محمدرضا نیکجو

One of the natural disasters that threatens people's lives and money today is the flood. The Basin of Saqez Chay, which enter to th through the Shahid Kazemi dam, has undergone many changes over the course of about half a century, and we have examined changes in its magnitude and its impact on erosion and flood. In this research, hydrometric data, sediment, soil, satellite images before and after the construction of the dam, topographic maps and geological data were used. After pre-processing satellite imagery, ENVI software was prepared for land use and NDVI maps. Then the data was entered into the Arc GIS environment, and the necessary maps and physiographic characteristics of the basin were prepared. . In the next step, soil data, flow rate, sediment, and Raster maps entered the SWAT software, and the information needed for simulation was obtained and after the simulation with the SWAT CUP, the results of the Validation and calibration were obtained. the Efficiency coefficient of Nash–Sutcliffe was 0.44 and the values of these coefficients were 0.76 and 0.68. For the Validation period, the Efficiency coefficient of Nash–Sutcliffe was 0.68 and the values of these coefficients were 0.86 and 0.67, respectively. Considering the amount of sediment and water flow, it can be said that the Basin is flooding. The closeness of observed data and simulation shows that the SWAT model works well for the basin. Finally, it was determined that agricultural land with dense pastures and rangelands decreased by 134.2 and 1944.19 respectively, and Wasteland and residential areas were, respectively 16.1617 and 2.7222 Percent to be decreased.

The drying of Lake Urmia has had many environmental impacts on the surrounding areas of the lake. In this research, efforts have been made to identify vegetation coverings that are compatible with the study area and then it use of multiplicative decision-making models for identify areas susceptible to cultivation of these products. In the present study, following the study of species in the region of rapeseed, was selected as a suitable halophytes plant. Initially, using Landsat 5 and 8 images, the changes in the land use type and vegetation cover type of the region were investigated from 2000 to 2016, and after calculating the changes, the potential planting of the halophytes plant was sought. The ANP Fuzzy method was used to estimate the ability to cultivate rapeseed. Main criteria used in this research are topography, soil and meteorology. The topographic sub criteria are included: height, slope and tilt direction, soil criteria including soil texture, soil salinity, and soil pH and soil organic matter. Finally, the criteria for meteorological data are total annual precipitation, Relative humidity, average annual temperature, maximum annual temperature and annual minimum temperature. These layers first be changed to fuzzy and then, applying the weight of each of the following criteria, a map of the main criteria of soil, topography and meteorology was prepared and finally, by combining these three main parameters, the potential mapping was obtained. The results indicate a 25.43 percent reduction in water content and an increase of 21.03 percent in saline areas between 2000 and 2016, and the results of identifying areas susceptible to cultivation of halophytes plants have identified 14.28 percent of the study area suitable for rapeseed cultivation.

The purpose of this study was to extract and explore land use changes from satellite images with object-oriented and knowledge-based models, as well as predict these changes using the Markov chain model by the 2030 in the Zailbirchai basin. Considering that the separation of some LULC from each other, such as irrigated wheat, Rain-fed Agriculture, Irrigated agriculture, and orchard in images with a spatial resolution, such as Landsat images and known pixel-based methods, is rigorous. Therefore, in the present study, a method based on the knowledge based was used for the extraction of the LULC with the OLI image of 2015 and its validation was done with kappa coefficient (0.86). Then the result of method was used in the TM image of 1987 (kappa coefficient equal to 0.83). Finally, after the analysis of the changes occurred, temporal changes was predicted for 2030. The classification of images shows the growth of residential, orchard and irrigated agriculture land uses, respectively, 15, 42 and 50 km2 over the course of 28 years. This growth reflects the high consumption of water in the region. Cross Tab, on the other hand, shows the conversion of low-consumption applications such as irrigated wheat to arable crops. Also, in the next 15 years, based on pattern of 28-year-old using Markov chain analysis model, this growth will be up to 8, 27 and 8 km2, respectively.

Study the instability domain in order to harm the land and gardens, cities, roads and highways and other structures related to places easier to draw impose Is of enormous significance in the field of environmental planning in order to reduce the adverse Aszat them. The possibility of instability in mountainous areas due to the intensification of land use loose and public reception of countryside located in the area as well as tourist attractions, along with two formations Badrnzrdashtn Levels of some mountain areas, especially in the northern part of East Kshvrafzaysh, and may exacerbate the instabilities of range Lead to environmental hazards and catastrophism that every year, in addition to incurring financial losses of many lives dying also make Due to the geographic location of the study area in Khorasan Razavi Province, in the southwestern city of Mashhad, the middle section of northern Iran East is located in central Binalud . In this study, research, analytical and empirical and inductive teaching methods and feasibility of the domain instabilities and debris flows in the catchment area Jagharq In order to identify risk factors for these instabilities, and the impact of environmental hazards's performance, so in order to achieve goals Research, an experimental model Nblagan because of the availability of statistics and data related to variable and compliance factors in the risk of slope instability in The risk of slope instability in the study area was chosen. Using this model and taking into account the variable 6 Variable to assess risk factors, such as topographic factors - Geology - Land - River drainage network - fault - vegetation - And finally creating business units and maps zoning map of the basin in terms of the danger of instabilities in three zones of potential instability in the Domain A (low risk area І, ІІ area with medium risk and high risk area ІІІ) were detected. Given the significant area of the zone at high risk As well as other results of field surveys, including geological features of the region, the role of sex bedrock slopes in landslide Drnapaydaryhay range, especially in large measure is highly effective.

