مرتضی منادی

The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes towards life among adolescent girls in Tehran. The study aimed to identify the factors influencing their attitudes and provide appropriate strategies to improve their quality of life.

This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews. Participants were purposively selected from adolescent girls residing in Tehran. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved and was analyzed using NVivo software.

The results indicated that the attitudes towards life in adolescent girls were influenced by factors such as self-confidence, body image, gender roles, stress management, personal values, family relationships, friendships, interaction with teachers, social acceptance, group activities, educational and career goals, future worries and hopes, media and technology influence, attitudes towards marriage and family in the future, and environmental and social issues.

This study revealed that the attitudes towards life in adolescent girls are influenced by multiple individual, familial, social, and cultural factors. Understanding these attitudes can help improve programs and policies related to the physical and mental health of adolescent girls and provide appropriate strategies to enhance their quality of life.

The background conditions in each country require that they have a unique history of special education, which has led to different educational systems and services for students with special needs. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the education laws for students with special needs in the United States and Iran, focusing on the field of learning disabilities and their implementation procedures, and examining their strengths and weaknesses. The research employed a document analysis method, gathering necessary information through extensive search in reputable scientific databases, reports, and published government documents. The special education laws in the United States (up to 2022) and Iran (up to 2023) were compared and analyzed in terms of the changes over time and the implementation processes concerning learning disabilities. Prominent features of the U.S. special education law include individualized education programs, enforcement guarantees, and parental and student decision-making rights in educational matters. However, there is greater emphasis on research project development and scientific investigations in Iranian law. Regarding the implementation procedures and attention to students with learning disabilities, in Iran, support is mainly provided during the early years of education, whereas in the United States, such support continues until the completion of higher education. Additionally, the evaluation of students with disabilities are carried out with greater precision in the United States. Achieving the goals of the law on the rights of individuals with special needs requires not only the completion and approval of legislation but also proper implementation of the laws and structural reforms.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the mental pattern of psychologists and sociologists regarding the causes and cultural impairments of child marriage in girls. The statistical population included all psychologists and sociologists. The research sample was 16 interviewees from psychology and sociology specialists who reached theoretical saturation of the collected data by snowball sampling method. The research method was descriptive-survey of the mixed type research (qualitative-quantitative). In the present study, Q (Q) methodology technique was used to collect data. The group of Q expressions (Q) in 29 items was obtained from in-depth interviews with experts and research background. The validity of the content and form of the Q-chart and items was confirmed by the experts. The findings showed that the mentality of experts was classified in the order of priority in six different mental patterns of beliefists, macroists, familyists, socialists, religionists and individualists. Also, the main cause of child marriage of girls was reported by individuals who had the mental pattern of beliefists, beliefs issues, macroists, macro issues, familyists, within family issues, socialists, social issues, religionists, religious issues, and individualists, individual issues. According to the opinion of psychologists and sociologists, enculturation played the main and essential role in preventing child marriage of girls and it is necessary to take more measurements in this field. Using the capacities of the media to show the consequences of child marriage for girls in different ways could be effective in conveying messages and preventing such practice.

One of the important factors in children's cognitive development and attitude towards learning is images. Pictures in books play an important role in children's cognitive interaction with the phenomena of the surrounding world.

The purpose of this research is to qualitatively study the positive and negative cognitive content of the images of Salam Oli's non-textual reading books.

This research is a qualitative study and was conducted by thematic analysis. The community of this research was the images of the non-curricular books of Salam Oli authored in 2015. In this study, 20 story books of the first-grade reading series were selected and analyzed using the full enumeration method. 260 images from these books were coded and analyzed alone without considering the written text. In this analysis, each image was counted and categorized as a content unit.

Four main themes (fear and anxiety, insecurity and violence, sadness and illness) and three main themes (courage, spirituality, happiness) were identified as negative and positive themes respectively in this study.

According to the findings of this study, the main concepts of the book have been expressed through pictures. The volume of images is more than the text. The predominance of negative themes (deprivation, poverty, war, death) in the images causes psychological distress and insecurity for the child audience.

Post-divorce consequences is a context-based phenomenon and in every community it is affected by the personal, social and cultural factors of that community. A number of studies have been carried out on the consequences of divorce over the world, but there is a reaearch gap on its consequences for divorced women, espicially in small and traditional citiez in Iran.

