محمدعلی حسین پور فیضی

Some single nucleotide polymorphisms of the HOTAIR gene are associated with various types of cancer, such as breast, ovarian, colorectal, and lung cancer. The HOTAIR gene product is a long non-coding RNA that is involved in the regulation of gene expression and apoptosis, and is therefore considered an oncogene. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the rs1899663 G>T polymorphism in breast cancer susceptibility in the northwestern region of Iran.

In this case-control study, the peripheral blood of 164 breast cancer patients referred to Tabriz hospitals and 172 healthy individuals was collected. After DNA extraction using saturated salt and proteinase K, single nucleotide polymorphism rs1899663 G>T of HOTAIR gene was investigated using tetra-primer ARMS-PCR. The association between this polymorphism and some clinical and pathological features of breast cancer including age, tumor type, tumor grade, tumor size, lymph node involvement and involved side was investigated.

The frequency of GG, GT, TT genotypes in sick people was 33.4%, 55.6% and 11%, respectively and in healthy people was 51.7%, 42.3% and 6%, respectively. GG (p=0.001) and GT (p=0.029) genotypes showed a significant association with breast cancer. This polymorphism is not associated with any of the clinicopathological features of breast cancer in this population.

Our data show that patients with GT and GG genotypes of rs1899663 G>T polymorphism of HOTAIR gene are more susceptible to breast cancer, while people with TT genotypes have a lower susceptibility to breast cancer development. The results of in silico analyses also show that these single nucleotide polymorphisms can increase the risk of breast cancer.

Studies indicate that single nucleotide polymorphism of ICB-1 gene rs1467465 is associated with breast cancer and ovarian cancer. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the association between ICB-1 gene polymorphism rs1467465 (A>G) and thyroid cancer susceptibility.

In this case-control study, the peripheral blood of 92 thyroid cancer patients referred to Tabriz hospitals and 203 healthy individuals were prepared. After DNA extraction by saturated salt solution, single nucleotide polymorphism rs1467465 of ICB-1 gene was investigated by TETRA-ARMS-PCR method. Then, allelic and genotypic frequencies of patient and control groups were evaluated and compared.

In this study, the genotypic frequency of AA, AG and GG in the patient group was 4.34%, 68.47% and 27.17%, respectively, and in the control group was 4.92%, 55.66% and 39.40% respectively. The frequencies of A and G alleles were calculated as 38.58% and 61.41% in the patient group and 32.75% and 67.24% in the control group, respectively. In this study, the relationship between this polymorphism and some clinical and pathological characteristics of thyroid cancer, including gender, age, type, grade and size of tumor, involvement of lymph nodes and involved side, was investigated.

This study showed that AG and GG genotypes have a significant relationship with the risk of developing thyroid tumors in the studied population, and this polymorphism may contribute to determining the relative risk of developing thyroid tumors.

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is the most common complication of pregnancy that refers to two or more miscarriages before the 20th week of pregnancy. HLA-G immunoglobulin molecule plays an important role in protecting the fetus against mother's immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between rs1632943 and rs1736932 polymorphisms with recurrent spontaneous abortion in Northwest of Iran.

This case-control study included 100 women with history of RSA as our case group and 80 healthy women with one or more than one children as the control group. Genomic DNA was purified from their peripheral blood samples and their genotypes were determined by PCR-sequencing method. Using SPSS 16, statistical analysis was performed by chi-square test.

In rs1632943 polymorphism the frequency of CC, CA and AA genotypes were 8%, 33% and 59% in the patient group and 16.25%, 43.75% and % 40 in the control group, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that AA genotype was associated with the recurrent spontaneous abortion (P = 0.005). In the rs1736932 polymorphism, the frequency of CC, CG and GG genotypes were 8%, 32% and 60% in the patient group and 17.5%, 41.25% and 41.25% in the control group, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that GG genotype was associated with the recurrent miscarriage (P = 0.005). Also, haplotype analysis showed that H1 haplotype (GA) is associated with the disorder.