The streams of rivers are extremely complex in nature. Rivers are beneficial for natural vegetation, animals, living organisms and human communities. The river provides the possibility of drinking water and irrigation of agricultural fields. Rivers are considered as active land cultivators with erosion and sedimentation. Some of the negative effects of rivers such as floods are considered as a natural disaster. Such natural disasters have been shown when the river by anthropogenic activities by changing the shape of the river and arched their plans change. Meandering parts of the rivers are vulnerable to floods. Therefore, river studies are very important in terms of hydraulic characteristics, sediment, width to depth ratio, morphology and arched plan. Kaleibar Chai basin has located on the North West of the country. This research pays attention to the arcuate plan of Kaleibar River from the city of Kaleibar to Jananloo village (one of the branches of Aras River). The study region is part of Kaleibar Chai River with 72 km of length. The channel consists of right, waving, meandering, and braided patterns. The study of horizontal plan of the river in relation to different active processes shows the mutual relationship between hydrological parameters and the materials in the river. The continual changes in sinuosity index in the channel are indicators of variations in the river behavior. For doing this research we used Google Earth and DEM 10m images. The river was divided into 4 openings in which topographic conditions were considered. The river sinuosity index was calculated for all 4 openings in GIS software under the formula: TSI= . In this equation TCI is topographic sinuosity index, CL is the length of the river channel, Al is the aerial length of the beginning and ending part of the channel. The maximum sinuosity index for different lengths of the Kaleibar Chai River was estimated at 1.05 to 1.83. The heterogeneity of bed materials causes erosion and deposition on the river bed of Kaleibar Chai. Erosion and depositional processes occur in the area during the spring and fall floods. The variety of materials and their sizes cause erosion and the collapse of the brinks and the loop in sinuosity index, which finally lead to channel changes. The study of sinuosity index and the identification of rivers patterns help ease the planning procedure

Nowadays floods are considered as one of the greatest threats in terms of social security and sustainable development which affect 20 to 300 million peoples each year (Hirabayashi & Kanae, 2009). In recent decades, many studies have been carried out on floods which have mainly approached to flood risk management. Flood inundation models are defined as the tools which could simulate the rivers hydraulic and also occurred floods in flood plains (Horrit, 2007). In other words, flood inundation models are useful tools for flood plain management. This ability in flood prediction, and also flood damage reduction by protecting of near river land use, improving the knowledge of indigenous people of flood plain, and preventing the construction in banned area of flood plain is very useful (Di Baldassarre, 2010). In this study the risk of flood occurring for different return period along 72 Kilometer in Qaraso River have been investigated.

This research is based on filed studies and 1:2000 scale topographic maps that provided by Ardabil regional water authority. The 1:100000 scale geological maps, satellite imagery such as IRS and Google Earth and also hydrometric data of Dostbaglo and Arbab Kandi hydrometric station, considered as essential data. The HEC-RAS model could calculate the water surface profile in stable flow gradual variable in rivers and artificial channels in the subcritical, supercritical and complex regimes. The calculation of water surface profile carried out from one cross section to other cross, step by step, solving energy equation in standard way.

In this study in order to estimate the frequency distribution of floods we used Pearson Type III distribution in logarithm base 10, which provided by USA federal organizations of rivers reconstruction. Then flood peak discharges with different return period and its probability of occurrence has been calculated for important hydrometric station namely: Dostbaglo and Arbab kandi. According to the flood-prone zonation map, we observed the maximum wide of flood-prone area in reach2 to reach4 of river (from Qadirlo Village to Lalganj Village) in different period. In these reaches the width of flood-prone area in 25 years return period is about 500 meter on average. In first and some parts of reach6 and reach7, due to narrowing of channel and some obstacle the wide of flood-prone area was decreased and instead the water depth has been increased. Regarding to the placement of the Qadirlo, Kangarlo, Agh¬ Darag and Dostbaglo villages in the margin of the Qaraso River, the flood zonation in this rivers should be considered. The main landuse of Qaraso riparian is assigned to agriculture and orchards. By overlay the flood zonation maps with satellite imagery we observed that the main portion of this agriculture lands, has been located in the river bed and riparian zone (according to 25 years return period), are at risk of flooding. This could lead to heavy damage for farmers. For example, the flood events with 25 years return period, affected about 1085 hectare of farmland and orchard that located beside Qaraso River and lead to heavy damages.

Regarding to notable encroachment by farmers in the Qaraso river bed, the Flood risk is very important. The flood-zoning of Qaraso River shows that wide part of farmlands and orchards and also part of the facility located around the Qaraso River (nearby the village of kangarlo) have been exposed to floods with 25 years return period. Therefore, according to article 10 of regulation of bed and riparian of rivers the regional water authority of Ardabil should determine the condition of this high risk area. Accordingly, the floodplain management should be considered as an important and essential issues.

