مرجان قوچانیان

In recent years, due to the decrease in percipitation, attention to climate change and the economic, social consequences and financial damages related to extreme index have become very important. Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate the continuation of meteorological and rainfall limit indicators in the long-term statistical period and to determine the climate of different regions of the country. In this research, 28 extreme meteorological and precipitation indices were calculated and SU, TR, TXx, TNx, ID and TXn in 99% confidence level and SDII and R10mm indices in 95% confidence level and TN90p, WSDI, FD, R95p indices and PRCPTOT were significant in 90% confidence level. According to the trend of hot, cold and precipitation extreme indices in this research, the precipitations have generally become shorter and more intense. In such a situation, part of the water resulting from the precipitation turns into runoff and quickly becomes unavailable. The increase in hot and cold extreme indices has changed the type of precipitation from snow to rain, which reduces the opportunity to store water from precipitation, as well as increasing evapotranspiration and faster loss of renewable water resources. De Martonne and Emberger climate classification was used to investigate the changes in the region. Finally, the relationship between the trend of these indicators and climate classifications using the De Martonne method and the Emberger climate map for Neyshabour Plain was investigated and analyzed, and the results showed that these two classification methods do not match with the trend of extreme weather index.

Social conflicts around the water axis, salinization of water resources, declining groundwater levels, etc. indicate the existence of major shortcomings in the country's water management system. Some of these consequences are due to natural factors such as drought, climate change, etc. Another part is affected by water governance policies. Governance and management are similar in general, but in fact management in the form of executive and governance activities is the existing structural framework for the implementation of those activities. Water governance is a range of political, social, economic, and administrative systems that exist for the development and management of water resources and the provision of water services at various levels of society and is a direct mechanism for people's livelihood. Another reason for the importance of governance is the relationship with some macro indicators of society. The indicators of good governance vary according to the circumstances of each society. In the process of evaluating good governance, any kind of judgment and evaluation should be based on certain criteria and indicators. Localization of indicators in any society will accelerate the achievement of stability in the desired area. In this article, with the aim of being aware of the global knowledge in order to implement good water governance in the country, the various stages of changes in world water management were examined and its effects on domestic water policy and management were pointed out. Then, a comparative study of local water resources management and indigenous knowledge with indicators and principles of good governance was conducted. Finally, by explaining the context and structure of the principles of governance in the country, it became clear that good governance will be possible through accountability, the right to comment, and social justice, which are of great importance.

 Drought analysis in agriculture can not only be achieved by measuring precipitation changes but also by using other parameters such as soil moisture. Due to the fact that soil moisture affects plant growth and yield, it is often considered for monitoring agricultural drought. Remote sensing data are often provided from three sources: microwave, visible and thermal. Most satellite soil moisture-based algorithms rely on passive microwave images, active microwaves, or a combination of data from several different sensors. Among the various remote sensing methods, the microwave electromagnetic spectrum has fewer physical limitations than other spectrum in measuring soil moisture. However, microwave soil moisture data often have very large pixel dimensions (more than 10 km), making it difficult to use them on a small scale.

 In this study, in order to calculate the agricultural drought index at the field-scale, AMSR2 Retrieval data were calibrated first using field moisture measurement data in the Neishabour plain during 2017 to 2019. During the research period, 560 soil samples (20 samples in 28 shifts) were collected and soil moisture was measured in the laboratory of the Department of Water Science and Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. LPRM_AMSR2_ SOILM3_001 is one of the third level products of the AMSR2 sensor, which is produced on a daily basis with a spatial resolution of 25 × 25 km2. Land surface parameters including surface temperature, surface soil moisture and plant water availability were obtained by passive microwave data using the Land parameter Retrieval Method (LPRM). Then, by using Modis sensor images (NDVI and LST), linear downscaling equations were extracted. The dimensions of the AMSR2 images were reduced from 25 kilometers to 1000 meters using these equations. In next step, SMADI Agricultural Drought Index, which is a combination of vegetation characteristics, soil moisture and land surface temperature, was used to monitor agricultural drought at the field-scale. Statistical indicators such as coefficient of determination (R^2), mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were also used to evaluate the statistical performance.

