مرضیه گل تاجی

Considering the role of ethical issues in virtual space, this study has investigated the scientific publications on digital ethics and related fields based on scientometric indicators in Scopus database.

This research is an applied and conducted with a scientometric approach.  The study population consists of 755 articles (research or review) on digital ethics that indexed in Scopus database. To construct the dataset of publications on digital ethics, all scientific articles published on digital ethics were collected. To analyze the findings, Vosviewer software was used.

From 1981 to the end of 2023, 755 articles in the field of digital ethics and related concepts have been indexed in the Scopus database. These articles have been published in 160 journals. The greatest number of articles (52 articles) is in “Ethics and Information Technology” journal, then “Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society” and “Philosophy and Technology”, with 30 and 17 articles, respectively, in the second and third positions. The most active author in this field is Luciano Floridi with 29 articles. Also, the most cited article is also dedicated to this person in 2018. Only 16 articles belong to Iranian authors. Also, the most cited article among Iranian authors is belongs to the article titled “The students' experiences of ethics in online systems: A phenomenological study”, written by Mosallanejad, Dehghani and Abdolahi Fard with 10 citations in 2014, and after that the article titled “Assessing the credibility of Web information by university students: findings from a case study in Iran” written by Keshavarz with 5 citations in 2020. The United States and Oxford University are the most active country and organization in the field of digital ethics. The scientific map of this field in the Scopus database consists of 10 clusters and 635 links. These clusters include information ethics, digital ethics and privacy, ethics, artificial intelligence and technology ethics, computer ethics, cyber ethics, algorithms in information systems, information technology and practical ethics.

Nowadays, the topic of ethics has more attention than ever in the virtual space. Findings showed that the emphasis in scientific research in the field of digital ethics such as plagiarism, research ethics, cyber-attack, intellectual property rights are changing towards ethics in technology and computer issues such as digital technology, virtual ethics, data governance, technology emerging technologies, artificial intelligence, technology ethics, data protection, and machine learning.

The present study aimed to investigate the potential of citation-based indicators (Co-Citation, Bibliographic Coupling, Amsler, PageRank, HITS) to determine the relevance of articles. 

This is applied research with correlational approach. The population consisted of 26,262 articles in the PubMed Central open access subset of the CITREC, which had citation relationship with other articles based on all three traditional citation-based indicators (Co-Citation, Bibliographic coupling, Amsler). From among the citations in the research population, 30 were selected as basic ones, and the full-text of them were retrieved based on the mesh similarity. Then the similarities among the retrieved documents were extracted based on citation-based indicators. Each of the citation-based metrics was considered as independent variable and the mesh similarity as dependent variable. A MySQL database was created using WampServer simulation software and PHP My Admin. Then, using online demo of the CITREC test collection, an output was prepared.  By entering the output into the MySQL database which contains the research data set, the main structure of its tables was created. Finally, by studying all the required codes from the CITREC source code package, we attempted to enter the required codes by applying necessary changes. The results were entered in the created MySQL database. By writing a query in SQL language, the set citation network was completely extracted and stored in a Comma-separated values (CSV) file. Then, a program was written in Python that could open and process this large file and calculate PageRank and HITS numbers (authority and Hub).  

The results showed that all six measures studied had a significant and positive correlation with the relevance of articles. In other words, with increasing the values ​​of each measure, the degree of relevance of the articles also increased. The highest correlation with the relevance of the articles belonged to the Amsler measure, followed by the Bibliographic Coupling. After Amsler and Bibliographic Coupling, the highest correlation was observed in the HITS(Authority) variable, and the PageRank variable was in the fourth place; Finally, the lowest correlation with the relevance of the articles was related to the Co-Citation and the HITS (Hub). Therefore, among the known Citation- based measure studied here, Amsler, Bibliographic Coupling, HITS(Authority) and PageRank metrics, respectively, had more potential to determine the relevance of articles rather than others. 

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the citation-based metrics studied are able to estimate the degree of relevance of articles. Therefore, they can be used in various information retrieval platforms, including search engines, citation- based databases, recommender systems, and even digital libraries to access articles, suggest similar articles, and rank retrieved results; Also, the Amsler measure as the less used in information retrieval systems than the two traditional Measure (Co- Citations and Bibliographic Coupling) needs to be considered more than ever. On the other hand, despite the fact that Co- Citations measure is used in some international information retrieval databases (such as Science Direct and CiteSeer) to retrieve relevant documents and suggest similar documents, it is less efficient than other metrics.