Remote sensing technology is one of the efficient and innovative technologies for agricultural land use/cover mapping. In this regard, the object-based Image Analysis (OBIA) is new method of satellite image processing which integrates spatial and spectral information in satellite image process domain. This approach make use of spectral, environmental, physical and geometrical characteristics (texture, shape) context of images for modeling of land use/cover classes. Current study, aims to classify micro land use/cover of Meyandoab County by applying appropriate algorithms and parameters in the object based approach. For this goal, Quick Bird and Aster satellite images were used for processing and land use modeling. Accordingly, land use map was classified in 9 class based on spectral and spatial characteristic. The segmentation was performed in the scale of 10, shape parameter of 0.7 as well as the compactness of 0.3. In order to apply classification, fuzzy based algorithm and operators (AND, OR) was applied to detriment the membership functionality of segments for each class as well as classifying the related objects. We also applied textures, geometric, NDVI, GLCM, Braitnese algortims based on fuzzy operators. In order to validate results, the accuracy assessment step was performed and the finally overall accuracy of 93.6 was obtained for derived map. The Kappa coefficient was also detriment to be 0.92. The area under cultivation included respectively for lands of wheat and barley, prunes and plums, apples, vineyards and alfalfa hay2622.42, 4505, 4354.55, 4457.85, 14110.58 hectares.

Identifying susceptible areas to massive movements, including landslides, through risk modeling with appropriate and efficient models, is one of the basic measures in reducing potential damage and managing risk. The purpose of this study is to combine multi-criteria decision making techniques with logistic regression method to investigate landslide-prone areas in Zilbir-Chai basin. One of the methods is Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method. In this model, firstly, the variables that are effective in landslide occurrences are subdivided into sub-criteria and each specific criterion is given a certain weight. In order to prevent the great role of the experts’ taste, the landslides in the studied area were discarded with the sub-criteria of each variable, and the percentage of landslide occurrence in each of them was the criterion of weighting the sub-criteria. This way, Fuzzy standardization was done accordingly. In the WLC model, in addition to weighting the subcategories, the variables themselves are also generally weighted by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. In the present study, in addition to conventional weighting, this weight was measured by logistic regression (RL) statistical method and weighing criterion were obtained, normalized, and applied directly to the variables in the WLC model. To achieve this purpose, modeling was performed using nine independent parameters. Geological factors, land use type, altitude, slope gradient and aspect, distance from fault, distance from road and distance from drainage network were considered as environmental factors, and rainfall quantity (obtained from precipitation layer) was considered as a trigger factor. According to the results obtained from WLC model based on logistic regression weighting, high and very high risk zones constitute about 7.4% of the area with a validation of 94/0, but based on AHP weighting, these zones constitute about 4.7% of the area with a validation of 90/0.

River pattern variations are one of the most important river engineering issues. In order to achieve this goal, using field observations, a 1: 1000 topographic map was prepared and extracted using Landsat and Google Earth satellite images in the GIS environment of the studied areas. By digitizing the river route in AutoCAD, the geometric parameters of the river (central angle, relative radius, plan shape, torsional coefficient) were calculated on the images. The results indicated that in Azad River, the winding river at 40% relative has a radius of more than 3.5. In 30% relative radius bends in river is 1.5 to 3.5. In addition, about 30 percent of the stress concentration around the inner corners is the main river. According to the findings, the probability of serious and significant changes in the period of study, Azad River is small. Intervals that are unstable are likely to need special attention in the context of their privacy be determined. Among the intervals, there are nine critical intervals that include intervals of 58,56,47,41,29,26,24,20,18. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the bed boundaries.

Binalood Mountain Range is a trusted system located in the north east of Iran. It is part of the dry and semi-arid mountains of the country. The slopes of this mountain range due to different lithological conditionsand rock resistance against weathering and erosion, climatic characteristics and severe changes anthropogenic, including land use, has a good position for occurrence of geomorphological hazards there are some kinds of domain instability, especially these instabilities there are frequent events that poke a threat to life, equipment, facilities and transportation routes within the desired range. According to statistics, slippery slopes and various types of instability in the mountainous areas of the Binalood Zone since the 1370 have been exacerbated. Therefore, it makes doubling the importance of addressing the subject. According to field studies in the northern and southern slopes of Binaloud, the exacerbation of the risk of mass movements of the range, and in particular of the risk of slipping, has a widespread frequency and range than other environmental and geomorphic hazards. Factors such as grazing over the livestock capacity and tract created by kicking the soil caused by the movement of the livestock, falling slopes, with unconventional horticulture on the terraces of alluvium and on steep slopes, Severe land use changes, especially in sloping slopes, are one of the most important factors in day-to-day and the intensification of sloping movements and the occurrence of destructive currents in the northern and southern slopes of Binalood. Binalood mountain range The geographic location of the mountain range is semi-arid with a length of 143.75 km With the northwest trend - south-east extending from south east and from Quchan to northeast of Neyshabur.
The research method used in this research is an analytical and inductive system And to the feasibility of occurrence of sloping instabilities as one of the most important geomorphic hazards in the northern and southern slopes of Binalood Which has a devastating impact on the settlements of the human communities .in the region In order to identify the factors influencing this phenomenon, 11 variables such as variables Slope, slope of geological layers, lithology units, distance from fault, land use and coverage, consistent lines and homogeneity, altitudes and other factors .. Based on the topographic map of 1/25000 at different levels of natural and human studies, In this regard, firstly, the hydrological basins in the study area were found to be in the realm of research in total of 33 catchment areas including 23 basins in the northern slope and 10 catchments in the southern slopes were identified.
Investigating the variables in the Binaloud region in the form of reference land, and lateral spatial modeling were arranged in GIS software and processed in Autocad software Therefore, the produced production maps are evaluated by the ANP method and subjected to the following expeater selection software in the form of main criteria and sub criteria. In the ANP method, we accurately analyzed the parameters in pairs and compared to the 11 variables of the present study, the results showed that the parameters of slope, altitudes, lithology units, faults, land use and land cover, and .... Respectively, have the highest gained weight. Finally, these maps were overlapping and zoning in GIS software with fuzzy logic and fuzzy aggregate operator. The hazard zonation map generated from this model, as a reference map, is adapted to the initial map prepared through field observations, spatial coordinates with GPS, and aerial photo interpretation. Its results were analyzed and analyzed from the perspective of environmental management.
Finally, based on the statistical results extracted from these maps, testing the assumptions about the probability of occurrence of slopes and especially landslides And its effect on environmental management, using Spearman and Kendall tests in SPSS software, the results of which prove the hypotheses With a probability higher than 95%. According to the results of this study, the gradient is the most effective factor in the incidence of domain inconsistencies in each other and due to the geologic form of the formation, the most frequent occurrence of landslides occurs in the northern and southern silty and subtropical slopes of the southern slopes of the southern slopes. And the best environmental management approach to reduce the risk of insecurity in the Binaloud Mountain Range, to identify vulnerable zones of danger, land allocation, and land use capability and to prevent land use change based on sub-optimal results.