Results of the study showed that rs1632943 and ra1736932 polymorphisms

This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of TINCR in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues of 50 women diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. The association of TINCR expression and the clinical characteristics of patients have also been studied.

Total RNA was isolated from tumor and adjacent non- tumor tissues of breast cancer patients using RNX-Plus. Then, PrimeScriptTM RT reagent was used for converting total RNA to cDNA. TINCR lncRNA levels were quantified by qRT-PCR and results was analyzed with paired sample t test. Moreover, for evaluation the TINCR biomarker potential, ROC curve analysis was used in breast cancer tumor tissues.

Reduced levels of TINCR were obtained in tumor tissues of breast cancer patients compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.0001). TINCR expression had negative association with tumor size and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer tumor tissues.

TINCR lncRNA downregulation in tumor tissues of breast cancer patients indicates that its expression level could discriminate the tumor from non-tumor tissues in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, TINCR lncRNA have low levels in breast cancer patients with large tumor size, positive lymph node metastasis and luminal A and B subtypes.

Heroin dependence is a chronic relapsing disorder caused by a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The genetic contribution in the vulnerability to heroin dependence is 40%-60%. Alterations in dopamine transport in the CNS are implicated in drug and alcohol dependence, and according to linkage studies, the HTR2A rs6313 single nucleotide polymorphism plays an important role in drug dependence and abuse. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between HTR2A rs6313 and heroin dependence among a population from Northwest Iran.

The study included a sample of 100 heroin-dependent patients and 102 control subjects. After DNA extraction from blood samples, the genotype of HTR2A rs6313 polymorphism was investigated among patients and controls using the PCR-RFLP method. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software to explore a significant association.
(Ethic code: 5/4/12152)

Frequencies of CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 23%, 50%, and 27% in the patient group and 32.35%, 44.12%, and 23.53% in the control group. According to statistical analysis, there were no significant differences between case and control groups in this regard (P>0.05).

The results of the study could not support a significant association between HTR2A rs6313 polymorphism and heroin dependence in the Azeri population of Northwest Iran. This indicates the need to investigate other candidate genetic polymorphisms in the study population.

Breast cancer is the most important cause of cancer mortality among women, therefore the study of its causative or aggravating factors seems necessary. In this study, the mRNA levels of the PHB2 gene were evaluated in tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues of 50 women diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.

RNX-Plus solution was used to isolate total RNA from tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues of breast cancer patients. Thereafter, total RNA was converted to cDNA using PrimeScriptTM RT reagent kit. The mRNA levels of PHB2 were quantified by qRT-PCR and data were analyzed with a paired-samples t test. Furthermore, ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic capacity of PHB2 expression in breast cancer tumor tissues.

A significantly lower level of PHB2 mRNA was observed in tumor tissues of breast cancer patients compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.0001). PHB2 mRNA levels showed an approximately 2.5-fold reduction in tumor tissues compared with normal tissues (P = 0.001). Roc cure analysis showed that PHB2 mRNA level can discriminate tumors from non-tumor tissues with 91.3% specificity and 64.3% sensitivity (AUC=0.712, P<0.001).

Downregulation of PHB2 in breast cancer patients shows that its mRNA levels can possibly discriminate tumors from non-tumor tissues.

Allergic rhinitis is a more prevalent health disorder in all regions of the world. In recent years, the study on Allergic rhinitis because of its higher prevalence and its effect on development of asthma have been more attended. In this article specifically reviews Singlenucleotide polymorphism studies in allergic rhinitis disease.

In this study, the results of previous research conducted between 2005 and 2020 in the field of genetic susceptibility to allergic rhinitis have been used. Articles were collected by searching keywords Allergic rhinitis, genetic polymorphisms, single nucleotide polymorphism in the databases Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct.