The purpose of this study is qualitative study of the experiences of divorced women in Behbahan of the consequences of divorce.

The present study is the result of a qualitative study and a semi-structured interview with 13 divorced women in Behbahan, who were selected using purposive sampling method. The data collection method was semi-structured interview and these interviews continued until theoretical saturation. The thematic analysis method (Braun & Clarke, 2006), were selected in order to analyze the data.

Data analysis showed 210 codes in 4 main themes (Socio-cultural, Psychological, Personal consequences, Economic consequences) and 15 sub-themes (mposing society's perceptions on divorced women, social stigma, greed, reconnection, relationships with friends and relatives, the role of family, conflicting emotions, emotional thoughts, lack of life skills, communication with children, meta-parenting, crisis of residence, seeking of psychological help, behavioral measures and economic insecurity).

Divorce for women is a cycle of vulnerability and individual and social consequences that lead them to use protective mechanisms such as isolation, secrecy and aggression in interpersonal relationships to try to adapt to new circumstances.

Today, success is a widely used and controversial concept, and there are different and sometimes contradictory definitions and interpretations for it in the society. The purpose of this study was to investigate what, how and why human beings succeed. In other words, recognizing the criteria of success among a number of people in the community was considered. Therefore, it was done with a qualitative approach, and ethnographic research methods. A total of 88 members of the community in Tehran during the years 2017 to 2020 were interviewed through semi-structured interviews and with open-ended questions during friendly and long conversations in one or more sessions were studied in depth and in detail. The individual's success in the current society was evaluated by considering the economic status, level of education, cultural activity, family status, personality type, that is, with a general and comprehensive view of the sample members. The findings show that success does not mean the same thing for everyone. Also, sample members had different levels of success, including complete, good, medium, low, and unsuccessful. Complete success meant having all or most of the components such as economic status, level of education, cultural activity, family status, healthy personality, and at the opposite pole, unsuccessful status meant not having these elements. According to the results of the present study, the important and key factors in the success of individuals are first the factor of awareness and then the factor of family status, and factors such as economic level and level of education are of secondary importance.

The aim of this study is to examine and criticize Pierre Bourdieu's view about the relationship between agency and culture in the area of education based on Islamic theory of action. To this purpose, concept interpretation and external criticism methods are used. The results of this paper showed that based on the Islamic theory of action, individual agency in Pierre Bourdieu's view is weak. Absence of internal factors, underestimating the individual action, reducing different kinds of action to improvised actions, cultural relativism, and reducing the education function to cultural reproduction are among the criticisms. The implications of these criticisms in the area of education, lead to consider student agency in education process so it changes the education from the reproduction state to an interaction between teacher and students. This interaction take places in different dimensions asymmetrically.

The aim of this study was to identify the existing educational and research inequities against students during university study.

This study is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of implementation method. Therefore, a qualitative phenomenological approach was used. The population of the study was students of a comprehensive public university in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. Twenty students were selected according to the principle of theoretical saturation by purposive and standard sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The content validity of the interview tool was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by the inter-coder reliability method with a coefficient of 78%. Also, Van Kaam’s analysis method was used for data analysis.

The findings showed that educational inequities had eight main themes and 45 sub-themes and research inequities had five main themes and 21 sub-themes. The main themes of educational inequities were teachers' weakness in teaching, lack of seriousness in teaching and learning, low criticism of teachers, unruly student evaluation, undermining student motivation, humiliation of students, non-recognition of student diversity, and limited access to professors. In the field of research, the main themes of inequity were discrimination in doctoral admissibility, restrictions on cooperation with professors, weakness and discrimination in providing scientific guidance, instrumental view to the student, and problems in obtaining the resources needed for research. These inequities are factors that negatively affect the development and strengthening of students' core capabilities, namely respect and dignity; knowledge and imagination; emotional integrity; learning disposition; voice; aspiration; practical reasoning; and relationships and social networks.

Workshops for professors on the subject of educational and research equity, increasing the diversity of professors and the educational content in accordance with the differences of students, paying attention to students' opinions on various university issues, and addressing their objections, are some of the strategies to address existing inequities.

