مرضیه شم آبادی

Taqiyyah is one of the most important topics in the history of Shiite hadith, jurisprudence and theology, which has always been considered by great Islamic scholars. In Shiite hadith heritage, several narrations have been narrated about taqiyyah and its necessity, especially from Imam Sadegh (AS), whose correct understanding requires identifying the contexts for the emergence of this group of narrations. What is examined in this study in order to correctly explain the effective elements in understanding the meaning of Taqiyya narrations is the application of Taqiyya narrations based on the analysis of the situational context of these narrations. As a result of this research, it can be said that the meaning of Taqiyya narrations according to the basis of methodology and analysis of five effective components in situational context, including: environment, situation, audience, purpose and order of action, indicates an important issue in the life history of Imam Sadegh (AS). Taqiyya has been one of the political and cultural strategies of Imam Sadegh (AS) in the face of difficult and complex contemporary conditions of his life, to propagate and explain the prophetic tradition, along with saving his life and that of his companions and is related to the issue of hiding documents of jurisprudential narrations

One of the most fundamental questions in Usūl al-Fiqh is if it is possible to exert taqīya in making religious laws from Infallible imams (AS). Usūlī scholars are different concerning this matter. Here, two hadiths that refer to the exertion of taqīya in making religious laws, which have been used as the most important documents by the advocates of such exertion from the Infallible Imams (AS), are analyzed while using the method of dating source and text. Dating the source and the text of these two hadiths and comparing them with a related detailed hadith indicate that the exaggerators (ghulāt) inserted their ideas into these hadiths for distributing libertinism (ibāhah). The historical etymology of the terms, 'iftā', taqīya, mustarshid and shakk proves that the interpolated (mudarraj) part of two hadiths are connected to the ideas of Iraqi exaggerators during the 3rd century AH. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of these two hadiths as well as a more detailed hadith, which in fact explains the interpolated part of two hadiths, indicate that the main purpose of these three hadiths was not to express a religious law, but to show the secret nature of the process, its contradiction with the appearance of religious laws, and instability of the religious laws as the very structure of libertinism in the 3rd century AH.

One of the most important concerns of Rijāl scholars is how to identify common narrators in problematic sanads. Among the most frequent common narrators may be mentioned of “Ahmad bin Muhammad”, the name that is common by three narrators who lived at the age of Imam Jawad (AS) to Imam Hassan Askarī (AS), including Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Khālid Barqī, Ahmad bin Muhammad bin ‘Isā al-Ash'arī Qomī and Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Sayyārī. The first two narrators are the great authentic Shiite narrators, but the last is an exaggerator and heretic narrator. Using the method of historical and Rijāl study on the personality of Sayyārī and comparing his professors and narrators with Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Khālid Barqī’s and Ahmad bin Muhammad bin ‘Isā al-Ash'arī Qomī’s, the possibility of Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Sayyari is studied here through the Rijāl evaluating criteria.

One of the most important bases of the thoughts of Ghulats is introversion and hiding secrets. Ghulats used different methods including insertion in hadith, forging of hadith, isnad-based and contextual misrepresentation, which were charged with political and cultural motivations, to spread such thoughts in Shiite hadith heritage. One of the fields in which they sought to spread such thought was that of taqiya. In this research, hadith “forbidding the disclosure of secret” was critically analyzed using the method of isnad-based and contextual dating. It was shown in this research that the word “secret” that is used in this hadith is actually replaced for the word “amr (order)” to spread Ghulats’ thoughts into Shiite thinking. The existence of a common chain in isnad (chain of transmission) of such hadiths well indicates the date of falsification of the text of such hadiths.