In these studies, the candidate genes and the variants of single nucleotide polymorphism associated with allergic rhinitis have been investigated. The data collected in this study are the result of studies conducted in different parts of the world. The population of studies in these articles were allergic rhinitis patients.

Results showed association of several SNPs of various genes in allergic rhinitis that some of them may be useful incomprehension of AR pathophysiology finding new procedures for allergic rhinitis immunotherapy

 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is a multifactorial disease that affects 1-3% of couples. Since Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G) gene is involved in fetal maternal immune tolerance, mutations in the HLA-G gene can affect the success rate of pregnancy.

 The present study aims to investigate the haplotype effect of rs1736933 and rs2735022 polymorphisms found in the HLA-G gene on the RPL.Methods In this case-control study, participants were 100 women with RPL and 80 women with normal fertility in northwestern Iran. The HLA-G gene promoter was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method and sequenced. The genotype and allele frequencies of the two polymorphisms were compared between the two groups by using t-test in SPSS software version 22. Haplotype analysis was performed using PHASE 2.1 and Haploview 4.2 applications

 C allele and CC genotype in rs2735022 polymorphism and the G allele and GG genotype in rs1736933 polymorphism showed a significant association with the RPL (P<0.05). Frequency of haplotypes AA, AC, GA, GC were 0.72, 0.23, 0.01, 0.03 in patients and 0.39, 0.01, 0.02, 0.59 in the control group (P<0.05). The linkage disequilibrium score was 94.

 Analysis of GC haplotype in rs2735022 and rs1736933 polymorphisms of the HLA-G gene can be helpful in genetic studies of women with RPL.

Studies have suggested that HLA-G is involved in protecting the fetus against the motherchr('39')s immune system, and upstream polymorphisms of this gene may influence pregnancy success by effecting its expression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of upstream HLA-G gene polymorphism, rs1736933, with recurrent spontaneous abortion in East Azerbaijan women population.

This case-control study was performed on 80 women with at least one child and without any history of abortion, and 100 women with at least two recurrent spontaneous abortions which were diagnosed by gynecologist. 2 ml of blood was obtained from the participants and after DNA extraction, a segment of the HLA-G gene promoter was amplified by PCR and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. PCR products were sequenced and genotyped. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of patient and control groups were compared.

Frequency of AA, CA, CC genotypes in the patient group were 8(8%), 37(37%), 55(55%) and in the control group were 16(20%), 33(41.25%), 31(38.75%) respectively. Comparison of genotypic frequencies between the two groups showed that CC homozygous genotype was associated with recurrent abortion (p= 0.015). Statistical analysis also showed a significant difference between the allelic frequencies of the two groups (p= 0.019).

The results of this study showed that the upstream HLA-G gene polymorphism, rs1736933, is associated with the recurrent abortion in East Azerbaijan women population.

related deaths worldwide. Aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) plays a crucial role in the development of GC. These molecules take part in various biological processes such as apoptosis, invasion, cell death markers, reprogramming of pluripotent stem cells, and genomic imprinting, which show that lncRNAs play an essential role in eukaryotic gene expression. LncRNAs interact with epigenetic factors including DNA methylases, histone modifiers, miRNAs, and chromatin remodeling complex, which lead to altered gene expression and cancer progression. Because the symptoms of GC usually develop in advanced stages, it is important to identify factors that are of clinical value for early diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Therefore, in this review article, lncRNAs whose expression levels are increased in GC tissue and by interacting with epigenetic factors may be involved in the development of GC are discussed.

Breast cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death among females, which requires an exploration for markers to propose a more specific categorization of this cancer. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), the main subset of noncoding transcripts, are involved in tumorigenic processes. In this study, we investigated the expression of the fer- 1– like family member 4 (FER1L4) lncRNA and its competitive endogenous RNA network target gene, RB transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB1), in ductal carcinoma (invasive and in situ) tissue and its adjacent noncancerous tissue (ANCT). Furthermore, associations of FER1L4 and RB1 with various clinical features of the patients were analyzed.

Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of the mentioned genes in 61 samples of ductal carcinoma and their ANCTs, and the data were analyzed using ANOVA and t tests.

FER1L expression was not significantly different in breast tumor samples compared with their ANCT samples, while RB1 showed significant downregulation in tumor tissues (P = 0.008). In addition, increased expression of FER1L4 and decreased RB1 expression were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients (P < 0.05).

FER1L4 is not upregulated in breast cancer tissue. However, RB1 expression is significantly downregulated.

Breast cancer is the most common tumor malignancy among women worldwide. Studies have revealed new class of RNA molecules named Long non-coding RNAs that play important role in tumor development, progression and metastasis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate long non-coding RNA lncUSMycN expression in breast cancer.

In this study, 40 breast tumor with invasive ductal carcinoma and 40 normal marginal tissues were collected and after RNA extraction using TRizol kit, cDNA was synthesized. Expression level of lncUSMycN was obtained by applying qRT-PCR method. In order to evaluate association of lncUSMycN expression in tumor compared to normal tissues REST software was used. Biomarker potential of lncUSMycN was evaluated by drawing ROC curve using SigmaPlot. In addition, relationship between lncUSMycN expression and clinicopathological features was analysed.

Results from REST indicated significant upregulation of lncUSMycN in tumor tissues compared to normal marginal specimens (95% CI, p =0.001). ROC curve analysis demonstrated the biomarker potential of lncUSMycN (ROCAUC =0.72, p=0.0006). Evaluation of the relationship between lncUSMycN expression and clinicopathological features revealed that there are significant association between lncUSMycN expression and early stages (95% CI, P=0.005) and well-differentiated tumors (95% CI, P=0.046).

Considering upregulation of lncUSMycN expression in invasive ductal carcinoma this lncRNA may be probably considered as a new potential diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer.

 Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer still remains the second leading cause of cancer- related death in women. Recent reports have detected a new class of non-coding molecules named long non-coding RNAs that play an important role in various biological processes involved in cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the expression level of long non-coding RNA HULC in breast cancer.

 In this experimental study, after collecting 40 breast tumors with invasive ductal carcinoma and 40 normal marginal tissues, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were done. The expression level of HULC was obtained by using the qRT-PCR method. REST 2009 software was employed to evaluate the association of its expression in tumor and normal tissues. Biomarker potential of HULC was evaluated by drawing ROC curve. Relationship between HULC expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed.

 Results from REST indicated significant upregulation of HULC in tumor tissues compared to normal marginal specimens (95% CI; p=0.0001). ROC curve analysis also demonstrated the biomarker potential of HULC in breast cancer (ROCAUC=0.79; p<0.0001). Evaluation of the relationship between HULC expression and clinicopathological features revealed that there is a statistically significant positive correlation of HULC expression with advanced stages (95% CI; P=0.019).

 Considering the upregulation of HULC expression in invasive ductal carcinoma, this lncRNA could be considered as a new potential diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer.

In the past, olibanum was used as an incense and perfume and a remedy for treating various diseases. Now, it is confirmed that olibanum improves memory and has a role in treatment and prevention of Alzheimer disease. CaMKIIα gene is known as molecular memory because of its role in cellular processes associated with memory. The aim of this research was to study the effect of ethanolic extract of olibanum on the expression of CaMKIIα in B65 and PC12 cells. To determine the effect of olibanum on cell viability, MTT assay was done and cells were treated with the extract in different concentrations and times. To study the gene expression, the cells were treated by two concentrations of the extract at four time points. Then, RNA was extracted, cDNA was synthesized, and the expression of CaMKIIα was quantified by qPCR. The qPCR data revealed that olibanum alternately changed the expression of CaMKIIα in a reducing and increasing pattern over time in B65 cells. However, the extract could not induce the expression of this gene in PC12 cells. According to the role of CaMKIIα as molecular memory and the positive effect of olibanum in memory improvement, current results could be helpful in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which olibanum affects memory performance.

  Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, causing high mortality in the affected patients. The identification of circulating tumor biomarkers in blood could be considered as non-invasive strategy for early diagnosis and prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of PRNCR1 (prostate cancer associated non-coding RNA 1) gene in the plasma of patients with breast cancer and to evaluate its expression compared to the normal ones. This study was carried out on the 32 blood samples from breast cancer patients and 25 ones from healthy women. The RNA was extracted from the plasma of the samples. Subsequently, the presence of RNA of PRNCR1 gene in plasma of patients was quantitatively evaluated by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR). Moreover, the expression of PRNCR1 gene was studied in terms of clinico-pathological characteristics of patients. The statistical analysis of data was performed in SPSS software using t-test. The results showed that the PRNCR1 gene could be detected in the plasma of cancer patients. The obtained results indicated significantly higher expression in tumor samples, compared to the healthy ones (P<0.05). However, statistical data showed that the expression of PRNCR1 gene in tumor samples does not have any significant correlation with clinical-pathological characteristics, including tumor size, age, and lymph node involvement (P>0.5). Discussion & The data demonstrated that circulating non-coding PRNCR1 of plasma could be used in the discrimination of breast invasive ductal carcinomas from those of normal people. However, more studies should be conducted to determine the tumorigenic role of lncRNA PRNCR1.

Long-term memory depends on protein synthesis. The product of Camkiv gene promotes memory via activating its proteins. The treatment of laboratory animals by Olibanum leads to memory improvement and the recovery of Alzheimer. Therefore, the aim of this study is the evaluation of Olibanum ethanolic extract on the Camkiv expression in PC12 cells. Olibanum toxicity on the cell viability was investigated by MTT test. Cells were treated with concentrations 10,25,40,55,70 and 85 μg/ml of extract in time intervals 12,24,48 and 72 hours and their absorption rate was measured. Then, cells were treated by concentrations 2 and 20 μg/ml of extract in mentioned times. Extracted RNA was converted into cDNA and real-time PCR performed. Cell death was raised by increasing time and concentration of extract treatment. IC50 values were obtained as 71.01, 52.95, 21.05 and 13.85 μg/ml in 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment, respectively. Besides, concentrations 2 and 20 μg/ml significantly increased Camkiv expression following 24 hour treatment. The maximum expression of Camkiv was observed in 48 hour treatment. The effect of Olibanum on gene upregulation was stable until 72 hours. The Olibanum ethanolic extract can remarkably upregulate Camkiv expression for a long time. These results are consistent with the previous studies indicating the effect of Olibanum on upregulation of Bdnf, Camkiv -downstream gene. However, regarding the existence of the two-direction pathway in the expression regulation of Bdnf and Camkiv , comprehensive studies are required to determine exact mechanism of Olibanum function in the brain.

