فهرست مطالب مریم رئیسی

Antimicrobial resistance is a common problem throughout the world. Acquire integrons is one One of the main causes multi- resistance in gram-negative microorganisms. The purpose of this study, Investigate the frequency of genes sul and investigate the relationship between genes sul and Class I integrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates resistant to sulfonamides isolated from clinical cases in Shahrekord. In this study, antibiotic resistance 90 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from clinical cases of Shahrekord,disk diffusion method was performed. In order to investigate resistance to sulfonamides of the antibiotic cotrimoxazole was used. Then using specific primers was performed tracing genes sul1, sul2 and sul3 and intI. After PCR reaction of 33 isolates resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole sul1 gene in 15 isolates (45/45%), sul2 gene in 20 isolates (60/60%), gene Sul3 in 2 isolates (6/06%) and the gene intI 27 isolates was found. The statistical analysis between genes sul1and IntI significant relationship was observed. The results of this study show that is a strong correlation between carry integrons and increased resistance to a number of different classes of antibiotics.

Urinary tract infections is one of the most common infectious diseases and E. coli is one of urinary tract infection the most important factor. The purpose of this investigation is prevalence of sul genes in E.coli isolated from urinary tract infectious in Shahrekord to form cross-sectional in 2013. Samples was prepared as sterile and in terms of urine tests, cultures and was studied. Investigation antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by disk diffusion method. As well as, for tracing Sul gene PCR reaction was performed in the presence of specific primers and the results was analyzed. In this study of 130 E. coli isolates studied 67 isolates (53/51%) resistance to co-trimoxazol was observed. The frequency of genes sul1, sul2 and sul3 was respectively 20/89%, 55/22% and 4/47%. In statistical analysis with chi-square test between to resistance sulfonamides and sul genes significant correlation was observed. The results showed that E. coli isolates are high resistant to sulfonamides that may be the indiscriminate use of these antibiotics.

Vegetation is one of the most important components of terrestrial ecosystems, which plays a vital role in carbon regulation and balancing, energy exchange and climate stability. Also, temperature and rainfall are the most important influential factors in changing the vegetation index, NDVI. Understanding the relationship between rainfall, NDVI and temperature is essential in forestry planning over each region. Accordingly, the main objectives of this research are 1) to monitor the annual changes of NDVI from 2001 to 2020 using linear regression’s slope and Sen’s slope estimator methods, and 2) to investigate and determine the relationship between NDVI and the climatic components, specifically rainfall and temperature, in Semnan province.

Semnan province was selected as the study area to evaluate the relationship between climatic components and vegetation cover by using remote sensing data. The NDVI data was extracted from the Terra MODIS product in a spatial resolution of 500 meters and was processed to evaluate vegetation changes in Semnan province during the years between 2001 and 2020 on monthly scale. After that, the monthly rainfall and temperature data were obtained from both synoptic and climatology stations; then they were converted into annual scale. Furthermore, the rainfall and temperature reanalysis grid-base data, ERA5-Land, was downloaded in about 9 km spatial resolution from 2001 to 2020. Reanalysis data usually contains systematic error compared to observational data, which can affect the output results and requires to be corrected. Consequently, we utilized one of the recent bias-correction approaches, the Quantile Mapping (QM) bias-correction method, to correct biases over the entire distribution of the rainfall and temperature reanalysis data. At this point, each set of the rainfall and temperature grid-based data was resampled to 500 meters based on the spatial resolution of NDVI pixels. Next, each series of rainfall and temperature data were corrected based on QM method from the years 2001 to 2020 according to the availability of the NDVI time series data. The relationship between annual rainfall and temperature with the NDVI was calculated in each month of the year (2001-2020). In this study, linear regression and the non-parametric method of the Sen’s slope estimator were used to investigate the changes in NDVI trend for each pixel from 2001 to 2020. Finally, to check the accuracy of the relationship between vegetation, temperature and rainfall, the coefficient of determination was used.

The linear regression’s slope indicated that 25% of ​​Semnan’s area had vegetation variations close to zero in each month during the years 2001 to 2020. It means that NDVI values did not change significantly and it was almost unchanged. Moreover, based on the Sen's slope estimator, the results showed that there was no noticeable change in decreasing or increasing the amount of vegetation in about 75% of ​​Semnan’s area. The analyses also showed that the coefficient of determination between NDVI and rainfall varied from 18% to 44% in different months, and the highest relationship values were observed in September and December. Moreover, in more than 50% of the Semnan’s area, the relationship between NDVI and rainfall has varied from zero to more than 42%. The results indicated that vegetation cover has no significant relationship with annual rainfall in both winter and spring. Furthermore, in 50% of the study area, the estimated NDVI variation indicated zero or negative values in each month, which confirms that the vegetation cover has not changed significantly or it has decreased slightly in response to the temperature.

