مریم حیدری سورشجانی

Increasing awareness of the adverse effects of chemical preservatives on health has led to an increased tendency to use natural preservatives, especially herbal essential oils in pharmaceutical and food products. Carum copticum (Ajwain) and Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) are among the aromatic medicinal plants that can be used in this regard. In this study, the agar diffusion method was used to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effects of the herbal essential oils in question and the dilution method in the liquid medium was also used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The checkerboard assay was used to evaluate the interaction between the herbal essential oils of Ajwain and Fennel and to determine the fractional inhibitory concentration. The results showed that the MIC of Ajwain and Fennel herbal essential oils against Escherichia coli was 1562.5 μg/ml and 12500 μg/ml, respectively, and in the case of Clostridium sporogenes this value was 1562.5 μg/ml and 50000 μg /ml, respectively. Calculation of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC index) indicated that there was no interaction between the herbal essential oils of two plants against both bacteria in question. In general, the absence of synergistic and antagonistic interactions between the Ajwain and Fennel herbal essential oils can be related to the identically-affected sites of these essential oils in Escherichia coli and Clostridium sporogenes. Also, the results obtained through the identification of herbal essential oils composition by GC/MS showed that the main components of Ajwain were Thymol (49.96%), p-cymane (22.73%) and γ-Terpinene (15.32%) and in case of Fennel these components were Trans-anethole (63.88%), Estragole (9.97%), limonene (7.65%) and fenchone (5.72%).

Today stock exchange, as a part of financial system of countries, is one of the significant indices for evaluation of economic growth and development. Hence, it is important to know the elements and functions of this market. Tehran Stock Exchange as the executive body of the market undertakes different functions in transactions of capital market. But, due to ignorance of effects and foundations of exchange transactions, it is lead to disagreement about interpretation and applying regulations related to functions of the company in exchange transactions. Since classical legal rules cannot ensure and support the interests of all groups involved in exchange transactions the evaluation of rules and regulations regarding the intervention in transactions must be analyzed based on such economic theories, including efficiency. Therefore, in this article, it is tried to survey the economic and legal efforts of the TSE intervention using analytical method

Increased antibiotic resistance as a result of using antimicrobial drugs and also their various adverse effects has caused that in recent years, investigation of medicinal plants be considered for discovering new medicinal resources against bacterial infections. This study was performed with the objective of determining the antimicrobial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Kleussia odoratissima against Enterococcus faecalis (PTTC 1609) and Salmonella typhi (PTTC 1349). In this experimental study, the antibacterial activity of the extracts was investigated by spreading of the extract on medium surface and disk agar diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC(and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also determined using tube dilution method. Analysis of the results was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In agar disk diffusion method, all concentrations of ethanolic extract had inhibitory effect against Enterococcus faecalis. MIC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterococcus faecalis was 16 and 32mg/ml and for Salmonella typhi was 64 and 32mg/ml, respectively. MBC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterococcus faecalis was 64 and 32mg/ml and for Salmonella typhi was 128 and 64mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Kelussia odoratissima leave had higher inhibitory effects on the studied strains, compared to aqueous extracts in vitro.

Nowadays, the increasing use of antibiotics, or failure to comply the recommended dose by the patients, has led to the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. It has resulted in increasing the interest to use more efficient new anti-microbial compounds without toxicity, such as medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Kelussia odoratissima on some pathogenic bacteria. In this laboratory study, the antibacterial effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Kelussia odoratissima leaves were investigated using pour plate and disk agar diffusion tests. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC(and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also studied using the Dilution method. Analysis of results was performed using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). MIC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes was 32 and 16 mg/ml and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 64 and 32 mg/ml, respectively. MBC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pyogenes was 64 and 32 mg/ml and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 128 and 64 mg/ml, respectively. The results of One-way analysis of variance showed, with increasing concentrations of ethanolic and aqueous extracts, inhibition zone was significantly increased. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Kelussia odoratissima leaves had greater inhibitory effects on the strains studied in comparison with to aqueous extracts in vitro.

Securities Market by absorption and utilization of stagnant capitals causes increasing of investments volume and has a significant role in economic growth and development of the countries. So, it is important to maintain the security and integrity of this market. Since the approval Securities Market in 2005 Private proved, new rules are governing the securities transactions. Requirements of these transactions including the rules and regulations of the Private law in the field of providing individual justice and also the economic public policy lead to the government influence on these transactions with enacting mandatory regulations. For these transactions, different mechanisms are predicted as in the stage of formation. What is considered in this article is the confirmation of transaction by the stock exchange which is a formal term and it is affecting on the nature of contract, and giving credits to it. This article is surveying the role of confirmation in the process of transactions using analytical method.

Study of medicinal plants in order to discover new pharmaceutical supplies against bacterial infections in recent years has been considered very much. In this study the antimicrobial effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ferulago angulata on Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923، Bacillus cereus PTTC 1015 and Salmonella typhi PTTC 1609 “in vitro”. In this study, different concentration level of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ferulago angulata were prepared. The antibacterial effects of extracts were investigated using pour plate and disk agar diffusion test. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC(and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also studied using the dilution method. Statistical analysis was carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA). In disk agar diffusion Method all concentrations of ethanolic extract have inhibitory effect against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC(of Kelussia odoratissima leaves of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus was 16 and 8 mg/ml and for Salmonella typhi was 64 and 32 mg/ml, respectively. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Kelussia odoratissima leaves of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus was 32 and 16 mg/ml and for Salmonella typhi was 128 and 64 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Ferulago angulata had greater inhibitory effects on the strains studied compared to aqueous extracts in vitro. Salmonella typhi was resistant to most of the aqueous and ethanolic Ferulago angulata extracts.