Detection of tumor-specific microRNAs (miRs) in the blood of cancer patients may provide a unique and valuable biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plasma levels of microRNA-4270 could serve as a potential marker for breast invasive ductal carcinoma. A total of 40 breast cancer patients and 28 controls were recruited in this study. Total RNA was extracted from plasma samples andmiR-4270 expression was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The correlation between miR-4270 expression and clinicopathological characteristics were also studied. Our data showed that plasma miR-4270 is significantly up-regulated in patients compared to control group (P-value=0.00). In addition, data analysis illustrated a correlation between low plasma levels of miR-4270 and larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis and higher stages of malignancy (P-value > 0.05). The area under the curve of the ROC revealed thatmiR-4270 expression was not able to distinguish between tumor plasmas and nontumoral specimens. Current work shows preliminary data on the expression profile of-4270 in plasma of breast cancer patients. However, further studies are required to fully elucidate the role of circulating mix-4270 in breast ductal carcinoma.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, which is associated with genetic changes such as mutations in carcinogenic genes and tumor suppressor genes. One of the most important tumor suppressor genes involved in breast cancer is the BRCA1 gene. The mutation in this gene is a common occurrence in human breast cancer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mutations of exon 11-A of BRCA1 gene in women with breast cancer in the northwest of Iran.
In this descriptive study, blood sample were collected form 40 patients with breast cancer whose cancer was diagnosed before the age of 40 years and the exon 11-A of BRCA1 gene was examined using PCR and direct sequencing methods to detect mutations. Sequencing results were analyzed using Chromas software.
FINDING: In the present study, a nonsynonymous mutation was reported as a new mutation of BRCA1 gene for the first time: Ala584Thr mutation was also observed in two samples. The mutations of codon 694 (Ser694Ser) showed a higher incidence (52.5%). Other mutations were observed in codons 693, 356, 486, 550 and 628.
Based on the results of this study, mutations and polymorphisms of exon 11 of BRCA1 gene were observed for the first time in the northwestern population of Iran. One new case of mutation was observed in exon 11-A of BRCA1 gene.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies leading to death in women especially in industrial countries. Recent studies revealed that noncoding RNAs play important roles in various cellular activities such as tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. PRNCR1 is a long noncoding RNA that upregulates in some cancers and through androgen receptor signaling causes carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression pattern of PRNCR1 in breast cancer patients.
Material & In the present study, 30 breast tumor specimens and paired adjacent nontumoral tissues were collected from breast cancer women from East Azarbaijan province during the period of 2014-2015 and the expression level of PRNCR1 was evaluated using qRT-PCR. Also, the statistical analysis (t-test) was performed to examine the association between PRNCR1 and clinic-pathologic characteristics of tumor samples.
The data revealed that PRNCR1 significantly upregulates in breast tumor tissues compared to the paired adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, overexpression of PRNCR1 in breast tumor tissues was significantly related to tumor size and lymph node metastasis (P The results revealed that PRNCR1 significantly dysregulates in breast cancer. Considering its effect on downstream pathways of androgen receptor, suggesting that it might be used as a therapeutic agent, although further studies are required.

Breast cancer is one of the main causes of death among Iranian women. Human RAD51 protein, play a central role in homologous recombination repair of double-stranded DNA breaks and is essential for maintaining genomic stability. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5′-untranslated region of RAD51 gene (RAD51 135G˃C) is reported to modulate breast cancer risk. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship of this SNP with breast cancer risk among Iranian Azeri Turkish women.
This case-control study was performed on 127 breast cancer cases and 125 controls. Genomic DNA was extracted and the RAD51 135G > C genotype was determined using a PCR–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) based assay and confirmed by sequencing. The results were analyzed statistically.
The frequencies of CC, CG and GG genotypes of RAD51 135G˃C were 1.613%, 20.161% and 78.225% in control group and 2.362%, 24.409% and 73.228% in patients, respectively. The results showed no significant differences among patients and controls groups.
The data presented here may suggest that the RAD51 135G > C polymorphism is not associated with breast cancer risk in Iranian Azeri population.

ovarian cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death in women. In order to reduce its mortality and morbidity, identification and evaluation of specific diagnostic biomarkers are necessary. Given the importance of the GADD45A role in cell survival and death, its expression changes were investigated in benign, borderline and malignant ovarian serous tumors in the present work.
Fresh specimens from different types of ovarian serous tissues including 75 tumors and 20 normal gathered from patients who referred to Urmia Kosar and Tabriz Alzahra hospitals between 2015 and 2017 and stored in -80°C. After making a diagnosis by a pathologist, RNA extraction was performed with TRIzol kit, cDNA was synthesized by Takara kit and then the GADD45A gene expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR
The analysis revealed that GADD45A gene expression level showed a significant difference between malignant and normal tissue (p Based on our findings, it has been shown that the GADD45A gene expression level significantly reduced in cancer samples. Therefore, this gene expression level may be used to identify the disease stage in ovarian serous tumors. In addition, its expression level can be considered as a target in cancer therapy.

Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease usually occurs when serious damages have occurred in the brain and common treatments are ineffective in preventing it. One of the RNAs involved in Alzheimer's disease is a long noncoding RNA, called BDNF antisense (BDNF-AS). The aim of this study is to determine the presence and compare the BDNF-AS levels in plasma of Alzheimer's patients and healthy subjects, and to evaluate its potential as a plasma marker for Alzheimer's disease.
In this case-control study, 30 patients with late-stage Alzheimer's disease and 30 healthy subjects without neurological disease who matched the patients in terms of age were selected by a specialist according to the criteria for clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and their intravenous blood samples were collected. The plasma of the blood samples was isolated and total plasma RNA was extracted. After cDNA synthesis, the presence of BDNF-AS in plasma was examined by PCR. Finally, the relative level of BDNF-AS transcripts in plasma samples of patients with Alzheimer's disease and healthy subjects was evaluated using Real Time PCR.
FINDINGS: The results of this study showed that long noncoding RNA BDNF-AS was present in the plasma of patients and controls. Comparison of Real Time PCR data showed that BDNF-AS levels in the plasma of patients (0.107±0.021) showed significant increase compared to healthy subjects (0.039 ± 0.006).
The results of this preliminary study indicate that the levels of long noncoding RNA BDNF-AS in plasma can be used as a blood/plasma marker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

DNA sequence determination is a tremendous human achievement. DNA sequencing includes several methods and technologies in use for determining the order of the nucleotide bases in a molecule of nucleic acid. Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for the basic biological researches. Nucleotides sequence determination is used in numerous applied fields such as diagnostics, biotechnology, forensic biology and biological systematics. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological researches and discoveries.
There are several generations of DNA sequencing technologies that can be well characterized through their nature and the kind of output they provide. Dideoxy terminator sequencing developed by Sanger dominated for 30 years and was the workhorse used for the Human Genome Project. In 2005 the first 2nd generation sequencer was presented with an output orders of magnitude higher than Sanger sequencing and dramatically decreased cost. We are now at the dawn of the 3rd generation of sequencing systems.
Researchers in the field of genetics in Iran use this technology in their studies, but unfortunately our literature lacks proper Persian language resources. This review briefly describes the current high-throughput nucleotide sequencing platforms commercially available.

lnc-CCAT2 is a non-protein coding RNA, which is highly expressed in tissues and cancer cell types. Due to the increasing incidence of breast tumors in recent years, in this research, the qualification of CCAT2 gene expression is assessed as a potential molecular marker in the diagnosis and treatment of breast tumors.
Material & Totally, 35 breast tumor specimens and 35 non-tumoral ones related to the tumor margins were studied using quantitative real-time PCR method. Gene β2m was used as the internal control. Obtained results were statistically analyzed Using the SPSS and sigmaplot software.
The results showed that CCAT2 gene expression, significantly increased in breast tumor samples compared to marginal non-tumor specimens. (P This results showed that CCAT2 gene can be applied as a diagnostic marker for the identification and diagnosis of breast tumor tissues and non-tumor types. Therefore, it can be used alongside other conventional Diagnostic Laboratorial methods. More studies are underway on the biomarking potentiality of this gene.

Since the discovery of P53 in 1979 as a tumor antigen until today that has been established as an important tumor suppressor gene, over sixty four thousand paper and research reports were published in PubMed including this protein name. Although the results of these investigations have been helped to clarify the structure, function and regulation of P53, they also led to more ambiguities and questions about this protein. Identification of different isoforms of P53, the discovery of a P53 natural antisense (Wrap53) and recent findings about its different roles in processes such as longevity, aging and metabolism have made P53 remain attractive for study. Delivering the wild type P53 gene to p53 mutant cancer cells, introduction of small molecules that reactivate mutant p53 or suppress its important regulator, MDM2, are among the cancer therapies developed based on p53. The present article attempts to review the history and functions of p53 and discuss about the treatment strategies have been developed based on its antitumor properties.