Introduction Streams typically have similar suites of channel morphologies, with repeatable patterns of occurrence that have resulted in numerous classification efforts (Roper et al., 2008: 417-427). Recent approaches for river classification focus on watershed analysis related to land management and stream restoration, using a hierarchical approach that nests successive scales of physical and biological conditions and allows a more holistic understanding of basin processes (Shroder, 2013: 739). One of the most widely used hierarchical channel classification systems was developed by Rosgen (Shroder, 2013: 742). In the current study, Gara Sou river channel planform are studied by using Rosgen geomorphological model in combination with HEC-RAS model.
Materials and methods This study is based on fieldworks and topographic maps of scale 1: 2000 (Ardabil Regional Water Authority). To determine the friction coefficient distribution of channel and floodplain, land cover maps was generated using Google Earth satellite imagery. Rosgen (1985, 1994, and 1996) hierarchical system was used to analysis of river channel morphology. The Rosgen system uses six morphological measurements for classifying a stream reach-entrenchment, width/depth ratio, sinuosity, number of channels, slope, and bed material particle size. In this research, some of these parameters were calculated using HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model. For steady, gradually varied flow, the primary procedure for computing water surface profiles between cross-sections is called the direct step method. The basic computational procedure is based on the iterative solution of the energy equation. Given the flow and water surface elevation at one cross-section, the goal of the standard step method is to compute the water surface elevation at the adjacent cross-section. The flow data for HEC-RAS consists of flow regime, discharge information, initial conditions and boundary conditions (HEC, 2010).
Results and discussion According to calculations made in seven reach has been in class C and E, hierarchical model Rosgen. Gara Sou River in class C has a wider and shallower channel and floodplain width significantly developed. Gara Sou River in class E also has a deep and narrow channel (width to depth ratio) but floodplain width developed. In reach (1) floodplain width due to low geological control variable. In this reach was due to power of river, the bed river is cobble and gravel that leads to the river bed is in the Armoring range. With regard to slope variables and bed material, it is placed in the class C. in this class have a mean energy and high sediment load. Energy waste by meandering, bed forms (Pool- Riffle) and vegetation occurs. In the reaches of 2, 3, 4 and 5 width floodplain will be a significant development. In the reaches type of bed river is changed to gravel and sand and more of gravel and sand are. River slope in this reaches are between 0.02 and 0.039. In this reaches (2, 3, 4, and 5) river in the most part located class of C4b Rosgen model and only in some sections of the river have been E4b class. Average width to depth ratio is calculated 16.14 for the total reaches. In this reaches riparian vegetation are mostly dense shrubs that this high density of riparian vegetation plays an important role in the stability of the banks river in this reaches. In the end of reach (5) and reach (6) river slope between 0.001 and 0.02 is located and bed River is sand that often makes the river in this section in class C5 in hierarchical Rosgen model. Average width to depth ratio is calculated 15.46 for the total reaches. In reach (7) river slope to less than 0.001, but the bed river is still sand. According to the results, the major part of this reach is located class C5c and only in small portions cross sections of the E5 is placed class.
Conclusion In this study, Gara Sou River channel was classified using geomorphological Rosgen model on the first and second levels. Despite the widespread use Rosgen model, has been criticized by some researchers. Problems with the use of the classification are encountered with identifying bank full dimensions, particularly in incising channels and with the mixing of bed and bank sediment into a single population. Gara Sou River in parts of Type E has a low sediment supply, average potential bank erosion control and vegetation are very high. The rivers carry sediment are very efficient and river is low energy, loss of energy through the meandering, bed forms and vegetation occurs. Also this river in parts of the Type C has a high sediment supply, very high potential bank erosion control and vegetation is very high. In fact, vegetation combined with the bank erosion, determines the amount of lateral adjustment and sustainability of this river.