In recent years, the evaluation of changes in NDVI time series has been developed by using satellite images and remote sensing techniques. In addition, the climate components like rainfall and temperature are among the factors affecting the growth of vegetation cover, which has attracted the attention of many researchers. By considering the linear regression’s slope and Sen’s slope estimator, the results showed that NDVI did not change significantly during the years 2001 to 2020 in Semnan province, but it decreased in some areas. Moreover, the effect of rainfall and temperature demonstrated that vegetation has either direct or indirect relationships with rainfall or temperature in some months (positive or negative values, respectively). The linear regression’ slope between annual temperature and NDVI showed that in 50% of ​​Semnan’s area, NDVI variation was estimated to be nearly zero or negative in each month. Generally, in arid regions like Semnan province, the growth of plants is controlled by two climatic factors, rainfall and temperature. In arid and semi-arid regions (where the amount of rainfall is low, such as Semnan province), or in regions where the percentage of humidity is high, the maximum relationship between NDVI and the rainfall was not observed.

In arid and semi-arid regions, due to the fragility of the ecosystem, the reduction of vegetation cover can have irreparable consequences such as increasing the movement of soil particles. This action will eventually lead to wind erosion and will increase dust in the region. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the monthly changes of NDVI from 2001 to 2020 by the linear regression’s slope and Sen’s slope methods. In addition, the relationship between NDVI and climatic components of rainfall and temperature were discussed. The findings showed that results of the linear regression’s slope and Sen's slope estimator are both almost the same. The relationship between rainfall and NDVI indicated that in 75% of Semnan’s area, the estimated value of coefficient of determination had the highest value in September and December. It means that with the increase of rainfall, vegetation cover also increases. Based on the linear regression’s slope between the annual temperature and NDVI, it was observed that in almost 50% of the study area, NDVI variations were approximately estimated to be zero or negative in each month, which means the vegetation cover has not significantly changed or even decreased by changing temperature. In future studies, it is suggested to use other remote sensing NDVI products such as Landsat satellite and even other climate reanalysis data to have a more accurate view of vegetation cover changes in the study area.

Cold waves are natural phenomena normally occurring in winter and autumn seasons. They likely cause significant damage to agricultural crops and garden yields. Accordingly, both monitoring and prediction of cold waves occurrence are essential for planning and managing the associated risks beneficially.

This study aims at analyzing cold waves data in Semnan province, enhancing a better understanding of this phenomenon, and suggesting practical solutions for effective management. To meet this target, the minimum daily temperature data were analyzed from 1980 to 2020. To identify the cold waves, the standardized minimum temperature (Z-index) was calculated during the same period in Semnan province.

Our findings revealed that the highest occurrences of cold waves occurred in Semnan city with a fairly long-term duration (In 2007, there were two cold waves lasting 3 and 7 days, and in 2016 there was a cold wave lasting 6 days). Moreover, Shahmirzad, Shahrood and Miamey stations recorded the lowest minimum temperature (-16.4 ◦C, -14.2 ◦C, -14.2 ◦C) in November 2016, respectively.

Results demonstrate that the cold waves occur with 10-year return period. Subsequently, developing applicable management plans are essential to reduce cold waves exposures and damages.

 The great mystics each have their own language and pictorial and symbolic system. Those who have had pure personal experiences have their own personal images and interpretations. Rumi has given a secret meaning to the words of everything and everyone, according to the association of meanings that took place in his mind. The scope of Rumi's cryptography includes animals, plants, constellations, myths, prophets, etc.; Therefore, the investigation of all aspects of cryptography and mystical terms in Rumi's Ghazals requires extensive research. In the present research, monastic symbols in Rumi's Ghazals have been investigated. This research seeks to answer the question: How are monastic customs and symbols reflected in Molavi's poetry? The results show that Rumi has used a variety of words and terms in creating new symbolic meanings. The most important result of the present research is that, due to Rumi's creativity in cryptography, Rumi's sonnets cannot be interpreted according to the mystical terms found in Sufi books; Because the mystical terms used show the conscious mind of the writers who have their own intellectual style. Some of the customs and traditions that have found symbolic meaning in Diwan Shams are: pir, food, farashi, sama, etc. The purpose of this research is to reflect monastic symbols in Diwan Shams Molavi. The research method is documentary and library, and text analysis is obtained through evidence.