The purpose of the present study was to explore adolescents' emotions, thoughts, discourse, and world in virtual social networks. The target population of this study included all female high school students in Yazd District 2, out of which 15 students were selected by purposeful sampling. The method of collecting information in the present study consisted of interviews and sample photographs taken from sample interviews of adolescents.Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data, and the results showed that adolescent thought, discourse, and world can be addressed through ten categories including conversation, leisure time, awareness of up-to-date norms, peer influence, increased anomalies, the use of virtual social networking in usual life, the increase in social anomalies, personal development, and how students' literature was used in these networks. In sum, students have been attracted to these virtual social networks for a variety of reasons, and in addition to facilitating communication and access to information, today's society faces challenges and concerns, including how to shape adolescents' identities, ideas and the themes of their conversations and language innovations among adolescents have led them away from nationalism. Thus, the social-political institutions of society by maintaining the model and internalizing values through the proper policing and reasonable functioning of family, peer, education, and media institutions, can decrease abnormal behaviors and social-psychological distress and use all their abilities to achieve these goals.

Divorce is a phenomenon that affects not only families but also society in general. There are some people who change their minds after applying for divorce. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the perception and causes of divorce among women.

the phenomenological method was used in this qualitative study. For this purpose, 12 divorced women in District 14 of Tehran were voluntarily and purposefully selected in 1396, these were the applicants who had given up their decisions as regards divorce. The data were collected by in-depth and semi-structured interviews.

The findings of the study were categorized into three main classes: 1- Perception of women during the time between application and renunciation, most of them referred to the period before returning to cohabitation as a dangling state of extreme suffering which was categorized into two main classes of negative perception and logical perception 2 - Reasons for renunciation of were categorized into seven classes of children, lack of support, new opportunity given to them, negative attitude of society towards divorced women, fear of loneliness, use of counseling services, and having dependent personality. 3- Looking at the current life (after renunciation), it was also categorized into three classes of hopeful and satisfied, hopeful and dissatisfied, and disappointed and dissatisfied most of whom were unhappy with their marriage.

According to the results obtained, it is worth mentioning that the number of women who have given up divorce is not small, but it seems necessary to improve and enrich the lives of these women through providing them with necessary training. Besides, counseling before divorce can also be helpful.

The capability approach has been used for nearly two decades as a holistic framework for guiding qualitative inquiries on equity in higher education. Despite significant research in this area, the scope of the basic capabilities needed for the realization of equity in access to higher education and during university education has not yet been clarified, and the extent of the factors influencing these capabilities has not been determined. The aim of the present study was to identify the scope of basic capabilities, conversion factors, and necessary resources for students, and provide a clear definition of them. In this study, using a qualitative meta-synthesis method, studies published in reputable national and international databases from 2000 to 2019 were reviewed. A total of 88 articles were identified for initial review. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 articles were full-text reviewed. The analysis of the articles and comparing them with similar studies showed that in order to achieve equity in accessing to and studying at the university, providing   following 12 capabilities are essential: practical reasoning, educational resilience, affiliation, aspirations, having a voice, learning disposition, knowledge and imagination, social relations and social networks, respect and dignity, safety and physical cohesion, emotional integrity, and language competencies. In this regard, various individual, social and environmental factors are influential that necessitate the university's attention to the differences between students and the diversity of their needs, as well as the social contexts outside the university.

Absteract The purpose of present study was to examine The relationship between psychological capital and cultural capital with domestic violence in married women. In this cross-sectional study, 156 married women of Behbahan city were enrolled using simple random sampling. They completed Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ), Cultural Capital Questionnaire (CCQ) and Spouse Abuse Questionnaire (SAQ). Data were analyzed using Pearson and Canonical Correlation. Results indicated that components of psychological capital and cultural capital were negative predictors of domestic violence in married women. Connie's correlation analysis showed that four fundamental variables are needed to understand the relationships between the set of criterion and predicate variables. Fundamental coefficients for the first four dimension were 0.87, 0.64, 0.58 and 0.31 (p < 0.005). The lack ofpsychological capital and cultural capital are associated with the increased domestic violence in women. So, training programs for improving these skills in the married women are recommended. Key words: Psychological Capital, Cultural capital, Domestic Violence, Married Women