The predictive power of researchers' productivity indicators in the Google Scholar has been investigated through metrics of the ResearchGate . This study is original in terms of objective and data gathering. The study adopted a descriptive method with webometrics approach. The population of this study consisted of authors of the most cited articles in the physics and space sciences field that were indexed in Scopus during 2005-2014. The authors were members of ResearchGate and had profiles in google scholar. The first 200 articles based on citation were selected as the sample. The data was analyzed using correlation and multiple regression. The results showed that download had a significant positive relation with H-index so that the regression model was significant. Download variable had the ability to predict researchers’ H-index. However, the regression model for i10 was not significant and none of the predictor variables had the ability to predict i10. Greater knowledge sharing by researchers through ResearchGate may increase the probability of visibility, hence an increase in download counts. Downloading and studying the scientific works of researchers can lead to the use of that work and thus increase productivity indicators of the researchers.

Due to the capabilities of alternative metrics and their speed in evaluating scientific outputs, and the importance of social media in establishment of scholarly communication and findings’ dissemination, the aim of this study was to investigate the use of social media by health literacy researchers, and to identify top articles based on altmetric score and the association between altmetrics and citation indicators.
The current descriptive research was conducted through scientometrics method and using altmetrics data. The study population consisted of health literacy articles that were published in year 2015, had digital object identifier (DOI), and were indexed in Web of Science. The initial number of retrieved articles was 649 papers. Since the digital object identifiers was required in altometric studies and the use of data from the Altmetric Institute, the documents that did not have the identifier were removed and thus the research population was reduced to 615 record. To collect alternative indicators, each individual article was matched by altmetric.com manually. Spearman correlation was used for analyzing the data.
Mendeley and Twitter were the most used social media by health literacy scholars for sharing scientific outputs, ranked first and second by number of 492 and 487 articles respectively. The results revealed statistically significant relationship between most alternative metrics and the number of citations in Web of Science. From the reviewed articles, Iranian researchers wrote 9 articles on health literacy. Of these, 6 had a digital object identifiers. After searching on the altmetric site, it became clear that these six articles have been used in Mendeley's social media and Twitter compared to more than other social media and had 134 readers in Mendeley and 64 tweets in Twitter respectively.
Social media can have a positive impact on the citation rate of articles. Therefore, health literacy researchers can make use of social media in order to better inform peers on the Internet and increase the citation to their scientific productions. For this purpose, they could share their work in various social media.

Due to the capabilities of alternative metrics and their speed in evaluating scientific outputs, and the importance of social media in establishment of scholarly communication and findings’ dissemination, the aim of this study was to investigate the use of social media by medical informatics researchers, and identify top articles based on altmetric score and the association between altmetrics and citation indicators.
The current descriptive research was conducted through scientometrics method and using altmetrics data. The study population consisted of medical informatics articles which were published in 2014 in four core journals, had digital object identifier (DOI), and were indexed in Web of Science. To collect alternative indicators, each individual article was matched by altmetric.com manually. Spearman correlation was used for analyzing data.
Mendeley, Twitter, Facebook, CiteULike, Blog, News Outlet, and Google Plus were the most used social media by medical informatics scholars for sharing scientific outputs. The results revealed statistically significant relations between most alternative metrics and the number of citations in Web of Science.
Social media can have a positive impact on the citation rate of articles. Therefore, medical informatics researchers can make use of social media in order to better search information on the internet and increase the citation to their scientific productions. For this purpose, they share their work in various social media.

The present scientometric study aims to investigate the scholarly productivity and impact of Iranian Chemistry researchers in the Web of Science database. The research method was scientometric. A total of 19456 documents in different sub-disciplines of the Chemistry which specified Iran as their affiliated country and indexed by the Web of Science database were selected as population of the study. The results of the exponential regression test revealed a 18.76 percent growth rate for Iranian publications. The highest number of documents (3310) has been published in 2011. The number of citations and self-citations received by Iranian publications was also studied in this paper. Based on the results, Iranian Chemistry publications in the Web of Science have received 6.418 citations and 0.15 self-citations per document. Moreover, 183760 researchers within their 88266 papers have made 124882 citations to the documents produced by Iranian researchers in the field of Chemistry. The highest number of citations has been received from Chinese, Indian, American, Spanish and Turkish researchers. The results also demonstrated that among Iranian universities and research centers, Islamic Azad University was the most productive university and Razi University of Kermanshah had the most citation impact. Moreover, among all sub-disciplines of the Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Chemistry has had the highest share in scientific publication with 6462 documents. Conversely, the least number of publications has been published in Applied Chemistry with 1533 documents. The results of the study also revealed that researchers from 81 countries all over the world had scientific collaboration with Iranian researchers. Among them, United States, Germany and England have shown the most number of collaboration with Iranian researchers. Finally, Iranian researchers have published their publications in 452 ISI journals.