Satureja is belongs to Lamiaceae family. About 14 species have been reported in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Satureja bachtiar ica (different concentrations) on Listeria monocytogenes PTCC 1297، Bacillus cereus PTCC 1154، Enterobacter aerogenes PTCC 1221، Enterococcus faecalis PTCC 1237 & Salmonella typhi PTCC 1609” in vitro”. In this study, antimicrobial effect of the extracts evaluated by two methods, “Collins method” (spreading of the extract on medium surfac e) and “disk agar diffusion method”. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for both species determined by using a dilution method. The results showed that in "disk agar diffusion test ", ethanolic extract had inhibition effect on Listeria monocytogenes، Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis. The result shows that MIC of Satureja bachtiarica leaves of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterobacter aerogenes was 64 and 32 mg/ml respectively. The MBC aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Satureja bachtiarica leaves for Enterobacter aerogenes was 128 and 64 mg/ml respectively. The ethanolic extract of Satu reja bachtiarica leaves “in vitro” have a significant antimicrobial effect on gram - negative bacteria Salmonella typhi and Enterobacter aerogenes and the gram - positive bacteria Listeria monocytogenes، Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis. Enterobacter aerogenes was resistant to most of the aqueous and ethanolic Satureja bachtiarica extracts.

Introduction & Teucrium polium belonging to Lamiaceae family has been widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of diseases. Regarding the existence of the active biological compounds in this plant، it seems that this plant has considerable antimicrobial ef-fects. The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial effect of different concentra-tions of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Teucrium polium (different concentrations) on Escherichia coli PTCC 1330، Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1337، Staphylococcus epider-midis PTCC 1435، Streptococcus pyogenes PTCC 1447 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1310” in vitro”. In this experimental study، antimicrobial effect of the extracts was ex-plored by two methods including “Collins method” (spreading of the extract on medium sur-face) and “disk agar diffusion method”. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using the dilution method. The results showed that in «disk agar diffusion method»، the ethanolic extract had the inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus epidermidis، Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococ-cus aureus. The MIC of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 64 and 32 mg/ml، respectively and the MBC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Pseudo-monas aeruginsa was 256 and 128 mg/ml، respectively. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the highest level of resistance against the aqueous and ethanolic Teucrium polium extracts. The ethanolic extract of Teucrium polium “in vitro” showed a considerable antim-icrobial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the gram-negative bacteria and Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis، Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus as the gram-positive bacteria.

The overuse of therapeutic antibiotics results in the drug resistance. The excessive use of antibiotics causes the mutations in the microorganisms and the emergence of new microorganisms which are resistant against the common antibiotics. With regard to limitations and known side effects of antibiotics, the exploring of antimicrobial compounds seems necessary. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Chevil against Staphylococcus epidermidis PTCC 1435, Yersinia enterocolitica PTCC 1221 and Enterobacter aeruginosa PTCC 1151 and to compare them with the common therapeutic antibiotics. In this experimental study, after collecting plants from the highlands of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, the extraction was carried out by the maceration method. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity, Disc diffusion test with Kirby-Bauer method was used. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by using the dilution method. The highest inhibition zone diameter in 40 mg/ml was related to Staphylococcus epidermidis and the minimum diameter in this concentration was related to Gram-negative bacteria, Enterobacter aeruginosa. MIC of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Enterobacter aeruginosa 64 and 32 mg/ml and MBC of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Enterobacter aeruginosa were 128 and 64 mg/ml respectively. The ethanolic extract of the Chevil compared with the common therapeutic antibiotics had more inhibitory effect on studied bacteria. Furthermore, Chevil extracts showed greater inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria in comparison with Gram-negative bacteria.

Karafs Koohi with the scientific name of Kelussia odoratissima and the local name of Keloss belongs to the Apiaceace family, and is a biannual or perennial plant. The present study aims at investigating the antimicrobial effects of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Kelussia odoratissima on Bacillus cereus, Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli In this study, different concentration levels (20, 40, 60, 80 mg/ml) of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Kelussia odoratissima leaves were prepared. The antibacterial effect of extracts were investigated using spreading of the extract on medium surface (pour plate) and disk agar diffusion test. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC(and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were also studied using the dilution method. Statistical analysis was carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA). In disk agar diffusion Method all concentrations of ethanolic extract have inhibitory effect against Bacillus cereus and Listeria innocua. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC(of Kelussia odoratissima leaves of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Bacillus cereus and Listeria innocua was 16 and 8 mg/ml and for Escherichia coli was 32and 16 mg/ml, respectively. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of Kelussia odoratissima leaves of aqueous and ethanolic extracts for Bacillus cereus and Listeria innocua was 32 and 16 mg/ml and for Escherichia coli was 64 and 32mg/ml, respectively. Escherichia coli exhibited the most resistance against aqueous and ethanol extracts of Kelussia odoratissima leaves. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Kelussia odoratissima leaves had greater inhibitory effects on the strains studied compared to aqueous extracts in vitro.