The story, as a model of society, is a medium that is capable of representing the various mental and increasing social abilities and causing socialization and change in the personality dimensions of human beings. This research, in a library-based way, based on qualitative research and content analysis, examines the attitudes of the characters of the short story "A valid narrative about killing" based on social psychology studies "attitude" and "Functional Attitudes" In personal, interpersonal and social relationships to the deviant behavior of "murder." Mastour , the various aspects of the attitude depict a multitude of people in the community about murder and instilling the attitude and drawing the ideological perspective of the actors of the story, especially the first personality of the story, is at the center of attention of the text. The functional theory of attitude, by revealing the inner motives of man, explains the phenomenal cause of attitudes and describes the role of attitudes in directing social behaviors.It seems that the attitude of people in society towards this inhuman phenomenon can be evaluated based on value-based functions, but the analysis of the text shows that people's attitudes even towards this neglected phenomenon can be based on various factors, in For profitable functions. Also, despite the relative stability of the attitude of different people in society towards a phenomenon; the quality of interpersonal and interpersonal communication in confronting social events and phenomena can lead to cognitive imbalance and significantly attitudes and the formation of unpredictable behaviors.

The term “a learning disabled university student” has been hardly ever used in Iran. It may be supposed that Iranian students with learning disabilities do not enter universities. This study aimed to investigate the challenges faced by Iranian students with learning disabilities to enter universities.
Due to the lack of a center to identify and have access to high school students with learning disabilities, qualitative research method was used in this study. The research population included high school students or graduates whose learning disabilities were diagnosed at primary school. The sample size consisted of 8 teenagers with learning disabilities along with their mothers who were selected through purposive sampling method. In addition, 3 learning disabilities experts were included using purposive sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis.
It was revealed that individual factors, school environmental inhibiting factors, and environmental inhibiting factors related to learning disabilities centers, all play a restrictive role for these students in entering universities. Nevertheless, school inhibiting environmental factors can be the main challenge for the Iranian students to enter universities.
Apart from identifying inhibiting factors, this study offers suggestions to address these environmental barriers, among which equipping schools with therapeutic programs for students with learning disabilities is of great importance.

In countries like Iran where, despite the variety of spoken languages, only one language is applied for both educational and formal purposes, it is likely that semi-linguisem and restricted language code happen. In situations like this, one cannot have complete mastery of his mother tongue or the educational language, hence his relationships and interactions are affected. The current study is aimed at analyzing “semi-linguisem and its outcomes on social-educational interactions of students” among Lori-speaking students. The qualitative method is employed. The statistical population in the research included 18 Lori-speaking and 6 Persian-speaking students in grade five of the elementary school in Islamshahr2015-2016. The information in this part are gathered through semi structured interviews and used content analysis. According to findings of 18 Lori students, 16 students were semi-linguistic. Two others (with educated and occupied mothers) with other remained students had wide linguistic codes. Socio-educational and cultural capitals in students with limited codes were lower than students with widespread codes, “Cultural reproduction”, “Concealing the identity” and “Dream of studying in a Lori language school” where other results of qualitative section.

Purpose of this research was to compare new games with converntional games primary school, from value-learing perspective.The selected games were developmentally appropriate for this age group. The research method, gualitative method and statistical society of the research is 2506  converntional games and 4040 computer and cooperative games at category of new games individual and cooperative that byPurposive sampling 40 converntional games and 40 new games( in 2 categories, cooperative games and computer games) selected. The data gathering tool is a relevant documents. In this research, the document of converntional and new games are studied and compare using content analyzed. The collected data indicate that all converntional games deal with matters of orderandlaw-abiding, but in only 11 games signs of cooperation, in 3  indicators of loving care, and only in 2 signs of violence were detected. In comparison, only 24 of the 40 new games included signs of order and law-abiding, while 10 of them deal with cooperation. Although surprisingly none of the new games deal with loving care, 2 of them show signs of emphasizing responsibility. In other words, all games do include lessons of moral/social values be it different in frequency and emphasis. Apparently, different priorities are set in new and converntional games in terms of social/moral values and the use of such games must be accompanied with special packaging and care in order to have a balance set of desired values included.

Studying 'women's identity' and their attempt to 'recover gender identity' as part of a lifestyle that changes their behavior and experiences, is the purpose of the present study that have accomplished with the help of social psychology and analyze a number of contemporary short stories. To achieve this, we have used the theory of social psychology Myers and Baron as well as the theory of Jenkins sociology, and we believe that, stories are a reconstructed structure of interpersonal actions and reactions derived from social realities in society and are Interchangeable with Sampling and completing a questionnaire or interview. Through the study of discourses and the subjective and linguistic monologues of the characters, and through their beliefs, behaviors, and memories, it is possible to address their attitudes toward analyzing individual and social behaviors and interactions in the behavioral system. The research population of this study was active, working , single and married female characters from the social class of 24 the selected short stories of the 1980s. After analyzing through qualitative research and content analysis, we came to the conclusion That: these women, after regaining their identity and moving away from "traditional female identity", under the influence of " Sociability, cultural commitments and values observing women's acceptable behavioral patterns and gender roles in society," prefer and choice " the gender identity and role of the spouse ". Studies also shows that one of the issues for working, educated married women of social class is gender inequality, conflict and the duality of identity beliefs caused by social influence behavioral stereotypes associated with traditional female roles.