Deterrence has more meaning in the military field and is less used in the field of media, and concepts such as soft power are usually repeated in media literature. However, deterrence was analyzed on two levels in this article: the internal level, which suggests that radio and television should take advantage of creativity and the production of up-to-date content so as not to lose internal audiences, and at the external level, what is important about deterrence is paying attention to proper functioning. It is cross-border networks that how many of them can indicate the correct output of that deterrence. The most important strategy to deal with the media war against the Islamic Republic of Iran can be considered to be increasing the trust of the national media audience by responding to their needs in the field of information, various events and increasing the trust of the national media audience. Sedavsima can do better by adopting a policy of protecting the audience from the adverse effects of satellite networks, instead of trying to throw them away or leave them completely free. One of the most important solutions is to increase the trust of the audience towards the national media by providing comprehensive, accurate, unbiased news and information and responding to the recent needs of the audience by continuously evaluating the needs of different social groups. The research method used in this study was descriptive-analytical.

Awareness of the amount of the danger of ablation, the possibility of recognizing critical areas and arranging of managing plans and protecting plans achieved. the present study is produced aiming the use of fuzzy logic EPM and BLM in predicting the power of ablation and calculation of the whole illuviation that has been produced in a year in the Razan basin by help of evaluation and GIS then the correctness of the studies have been compared according to the results of BLM model the more of the studied are wan in low erosion in the rest of the paper by using EPM model the whole of illuviation that had been produced in Razan basin was calculated according to the results of EPM model the power of ablation in the studied area laid in the ablation of middle class also the results of game operator of fuzzy %98 of study area was show reel in five class of the less clanger to the most danger final the results of credit evaluating of models showed that the results of EPM model had more similarity with the prepare data of the study that show the correctness of EPM model in analyzing ablation of the studied area according to the ranking of the area and using EPM model 28/44- 32/16 and 39 /40 % Percent of the space of the area laid in the classes of the more less .less – middle.

The cloak is one of the rituals of Sufism. Sufis consider a cloak the gone worn by the old man on the body of a disciple who had come under his guardianship. The cloak and the giving of the cloak by the old man to the disciple in all Sufi dynasties serve as a symbol showing the transmission of teachings and spiritual heritage of Sufism and in fact, the permission of the disciple to enter Sufism. Although before Sanai the use of symbolic images in the poems of mystic poets had been common, but due to lack of frequency, it had no stylistic value. The research method used in the present project is documentary and based on library sources and the text analysis is done through evidence from the texts. In this method, after studying Divan-e Shams and taking notes, the contents are categorized, examined and analyzed for detecting and discussing the cryptic elements. The necessity of conducting this research is due to the fact that no similar study has been done on the symbols of the cloak in Divan-e Shams. This research has analyzed the components and codes of the cloak. Its purpose is to study the reflection of Rumi's view on the cloak and to analyze its symbolic presentation in Divan-e Shams. Results from this study have shown that Rumi's view of the cloak is mainly a negative one. On the one hand, he considers the cloak as a symbol of the body, physical form and corporal existence and its manifestations, and on the other hand, it is a symbol of asceticism, hypocrisy and corruption.

Story of Joseph as one of the best tales has caused various perceptions about it. One of the most important viewpoints is interpretation of mystics. In this article, we explain the viewpoint of mystics by extracting the themes. In order to do so, Tazkirat al-Awliya, al-Risala al-Qushayriyyh, Kashf ul Mahjoob, Meybodi Interpretation and other books were reviewed and the themes of the story were analyzed in relation with high mystical concepts divisible into two parts of concepts related to love and other mystic ones .Such studies show that love is more prominent than every topic in this story . Paying attention to the stages of love makes us understand how love causes the story achieve one position of most beautiful stories .Love as one of houses of knowledge causes a basic change in existence of follower . Addressing the love and mystical concepts related to it, has changed story to one of most fruitful and interpretable Quran stories. Joseph’s beauty as mirror and knowing it as place where divine beauties are displayed, increase insight of such love. The zeal of beloved for lover, self-sacrifice in affection and truth of love are the themes which show that love is key topic of Joseph’s story from viewpoint of mystics. The mystics have also considered characters of story as symbols by like Zuleikha as blaming soul , Jacob as wisdom , Joseph as heart or follower of path involved in jealousy anger and lust power as result of the attention of Jacob .

Identification of soil quality changes, including soil organic matter (SOM), is one of the most important usages of remote sensing and geographical information system. Available phosphorus is also an important nutrient for optimal growth of plants. The purposes of this study were to investigate the capability of satellite images data and to compare the accuracy of SOM and available phosphorus maps by using Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2A satellite images. The location of sampling points was determined by using conditional Latin hypercube sampling for 84 soil samples in agricultural lands of Semnan plain. The SOM content, the particle size fractions including sand, clay, and silt were measured using wet oxidation and hydrometer methods, respectively, and available phosphorus was measured by the Olsen method. The auxiliary variables included the bands and combination of bands. The results showed that soil available phosphorus had the highest correlation with SOM content. Results of Random Forest algorithm indicated that axillary variables derived from multi-spectral instruments (Sentinel 2A satellite) evaluated the amount of SOM and available phosphorus more accurately than the axillary variables extracted by Landsat 8 satellite images. The random forest nonlinear method estimated the amounts ​​of SOM and available phosphorus with low error values ​​and a relatively high coefficient of determination. The root means square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) for prediction of SOM were 0.413 and 0.758 for the multi-spectral instrument, and 0.432 and 0.736 for the operational land imager, respectively. Also, the RMSE and R2 for prediction of available phosphorus were 5.96 and 0.74, for the multi-spectral instrument, and 7.24 and 0.56 for the operational land imager, respectively.

