This article has been designed to examine common rifts among different countries in the Middle East and North Africa. The present study points out that the Middle East and North Africa are facing dehydration and depression due to the presence of dry and semi-arid bogs and the immense population growth, as well as the lack of proper management of water. This dehydration crisis does not lead to the cooperation and convergence of countries in this area, but by adopting a realistic approach and taking account of the interests of the axis, it leads to rivalry and hostility between actors, so that the Middle East might be considered the next great scene for the war.

Basically, the strategy of big emerging powers is interacting with their neighbors and regional powers to achieve the future goals and objectives. This assumption is important in the analysis of the ability of emerging powers and in predicting their future behavior. At the moment, there are many speculations about the future of China, especially if China's economy will surpass all important economies. The aim of this study is to describe this issue by examining China's multilateralist strategy in its relations with its neighbors, especially with Central Asian countries. The authors believe that the multilateralism of China in Central Asia is not a new approach and China has benefited from this strategy in the past in relations with its neighbors under the concept of Tian Xia, Si Yi doctrine (Defense through Barbarians) and Tributary Trade System. In order to prove or reject the hypothesis of the study, first, the concepts and principles of multilateralism will be defined and then classical and modern China's strategy in Central Asia will be analyzed by using a descriptive-analytical method.

Social Searching for identity and its roots sets in “habitat” as a conceptual subject in geography and it is used increasingly. Identity has the link with three foundation characteristics: (geographical) place¡ space (networks and social relationship) and time(history). So identity be affected by such characteristics. Specifically¡ each place takes its identityfromthree major factors: 1- Natural specific factors¡ 2- Observableactivitiesandfunctions3- Concepts and symbols. Therefore¡ the man can be considering as the most important factorin place. People have different images from differentplaces in their minds. Whereas the emotions have the effect on the environment perception in one hand and shaping the human mentality picture in other hand¡ such mentality pictures giving the identity to place. Such a place arises some other conceptions of identity like: sense of place¡ place attachment¡ dependency of place and so on. In this regard¡we canmention the certain placesthataresignificanceto their peopleand they are important role in developing their nationsideologues and values.
In other words¡ some places have the strategic functions in emerging political movements and their persistence to achieve their goals. Such places that are mostly central places (squares and main streets) in the capital cities¡ they become arenas of political oppositions. Such asRed Square in Moscow¡ Triumph organ in Paris¡ Tian a Men SquareinChina and so on that are considered as a symbol ofnationalism.
The aim ofsuch a research is explanation the role of central places at political movements as well as success and failure in achieving their goals particularly based on Bahrain political movements in Lolo Square. Accordingly¡ the main question is this: at what extent destroyingLolo Square by the ruling Al Khalifa has effected on the Bahrain political movements?
The hypothesis that prepare to answer such a research question is: destroying Pear Roundabout as a main symbol of Bahrain protesters and their identity due to disperse the protest movement and it would seem that such a position brings about repressing the political movement by ruling Al Khalifa. In comparison to other political movements in Arabian countries¡ Bahrain political movement admitted to reform the political structure.
Findings:To explanation such a research hypothesis has been attempted to design the theoretical model on the basis of theoretical literature which is consist of the geographical impact of central places on the political movements.
It is worth noting that¡ such a model illustrates the relationship between place and (political) identity¡ so in order to prove the application such a model has been attempted to survey the political trends in Bahrain through showing the timeline from the beginning (in 2011) to the late of 2012(indeed its include before and after destroying the Lolo Square).
In conclusion¡ we could found from such a research that: Bahrain Government by considering such a fact that Lolo Square has the core role in political movement to achieve the success. apart from so¡ it has emerged as an identity symbol among protesters¡ thus decided to destroy such an identity symbol in order to control the political movement and disperse it. Finally¡ such an event (destroy the identity place) lead to control and disperse the protest population. As well as we couldn’t observe any significant political changes in Bahrain after destroying in spite of subsequent demonstrates.
this research was done by descriptive and analysis method. Also the data was collected by means of log method from the international credible agencies. The analysis method at this research is qualitative analysis that is done based on reason¡ logic and explanation of the authors after data collection.

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc the international system underwent dramatic change and bipolar system gave its place to a unipolar system led by the United States. Besides this structural change, the development in the field of science and technology has led to the evolution and diversity in international actors and issues. All these developments led to the emergence and evolution of international organizations and the increased role of them in international arena. After 1990s we witness the growth and increase in the number of regional and global international organizations. This growth indicates the importance of regions, regional organization and regional integration in recent years. One of these regional international organizations is the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization. The present article examines the function and performance of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization by a descriptive-analytical method. The finding of the study shows that the organization was primarily established with the aim of maintaining peace, stability and friendly relations among the member states but some member countries are interested to join the European Union and consider this regional organization as a stepping stone for joining European Union.