The study of changes in water resources in each region is essential to manage water resources and using them. In this study, the goal is to evaluate the available water resources in the plain of Ardebil in terms of surface and subsurface resources based on four criteria including natural, hydrological, agricultural and humanitarian by using fuzzy network analysis. In order to assess better fuzzy network analysis evaluation, sub-criteria of population, industry condition, rainfall situation, the status of surface water (volume taken from the river) and groundwater (wells, springs and aqueducts status), the area under cultivation and the type of products in terms of water demand, slope and elevation are used. Dependencies among sub-criteria using DEMATEL fuzzy technique and according to experts are determined. Using the fuzzy network analysis all criteria and sub- criteria are weighed, and the maps for all sub-criteria, are generated in according to the weight obtained. Finally, the result map that is based on initial layers and weighted based on the fuzzy techniques is generated in GIS. The resulting map is identified the sensitivity of the study area in terms of potential water resources. The study area (Ardebil plain) is located in the northwest of Iran and is delimited by latitudes 38°05′ N and 38° 30′N and longitudes 48°15′ E and 48° 35′E. The average height is about 1360 meters from the sea level. It covers an area of about 820 km2 and is part of Qara Soo river basin. The low risk areas 11.13 % equivalent to 9200 hectares are located on the northern and a bit in west of the plain. The average risk areas 19.36 % equivalent to 15870 hectares are located in the north and west of plain. The high risk areas 21.3 % equivalent to 17510 hectares are located mostly in the central and upper parts of the plain. The vulnerable risk areas 31.9 % equivalent to 26220 hectares are located in the southern and central parts of the plain and finally the critical areas 16.1 % equivalent to 13250 hectares are scattered mostly in the south and east of the study area.

Quaternary deposits as the major sources of fresh water for humans have often been influenced by anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industry, and the like. The Tasuj plain is located in 45°18 to 45° 32 E and 38°20 to 38°24 N in north of Lake Urmia in East Azarbyjan province. This plain is one of the sub-basins of Lake Urmia which is surrounded by 12 major plains. The Tasuj basin is about 558 km2. This includes 302 km2 of the Tasuj plain and 256 km2 of Mount Mishu. The study area is surrounded by Lake Urmia (south), Mount Mishu (north), the Salmas Plain (west), and the Shabestar Plain (east). The highest elevation of the Tasuj basin is 3,133 m above the sea level (amsl) at the Peak of Mount Alamdar and the lowest elevation is 1,274 m near Lake Urmia. In the Tasuj basin, only a few seasonal rivers, originating from Mount Mishu, may appear. These seasonal rivers can flood the Tasuj plain in wet seasons. The seasonal rivers are the Amestejan, Angoshtejan, Almas, Chehregan, Tiran, Cheshmekonan, Sheikhvali, Sheikhmarjan, and Ghelmansara.
MethodologyThe conceptual model represents the dimensions, directions, and circumstances of the distribution of the deposits. This research was based on the stratigraphy, the conceptual model of Quaternary deposits of the Tasuj plain, north of Lake Urmia. This simulation was carried out using the GMS software, based on 28 geological logs of observation wells and 78 geoelectrical sounding per geoelectrical sections. The application menus of this software including GIS, TINs, Solids, Boreholes, 3D Gride, and 3D scatter point were used in the research.
Results and DiscussionQuaternary deposits of the Tasuj plain were divided into 5 classes of strata, including (Qal), (Q3), (Q2), (Q1), and (Qmf). The results showed that Q2 deposits had an average permeability and contained fresh water aquifer in the eastern and southeastern areas. Although Q3 and Qal were located in 1320 m above sea levels (asml), the highest thickness (i.e., 190 m) was shown in 1550 m asml. These deposits spread horizontally in the whole area, but its vertical expansion was more in the northern and, particularly, in the north eastern areas. Q3 and Qal classes were characterized by high permeability and lack of clay.
ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that the conceptual-stratigraphic model has high efficiency in identifying the Quaternary deposits. The 3D-capable model can expand the point wise characteristics and thickness of Quaternary deposits in the study area using interpolation method. Quaternary deposits of the Tasuj plain were characterized as alluvial deposits (Qal), dry deposits (Q3), medium grain alluvial deposits (possibly water bearing) (Q2), fine grain alluvial deposits (possibly water bearing) (Q1), and clay (Qmf). In addition, the conceptual-spatial model of the quaternary deposits of the Tasuj aquifer showed that aquifer bedrock in the Galemaraghoosh-Shikhvaly was lower than other areas along the coast. There might be a buried deep valley from Almas to Tasuj, Galemaraghoosh.

The aim of this study was to investigate effect of roads direction on inner city fatal car accidents in Tabriz city. The type of research is practical and researchers used secondary analysis method. At the first roads direction at the location of fatal accidents registered by police officers collected, then the effect of roads direction on the occurrence of fatal accidents is studied by Geographic information system spatial analysis with Kernel Density Estimation tool. Number of crashes analyzed was 503 inner city fatal accidents during 54 months(April of 2012 to August of 2017) have been registered according to their x and y location in geographic information system (GIS). The mentioned areas were analyzed by kernel density estimation (KDE) using ARCMAP 10.3 software. This research introduces determining the eventfulness of under study area based on kernel density and to make priority in creating more security in the area. The KDE output analysis consist the fact for all fatals accident because all the points of fatal accident were checked by GPS gadget. According to the results of the study, we can say that, double tracked ways in Tabriz city was more dangerous than one-way roads. The importance of this study is to use GIS as a management system for accident analysis and result of this study can be useful for urban human health organizations for management politics.