By visual analysis of the role of vegetation and land unevenness, it was found that these two factors affect the regression relationships extracted for calibration of remote sensing data. The RMSE and MAE values for the regression equations used in the calibration process were calculated in the range of 1.6 to 4%, which can be considered acceptable in comparison with the mean values of the soil moisture data (15 to 20). The results showed that changes in SMADI index in three land use zones including rainfed cultivation (R1), medium rangeland (R2) and poor rangeland (R3) have experienced a similar trend to precipitation changes, illustrating that precipitation is one of the most effective factors in major changes in SMADI agricultural drought index fluctuations. It was also observed that SMADI index changes with a delay of 1 to 8 days compared to the precipitation changes in all three zones. In all three zones, the SMADI index followed a similar trend to in-situ soil moisture changes. At mot 80% of the changes in SMADI-R1 index can be explained by in-situ SM-R1, and the rest of the changes were related to other environmental factors or measurement error. This decreases to 68% in the R3 zone. It should be noted that soil moisture monitoring can more accurately reflect the impact of environmental factors on the changes in agricultural drought index such as SMADI than other variables; because the rainfall recorded at the meteorological station does not necessarily occur uniformly throughout the study area. On the other hand, any amount of precipitation will not necessarily lead to an effective change in soil moisture storage. This also renders assessment of the performance of agricultural drought indicators difficult.

 Examination of statistical indices of coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error value (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) showed that the algorithm used in downscaling as well as estimating SMADI agricultural drought index is well able to reflect the interactions between precipitation, soil moisture, vegetation and changes in canopy temperature profile. This feature justifies and strengthens its application in agrometeorological analysis.

The reduction of groundwater level in the plains of Khorasan Razavi Province has caused the destruction of groundwater quality and salinity of water resources. This has happened more intensely in Mehvalat plain. Since groundwater in this plain is often used for agriculture and drinking, so knowing the quality of groundwater for use in these two sections is important. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate and zone water quality variables for two types of drinking and agriculture consumption.

PH, permeability index (PI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and electrical conductivity (EC) variables have been selected to evaluate the water quality suitable for agriculture and irrigation. Also, the quality of drinking water was compared with the international and national standard indicators. Spatial interpolation methods are now widely used to monitor spatial variations in water quality. In order to zone water quality parameters, a kriging method that is preferable to other geostatistical methods was used.

SAR in irrigation water can be used as an indicator to determine the risks of soil sodium contamination. This index was studied for Mehvalat-Feyzabad water wells and is in the middle range. 68% of the study area is in the appropriate class in terms of irrigation water PI and 32% is in the relatively suitable range and no points were found in the inappropriate class. According to the spatial zoning map, pH is in the allowable range of 7 to 8.5 and the EC of water is in the range of low salinity to very saline. The best EC linear relationship with cations, anions, and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) was presented for the study area in this study. Examining the relationship between these three variables shows that the increase in EC indicates an increase in the amount of cations, anions, and TDS and will affect the consumption of this water for agriculture and drinking in the future.

Due to the fact that the salinity of water for agricultural use was assessed from low salinity to very saline, so leaching and drainage should be done and the type of cultivation should be selected according to the salinity. For areas that are in the very saline group, it is necessary to use salinity-resistant plants with good drainage and low planting frequency. Examination of drinking water quality in the area showed that its use is not suitable for drinking.

Each water resources system consists of several subsystems.These subsystems have intertwined and dynamic interactions and feedback.The reliability of water resource systems is usually maintained naturally. But the spread of human intervention in the last century has had a negative impact on water resources and jeopardized the reliability of these systems.Rules governing water abstraction and consumption now play an important role in the survival of water resources.In fact,the effectiveness of these rules and the compliance of the human sector(officials,plumbers,etc.)with it,can make the system reliable.But to improve a system(address shortcomings and improve effectiveness),management needs to evaluate its policies and strategies.Therefore, the evaluation system must be designed and implemented.But what is the meaning of evaluation system?This article tries to describe the organic relationship of the evaluation system(from data to decision)with management.It seems that in Iran today,the concepts and importance of measurement and monitoring should be emphasized and more than that,the principled role of this data in management.Because the evaluation system plays a vital role in the integrated management of water resources.The measured data must not only be reliable and sufficient,but also be tailored to management needs (at different levels).Therefore,this article addresses the issues of"sustainable development and water resources","plan and program for monitoring water resources and consumption",the role of criteria/indicators/indicators in the evaluation system",as a necessary tool in developing a purposeful evaluation system to increase The decision-making power of managers in the field of water resources has been addressed.In this way,the conceptual model of this evaluation system for water resources management is briefly presented.