To examine the contribution of Middle Eastern scientists to research in pathological sciences between the years 2000 and 2009 based on the Science Citation Index (SCI).Design/Methodology/Approach: Citation analysis. Average annual growth in citations has been 15.25%; a total of 2,488 records are in eight formats. Historiographic outlines based on LCS and GCS included six and four clusters accordingly. Only 2% of the entire scientific output in the pathological sciences belonged to Middle Eastern scientists.

Due to the importance of hospital websites, the present research carries out a webometric study on the websites of the world's top hospitals.Design/Methodology/Approach: The best medical websites around the world were identified in each country through “webometrics” website. The significant qualities of these top websites such as the number of pages, extent of interlinking, self-linking, the website impact factor and also its relation with each country's gross domestic product (GDP) are analyzed by applying webometrics formulas and referring to AltaVista search engine. According to the findings of this research, the USA hospitals websites are in the first place considering the number of pages, interlinking and self-linking. Considering the total number of links, Romanian hospitals websites are on top. The top websites of Iran hospitals from the view point of the number of pages, the number of links, the number of internal links and the feature of self-linking, respectively rank the 40th, the 38th, the 4 th and 41st in the world. The obtained data displays the weak performance of Iran hospitals websites. Investigating the relationship between each country's GDP and its medical websites ranking indicates that this relationship is significant. This study notices that many countries lack any high-standard medical website for their hospitals. Some even do not have any medical website. The performance of some others is very poor too.

This research investigated scientific outputs status of faculty members of Humanities, Art and Social Sciences faculties of state universities of Iran that indexed in A&HCI and SSCI during 2000 to 2008. Descriptive and analytical method was used to conduct this research. Findings showed that Tehran University with 38/73% and then Shiraz University with 15.65% had the greatest value of scientific outputs, while in other universities the status of scientific outputs was not satisfying. Article with 76.42% was the most published format and then meeting abstract, book review, proceeding paper are next in rank. 65.65% of scientific outputs were collective and 34.34% individual. Scientific outputs development process in universities during the investigated period was ascending. Scientific outputs of Humanities, Art and Social Sciences faculties of state universities were published in167 titles and through these 135 titles (80.83%) were indexed in Journal Citation Reports and among these the impact factor of 74 journals (54.81%) range from 0 to 1 and the other 61 (45.18%) journals’ impact factors value more than one.

With regards to important role of universities’ websites, this article aimed to study top universities of the Islamic countries using webometrics methods. Research data were extracted from AltaVista search engine and WEBOMETRICS website. In this study, top universities of the Islamic countries were ranked with some indexes such as number of links, web impact factor, world rank, size, visibility, rich files and scholar. Results showed that there was a significant relation between web impact factor with some indicators such as world rank, size, rich files and scholar, but there was not any significant relation between web impact factor and visibility of the website. Strong significant correlation between top universities of the Islamic world countries websites’ world rank and their ranks based on GDP was another result that we can mention in this study.

Science and scientific advances needs context of interactions between different scientific disciplines. In the present age regarding to the subject area's specialization, interdisciplinary relationships in any study seems inevitable. Library and Information Science is a discipline which, like other disciplines, has its theoretical principles. It seems many of the considered theories and principles in this science have been borrowed from other scientific fields; therefore this study tries to discover the roots and origins of these theories by investigating and studying the existing theories in this field, and thus to specify the interdisciplinary nature of Library and Information Science.

Statement of Problem: Science production in medical fields such as dentistry is of great significance. Science production can be appropriately directed through recognition of the most effective investigations, the most active institutions and countries in science production domain and also determining the status of specialists. The aim of this survey was to study the rate of dental science production indexed in the Web of Science (WOS) database by Iranian and other countrie's specialists. Using Web of Science, science production in dentistry in 2000-2009 was estimated; revealing 5005 records for scientists around the world and 32 for Iranian specialists. Then, analyses were done using HistCite software. The findings showed that the growth rate of scientific production in dentistry was 64.53% in 2000-2009. USA was in the first rank among other countries; British Dental Journal, Sao Paolo University, and Kokich Vare were the top journal, institution and author, respectively.Data related to Iran showed that Tehran and Shiraz Universities were the first and second top institutions, each with 6 articles. M.H.Fathi with 44 TGCS was the most prolific author in WOS and H.R.Pakshir with 4 TLCS was the most highly published author in WOS in this collection. The findings showed that USA and UK were the first and second top countries in this regard. Iran had only 0.63% of the scientific production of dentistry in the Web of Science database, which is considered low in spite of the importance of this field.