In this study, the effects of hydro-geomorphology factors on the water quality changes of Siminehrood River and the process of these changes were studied at the different spatial and temporal scales. Data related to physical, chemical and hydrological parameters during 2003-2013 were received from the regional water organization of West Azarbaijan province and its seasonal average was calculated for each station. The related maps were extracted using GIS software. Then, the process of changing water quality during different seasons was studied for each station and the relationship between variables and their significance level was achieved by Pearson correlation test and SPSS software. Finally, Schueller and Wilcox diagrams were traced during each station and each season using Chemistry software for assessing the type and chemical quality of river water for drinking water and agricultural purposes. The quality of Kavlan station water during spring with amounts TDS (174.9), EC (269.1) and the concentration of chloride and sulfate ions (0.7) as the most favorable and Miandoab station during summer with amounts TDS (359.3), EC (529.3) and the concentration of chloride and sulfate ions (3.7) were introduced as the most critical spatial and temporal periods, respectively. In all research stations, the decrease of river water quality as the increase of EC, TDS and the concentration of chloride and sulfate ions had a direct and meaningful correlation with the discharge variable. In Siminehrood basin, the physical characteristics of the basin and hydro-geomorphology factors play a role in the presence or lack of pollution sources and seasonal-spatial changes of water quality. According to Schueller classification, Siminehrood River water is in a good and quite tasteless category in terms of drinking water. Also, in Wilcox diagram, all the stations are related to the C2S1 class for each season and have a slightly salty quality suitable for agricultural purposes.

Landslide is one of the natural hazards in mountainous regions that results in huge losses every year. Alashtar Doab watershed with mountainous terrains, uplands and different natural conditions has the potential for landslide. The purpose of this study is landslide hazard zoning using artificial neural network model in Alashtar Doab watershed. In order to preparing the map, first of all parameters of the landslide were extracted and then the layers were prepared and after that a landslide distribution map that was occurred in the basin was prepared and then by combining landslide influencing factors with landslide distribution map, the impact of each of these factors such as slope, aspect, lithology, rainfall, land use, distance from fault and stream in ArcGIS software were measured. In this research, artificial neural network model with error back propagation algorithm and sigmoid activation function was used. The final structure of the network consisted of eight neurons in the input layer, eleven neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. Network accuracy in the testing phase was calculated by 85.93 percentages. After optimization of the network structure, all area information was imported to the network. Based on landslide hazard zoning using artificial neural network model, 37.44, 45.7, 93.8, 49.32 and 76.6 percent of the area at risk is located in very low, low, medium, high and very high classes, respectively.

Zoning flood in the rivers and watercourses within different return periods and identifying and introducing areas at risk of flooding are non-structural, important measures in the flood management discussion. The aim of this study was to identify natural areas prone to flooding in the region and to review the hazards and consequences of its occurrence in order to identify floodgate lands at the river bed. In this study, the HEC-RAS model, HEC-GEORAS appendix, and ArcGIS software were used to simulate the river flow, and to calculate and determine water surface profiles and other hydraulic characteristics of flows. According to the results of the floodgate zone, it can be said that the area of land at risk of flooding has increased at the entire study area due to the increase of return period and has also dramatically changed at different study region due to the geomorphological conditions of the area. So that, if we consider the area of the floodgate zone with a 25-year return as our basis, 3607/43 hectares are at risk of flooding in all the regions, of which 2129/69 hectares are in the region 3.The region 3 can be introduced as the most critical region of floodgate, so that the largest area of arable lands, garden areas and residential areas of this region are at the risk of flooding in the river bed. The average maximum power of the river in the returns course 1.5-100 years old has the highest value in the region 2 (573/7 watt per square meter). So this region, the harmful effects and damages are taken into consideration rather than the power of the river, which can be considered as the most critical region of erosion.

Slope instabilities are considered as one of the major dangers to human activities which occurred in natural slopes and the slopes made by humans. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the occurrence of slope instability using logistic regression models and artificial neural network in Ahar Sattar khan dam basin. The results of statistical models to determine the potential areas of instability and ultimately create a hazard zonation map for the study area. In this regard, the most important factors in landslides such as slope, aspect, elevation, rainfall, distance from the road, fault and drainage, land use and exploration and peculiarities of each of them were identified. Standardization base of histogram model is by cutting the classes of each layer with occurred landslides. The models show that the very high-risk area in the neural network and logistic regression are 724 and 5/56 per cent respectively which cover the areas close to Sattar khan dam, mainly including the lithology of these areas located in the regions with lower resistance. Besides, Statistical methods Logistic prove that faults and lithology have an immense impact on the occurrence of landslide in this area. The ROC index value for neural network and logistic regression models are 0/85 and 0/81. So it can be said neural network model for zoning of landslides is more efficient, so any planning and construction must be compatible with the conditions of geomorphology and geology of the area leading to as least human and financial losses as possible.