Water is the most important limiting factor for the development of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions. In our country, in addition to water scarcity, which has caused problems for agricultural development, the lack of optimal use of extractive water has led to a lower yield. Therefore, considering the huge share of water use in agriculture and the low water productivity, it is considered necessary to select and apply methods for improving irrigation methods and optimizing water use in plants. Come In this research, irrigation management planning for wheat plant has been investigated using AquaCrop water productivity model at different stages of growth under low irrigation and irrigation under stress conditions. Due to the fact that irrigation planning during the growth period always has a constant depth of water to the plant. Therefore, in this study, due to the water requirements of the plant at different times, the depth of irrigation water was changed . For this purpose, the required data of the model including climatic, vegetation data, applied irrigation amounts and wheat data were given to the model. Then, by changing the distance and depth of irrigation, water productivity and total dry matter of wheat were evaluated. The optimum selection for the product used in this research was obtained at 10 days intervals by application of different irrigation depths with a yield of 19.19 kg / m3.

Spatial and temporal infiltration, hydrological studies at large levels such as catchment areas and at small levels, such as managing irrigation systems, are costly, time consuming and complicated. One of the proper methods for determining the general relationship of penetration is the scaling of relationships, which is a practical solution to the problem of soil variability. In this paper, With the aid of scaling and using penetration testing data, a binomial relation was obtained for water penetration in three soils. Maximum MAE and RMSE values for calibration of the proposed relationship were calculated to be 0.48 and 0.55 respectively. These values are highly accurate to the depths of penetration (10 to 25 cm). Although the evaluation of the empirical relationship between the three-dimensional influence that was obtained in previous studies has less error rates, the simplicity of the binomial relationship and the shorter computing of the empirical relationship of reasoning infiltration on Its superiority.

A summary of measures to overcome the water crisis
Report of the Second National Water Technology Festival
Section of the festival
Professional meetings
Statement of specialized meetings
Conclusion

Infiltration is one of the most important physical parameters of the soil, which plays an important role in the hydrological cycle. The locaton variability in analyzing issues of water flow in the soil, at large levels such as the catchment area, is very difficult and costly. The use of scaling methods is a practical solution to the problems of soil variability. After presenting the theory of similar environments, scaling methods were proposed to overcome the problem of soil variability. In this research, the Richards equation was solved in a wide range of moisture (saturated moisture up to the remaining moisture content) for sandy soil, and the scale of accumulated penetration values was presented using the scaling of the results of solving this equation. These values were approximated with the triple-form of the Philip equation and, using regression models, for each sentence of this equation, an empirical relation was established for water penetration in soil. Then, using two sandy soils and clay in a specific moisture, the experimental effect was measured for both scaled time scales of 0.1 and 0.01 which included short and long periods. Then, using two sandy soils and clay in a specific moisture, the experimental Efficiency was measured for both scaled time scales of 0.1 and 0.01 which included short and long periods evaluated. Of the four available scenarios, the highest mean square error value was obtained at 0.0053 for clay and for long periods of time. cuase to the fact that this criterion was high in relation to other scenarios, the effect of gravity was calculated in long periods of time. The condition of applying the scaling method used in the research is not the effect of gravity on the capillary force. Also, the influence of the proposed relationship with the comparison of field data measured by Barry et al. (1995) on a sandy soil with a fixed height of water on the soil surface of Boehne et al. (1993) using the Rain simulator , Conducted penetration tests on two clay soils under cultured and uncoated conditions was evaluated. The results showed that the aforementioned relationship can provide an acceptable estimate (with the highest root mean square error of 3%) compared to the measured values of water penetration in the soil.