Using a comparative survey method, this study has explored the problems which Persian articles databases in searching different morphologies of a word are encountered with. The population of the research covers three Persian articles databases including the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology, the Scientific Information Database, and the Iranian Information and Documentation Center. A checklist of 17 keywords were carefully chosen from the Persian texts which represent a challenge of persian language facing the new technology. Then the keywords were searched in the mentioned databases and the results recorded. The study indicated that the recognized morphological challenges in the Persian language had a high impact on information retrieval in each database and no databases have considered words morphological problems in a comprehensive and considerable way, just each one has tried to solve a small number of mentioned challenges separately.

This study investigated the correlation between journal self–citation and impact factor in medical subject category through those scientific journals indexed in published journal citation reports (JCR) of Islamic World Science Citation Database (ISC) during 2001-2007.The purpose was to recognize journal self–citation and find its correlation with impact factor. It is common to find some journal self–citations among all citations of a journal. As high rate of self–citation puts journal at a high rank, calculation of impact factor regardless of self–citation seems to be essential.

Citation analysis has been used to conduct this research. The population of this study included 309 ISC's PJCR medical journals with impact factor during 2001-2007. To do this, data from the 2001-2007 PJCR was extracted (journals with impact factor). Using ISC’s PJCR and choosing the year and the field of medical sciences, the journals with impact factor were shown and also using citing journals option, the list of citing journals to the specific journal was displayed. Then, using the list of number of self-citations and effective self-citations on impact factor, the data were analyzed via SPSS software version 16 (Pearson Correlation Test).

A significant correlation between impact factor and journal self–citation was found (r = 0.556, P < 0.001). Pearson correlation coefficient demonstrated a negative relationship between impact factor and number of articles (r = -0.350, P < 0.001). There was not any significant relation between the number of articles and journal self–citation (r = 0.068, P = 0.233). Journal self–citation rate in medical sciences field during 2001-2007 has found a descending process. After removing journal self–citation, the rank of 100 journals descended, of 192 journals ascended, and the rank of 17 journals did not accept any change.

The findings of the research showed that journals with high impact factor had more self-citation; which means self-citation has a positive effect on journal impact factor. Considering the fact that self-citation in medical sciences in compare with other fields has a higher rate, and this high rate of self-citation causes journals not put on the real position, editors and publishers must revise the selection policy of papers.

Correlation of journal self-citation with journal impact factors as reported by Islamic Science Citation Database for technology and engineering academic journals published in Farsi during 2001-2007 periods. Citation analysis was deployed over a sample consisting of 73 journals with indexed impact factor in ISC. Findings indicate that there is a significant link between self-citation and journal factor. There is also a negative significance between impact factors and total number of articles published. However no significant link was discerned between number of articles and number of self-citations. Journal self-citation ratio during this period had been constant for these journals. Upon eliminating journal self-citations, 21 journals experienced a dip in rank, while 43 journals experienced an increase. 9 journals experienced no change in ranking

This study aims to compare self-citation rate of published articles in two Iranian journals, Faslname-ye Ketab and Faslname Ketabdary va Etela’rasany which are indexed in PJCR’s ISC during 1382-1386. In this research, some indexes such as number of author self–citation, percentage of author self-citaion, number of articles with author self-citation, also type of self-cited documents in each journal, self- citation live, the ratio of journal self-citation, journals impact factor before and after omitting self-citaion and the functionality of journals after omitting self-citations were calculated and analyzed. The results indicated that self-citation ratio in both journals is pretty low. On the whole, Faslname-ye Ketabdary va Etela’rasany has got more self-citaion rather than Faslname-ye Ketab, although the ratio of self-citations in the second one is largely more than the first in 1385, but this result was vice versa in 1386. Also, this survey showed the impact factor which results to change journal rank after omitting self-citaion.

The present study investigate the correlation between journal citations with impact factor in the humanities scientific journals published for the 2001-2007 period based on the Persian journal citation reports generated by Islamic Science Citation (ISC) database. Citation analysis method was used. Findings demonstrated that there is a significant link between impact factor and journal self-citation (r=0.606, s =0.0000). In other words, journals with low impact factors have fewer self-citations, i.e. self-citation has a positive impact on the journal impact factor. There is a negative correlation between impact factor and number of articles in humanities in the period studied. The impact factor does not increase with increase in the number of articles. There is significant correlation between the number of article published and number of self-citation. The higher the number of articles, the higher would be the number of self-citation in the journal. Findings indicated that the rate of journal self-citation in humanities had been downward for the period studied. When screening journals for self-citations, 108 journals had their ranks reduced while 204 journals had their ranking increased. The ranking in 32 journals remained unchanged.