The outbreak of the severe floods, one of the most important hazards hydro - Geomorphic is the Sirvan River catchment. Sirvan River as one of the most significant rivers is located in the west. During the last half century, especially in the spring severely flooded and many local experts melted snow and rain cause flooding intensifies over the day. To review the issue better flood data longer needed in this paper, using geomorphological data and flood reconstruction has been flooding. For the purposes of this paper, using satellite images stagnant water deposits and geomorphological evidences flood potential sites were identified. The river was divided into three periods, and the exact field visits to sites of stagnant water deposits on the sediment stratigraphy analysis was. With the mapping, map 1: 1000 area of study were produced and a total of 48 Section in three intervals, drawn and flood discharge was reconstructed in different periods. Software HEC-RAS, GIS was used to draw schematics and hydraulic analyzes. The maximum flood discharge for a period of 2 years, 103.66 and 4785.78 cubic meters per second for 1000-year period has been estimated as. Palangan in the first period, water level in the 2-year period, 1005.36 m 989.57 m and for the period of 1000 years. And the second period, Dalamarz border, for a period of 2 years, 868.42 m and for the period of 1000 years of 885.91 m. The third open Rodbar, water level in the 2-year period, 790.17 meters and 830.42 meters respectively for a period of 1000 years. Estimated maximum instantaneous flow old river floods showed that large floods is not unexpected. The results showed that using the Paleo stage indicator of PSI, the large floods (Discharge maximum) in the river channel using hydraulic model HEC-RAS and HEC-GEO-RAS estimated Software included and explained

Gavi river catchment is located in the south west of Ilam city covering the area of 460 km² where different types of erosion incidences are noticeable therefore, estimating the amount of erosion and deposition is essential for soil and water conservation projects. The method of this study is based on litrature review, field and empirical models of erosion and sedimentation estimation. Empirical model of MPSIAC whit considers the most effective parameters in erosion and sediment is used as a chosen technique and the environmental parameters are analyzed in this format. At the end the results were compared to Bajk strait sediment station. GIS software is used to prepare the information layers. The results show that MPSIAC model is a good model in this area, because as a sample, the estimated amount of sediment in the area using MPSIAC model was 20.453 tons per square kilometer of sediment per year and estimated sediment in hydrometeric station of Bajak strait is 23.460 tons per year. It was also observed that the estimated sediment in this basin is in erosional Class4 and in terms of quality classification, erosion is in high level and according to the definition of this level it can be said that in this basin the relocation of the soil particles (dust) is in a rate that accomplishment of soil and water conservation programs should be in priority and lands usage should be limited.

Erosion, especially soil erosion is a serious threat to soil and water resources, because the soil consists of a combination of small-scale materials, non-organic and organic materials, also is a natural, dynamic environment that the growth of plants depends on it. Nowadays, soil erosion is one of the issues and problems that causes serious damages in Iran. Every year, nearly 75 billion tons of fertile soil and billions of tons of other agricultural land soil erode. The present research aims at investigating the EPM and Fournier models, validating the aforementioned models with the observed data of hydrometric station of Kouhsalar located at Mianeh, and introducing Fournier model instead of the costly and time-consuming models to estimate the sediment in case of its being valid in the area under study.
Materials and Shaharchai basin with an approximate area of 1510 square kilometers is located in the Eastern Azarbaijan Province and in the northwest part of the city of Mianeh and is one of the branches of the Gezel Uzan river.
In the present research to achieve the desired goal, the following materials were used including: topographic map, geological map of the region, satellite images of Landsat 8 in 2014, and 1:20,000 aerial photos, for the preparation of the current state of the erosion and land cover, as well as the use of soil science studies of identification-justification stage report of hydrometric areas of Shaharchai basin in 2007, the data of precipitation and evaporation Survey stations on a monthly basis for use in the models and data of Kouhsalar hydrometric station in order to estimate sediment of the basin.
The software Arc GIS was used for preparing thematic maps, including maps of isotemperature and isoprecipitation lines, maps of land use - land cover and the formation of the database, the software ENVI5 was used for extracting data related to the land use - land cover in the area.
The models used in this research are EPM and Fournier by using GIS to estimate the sediment.
In the present investigation after obtaining the amount of sediment estimates for each of the sub-basins, the data of 40 years (1973-2013) of hydrometric station of Kouhsalar were used for validation of the results of the models. One of the common methods for calculating the production of suspended sediment is to use the method of sediment rating curve-daily stream discharge. The required data for drawing the sediment rating curve and calculating the respect of current are discharge estimates and corresponding sediment discharge. Then, to compare the results of observation, percentage of relative error (RE) was used.
The necessary data for the estimation of erosion and sedimentation of the region after the weighting and calculating was obtained for each of the sub-basins. The intensity and the percentage of erosion area of the basin is shown in a table. Map of the intensity of erosion reflects the severity of the erosion of the area under study in three classes of Very Low, Low, and Medium. Although the severity of the erosion of the Medium class has a dramatically considerable percentage of the area, the highest percentage is related to the intensity of the Low class of erosion.
The Medium class of erosion is about 26%. In this class of the erosion, separation and movement of soil particles is to the extent that the implementation of soil and water conservation programs is required. Most of these areas are located on rangelands, and effective factors in these areas include high slope, poor coverage, and structures sensitive to erosion. In these areas, mechanical operations should be carried out more carefully and with caution. Preservation of pasture plants, biological operations, and preventing animals’ grazing are strictly recommended.
In the present research, the models of erosion with the aim of determining the best model for the estimation of the sedimentation of the catchment area of Shaharchai Mianeh basin were applied. Because of the simplicity and low cost of Fournier model, it was investigated. But because of its being too simple and not taking into account the parameters influencing the erosion, the Fournier model cannot be a good alternative to costly and time-consuming models such as EMPSIAC or EPM. In the validation of EPM model, using the observed data, relative coincidence with 9.9% difference fits fairly well. Considering the absolute value of the difference in EPM with the observed data, the amount of sediment reached 200,454 tons per year. This amount of sediment is due to the large area of Medium class of erosion. In this class, erosion, separation, and movement of soil particles is to the extent that soil and water conservation programs are necessary.