This study aims to assess and analyze the adjustment of indicators over educational textbooks during the high school: Religion and Life 2 and 3. The study is a descriptive one based on a qualitative research with an applied research approach.
All the books of Religion and Life, taught during high school, are considered as the study population in the academic year of 2015-2016 and the Religion and Life 2 and 3 are taken as examples. The instrument applied in this study is prepared by the documents that used as textbooks during high school years. The content analysis method is realized the better way of extracting information. The results showed that: 1- The books of “Religion and Life 2 and 3” are written based on three general themes: knowledge, attitudes and desires, and actions and behavior. 2- The total number of conceptual elements in Religion and Life 2 is 313 and in Religion and Life 3 is 243, which is the highest frequency components based on knowledge and the lowest frequency of the elements of Axis tendencies. Overall, the findings emphasize that the special interest of the authors between the pages of the books tries to increase people's understanding of the fundamental and subsidiary principles of religion but the matter of discussing tendencies has received little attention.

This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of program based on successfulness on academic achievement and social competence of adolescent girls in city of Mashhad. The interventional program was including two package: “Promoting of successful strategies” and “Strengthening parents program”. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population of the research included all of girl high school students in grade 10 of Mashhad in school year 2017-18. From among them 45 students randomly were selected by multi stage cluster random sampling method and randomly assigned in two experimental and one control groups. All participants answered the flener social competence questionnaire in pre and post test and also academic achievement was measured using students grade average in before and after intervention. Finally, the data were analysed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results from this study demonstrated that the training of program could be effective in improving academic achievement and social competence of the students.

The main aim of this research has been to help with the improvement of the quality of education through an improvement in textbooks used. Given the orientation of the post-revolutionary Iranian government and its centralized system of education, the 2nd and 3rd year high school textbooks on religion and life were selected to be content analysed in terms of their correspondence to the national curriculum. The instrument used was constructed based on the indices drawn from the national curriculum. Data analyses revealed that the 2nd and 3rd year high school textbooks on religion and life are written based on the general themes of cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions as indicated by the national curriculum. Conceptually, the two textbooks cover a total of 709 concepts of which 313 are covered in the 2nd year textbook and the remaining 396 in the 3rd year textbook. However, conceptual attention is mostly given to the cognitive dimension with the frequency of 425. The least attended dimension is the affective with a frequency of only 87. It can be concluded that the authors have favored the cognitive dimension at the expense of the other two

Why do some people in the community think, feel and behave differently? The answer to this question is not so simple, and disciplines and schools of thought and theories, each one trying to find the answer to this key question have been. The purpose of this article is to examine this issue from the point of view of psychoanalysis.With the help of the literature and scientific literature available in relation to the concept of the subject and in a meta-analysis (FRA) method, we are librarians and criticize them in an effort to understand the subject matter.As a result, we believe that human beings are born alike, but different psychological and cultural environments around people (such as family, school, peer network, media, and society) are some of them as subject or as Jacques Lacan, French psychoanalyst With the help of large patterns (A large) it makes a subject and makes a number passive or individual. In other words, subjectivity and passivity are socially acquired or constructed, so it is learned.

The comparison of social cognition and fear of negative evaluation in divorce seeking women and normal women, controlling for the long time of marriage and socio-economic status.
The purpose of the present study was the comparison of social cognition and fear of negative evaluation in divorce seeking women and normal women, controlling for the long time of marriage and socio-economic status. Fifty subjects of divorce seeking women and fifty normal women are selected by random sampling. This study was a descriptive design that to gather of data were used of Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Also, MANCOVA test was used for analyzing the data. The result of MANCOVA revealed that there was significant difference between social cognition and fear of negative evaluation of the divorce seeking and normal women. The social cognition of the divorce seeking women was less than that of normal women. The fear of negative evaluation of the divorce seeking women was more than of normal women