To reduce vulnerability of some villages to natural hazards, shifting their location is inevitable. The rural relocation and resettlement is a plan to determine the optimum establishment and activity site for the study of villages by studying the causes of displacement, evaluating social and economic characteristics of villagers and environmental and physical assessment are of options for a new location. Googerd village due to its vulnerability to landslides was studied which several times was displaced and finally a place is specified for the displacement. If this site itself be vulnerable to natural hazards, it will cause the collapse of the physical, economic and social environment of villages. Vulnerability assessment in relation to natural hazards requires precision tools with applications in the spreadsheet spatial level. Therefore, in this study, in order to evaluate the rate of stability of the chosen site for displacement and relocation of Googerd village, at first the rate and range of displacement during the period from 2003 to 2010 were derived using 25 ASAR ENVISAT radar images and SBAS differential radar interferometry (D-InSAR) technique. The results showed that the stability of the selected sites does not have the favorable conditions and experience on average 12 cm line of sight (LOS) displacement. In order to conduct survey on the hillside of study area against mass movements and assessment of environmental stability and optimized understanding of them, displacement time series plots was drawn for six points around the selected site. These figures indicate that there is variable line of sight (LOS) rate of downward motion between 14-8 cm in all sides of selected site.

Ardabil Plain is an intermountain area of approximately 820 square kilometers in northwestern Iran, located in the eastern plateau of Azerbaijan within the province of Ardabil. Plain water needed for agriculture, industry and drinking are provided from rivers, deep and semi-deep wells and springs in the current area. To check the quality of groundwater in Ardabil, the data on 56 deep wells, 3 semi-deep wells, 3 aqueducts and fountains, and 7 mouthpiece of streams based on 1389 Regional Water Authority records were sampled. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the quality of potable groundwater of Ardabil Plain by using electrical conductivity, PH, SO4--, Cl-, Na and total hardness (in CaCo3) and geostatistical techniques in GIS software through ArcGIS10.3 to produce thematic maps of groundwater quality is Ardabil Plain. The ordinary kriging interpolation method to obtain the spatial distribution of parameters and simple additive weight for weighting and ranking layers were also used. Finally, with regard to the quality of the final map, it was detected that approximately 34 percent (about 280 kilometers) of groundwater for drinking at an optimal level in Ardabil Plain is located on the east side and that the lower quality water belonged to the southwest and northwest of the plain. Also, it was found that there is a direct relationship between the density of population and density of existing wells in the Plain.

Determining the characteristics of floods are considered important to plan and control them. According to geomorphological evidences of the river flow, Sirvan River, as one of the most significant rivers in the west of the country, has had some floods in the past. The present study aims at simulating and analyzing Sirvan River floods based on geomorphological evidence. As a matter of fact, long estimation would lead to predict the river behavior and flood appropriately, therefore it is necessary to search for possible estimations to do river planning vigilantly.
Materials and Topographic maps scale of 1: 1000, Total Station mapping camera, the application of GIS, HEC-RAS and research are the most important and practical materials and tools applied in the present study. The flood evidence was identified as a result of mapping and field surveys. Moreover, the metric measurements of the stratigraphy were drawn in the environment of drawing LAND software.
Determining the Manning roughness coefficient, the data were entered the environment of additional GEO-RAS from GIS environment to model the riverbed. The output was sent to the environment of HEC-RAS to present hydraulic simulation. Finally, the output was presented as transected and longitudinal sections.
The findings of positioning flood level with different return periods showed that the flood discharge increased for each longer return periods and there was an addition on the flood level in each sections. The profile of each section shows the increase and decrease of the flood regarding the other sections. In fact, as the section level increases, high-profile flooding decreases. The maximum instantaneous discharge of Sirvan River during a 48-year period reveals that the occurrence of large discharges is expected, therefore, Sirvan River can be counted as the flooding rivers.
The simulation of Sirvan River Valley floods was done applying hydraulic model HEC-RAS. Besides, the morphological flood evidence (stagnant water deposits) in paleo flood reconstruction was used to estimate the maximum flow discharge rate. As a matter of fact, statistical and experimental methods to estimate this river discharge and the adoption of wrong results by the civil engineers have had irreparable property and fatality damages. The investigations showed that using ancient Paleo indicator of PSI can help to estimate and analyze the maximum discharge in the river channel in the environment of HEC – RAS software.
It is not safe enough to rely on short-term statistics of hydrometric stations and experimental methods to estimate the floods’ discharge. Estimated discharge in different return periods shows that the occurrence of severe floods is expected. Applying geomorphological evidences of the flood provide more data for the systematic data and the basin of the rivers with no hydrometric stations. As a result, long estimation would lead to predict the river behavior and flood, therefore it is necessary to search for possible estimations to do river planning vigilantly.