The variable and complex nature of the sediment load of rivers has led that the estimation of sediment entering the reservoirs and the production of long term sediment, for determining the lifetime of the structures encounter with the problem. Application of sediment rating curves is one of the most common methods for estimating the suspended sediment load of rivers. Regardless of the accuracy of sediment measurement in sampling and measuring the concentration of samples and also measuring the corresponding discharge and with due attention to the spatial and temporal changes of suspended sediment in river management and reform operations, the providing of sediment rating curves is one of the most important resources of error for estimating sediment. Therefore, providing time backup curves for sediment rating curves is necessary for evaluation of accuracy and precision of sediment rating curves. So, in this research are presented time backup curves for sediment rating curves for investigating temporal variations of the sediment rating curve and are applied for considering slope changes of curve and annual changes of it too. Also, in this research compared the results of the sediment rating curve method with the results of some statistical methods for estimating the suspended sediment load in three hydrometric stations in Gamasiab watershed. The results of validations showed that transfer function model due to take into account time parameter with SSE 0.00003 ton/day, 3.24 ton/day, 5.92 ton/day, respectively for stations: Sang-Surakh, Vasaj and Marvil has high precision in the forecasting and moreover it presents confidently unbiased forecasts for the future.

Stimuli-responsive materials based on thermochromic are a new class of smart materialsthat has received a great deal of attention in the recent decades. The importance ofsmart polymers or stimuli-responsive polymers is growing due to having properties suchas toughness, simple processability, flexibility, elasticity, biocompatibility as well as beingcapable of reversible chemical and physical changes in response to variable environmentalconditions relative to inorganic materials. The most important characteristics of thesepolymers are their microscopic response to small environmental changes and they canreturn to their initial state under further stimulus. These polymers may respond to severaltriggers such as light, temperature, mechanical factors, electrical and magnetic fields,polarity, enzyme, and biomolecules. Recently, the rapid advancements on smart materialswith thermochromic properties have become a promising field. A thermochromic materialcan be in the form of monomer or polymer, organic or inorganic compound, and a singleor a multi-component system. The color of these compounds can change spontaneously orcontinuously in response to changes in temperature in a reversible way which is as the resultof changes in light reflection, absorption or scattering properties. These materials could beused in several fields such as thermochromic papers, inks, sensors and thermometers.

Nowadays are being used PCR-based methods in order to detect Yersinia enterocolitica strains and plasmids and chromosomal virulence genes. This method able to provide a rapid and reliable characterization. In this study, 300 samples of turkey meat were collected randomly from market in Shahrekord. The isolates were identified using PCR test, And the virulence genes of the isolates were detected. According to the results, 55 serotypes O:3 were identified, and the prevalence of virulence genes were as follows: yadA (32.72%), inv (100%), ail (38.18%), ystA (40%), and virF (27.27%). Due to the increased consumption of turkey meat in the country and the possibility of Y. enterocolitica transfer to humans, it is recommended to carefully observe storage principles, avoid use of undercooked turkey meat and also applying PCR test for direct identification of contamination in food as a quick, accurate and specific technique is recommended.

Typically, equipments and devices that are subject to vibration or continuous movement such as cars usually are faced to loose or unplugged metallic joints, which causes metal joints not to function properly and further intensive damages can be occurred. One of the methods to enhance metallic joints is the use of thread locking adhesives. thread locking adhesives not only prevents the metal fittings from loosening, but also by filling the gap between metal fittings, prevents the penetration of oxygen and moisture into them and delaying the occurrence of corrosion. These adhesives contain microcapsules filled with active thermoset monomers, which are well-dispersed in a thermoplastic media. At the time of fixing the connection, and due to the applied mechanical force from the closure of the nut on the adhesive-coated screw, the microcapsule shells rupture and the reactive monomers release and flow into the gaps between the screw and the nut, and finally by chemical reactions, the connection between the screw and the nut is tightened. Therefore, this type of adhesive reveals appropriate storage time, with proper bonding strength between the joints, at the service life. In this article, we introduce and investigate the thread lockers adhesives containing microcapsules filled with reactive monomers.

The proportion of older people over the world is increasing. In the past five decades, the number of older people who needs hemodialysis in terms of numbers and per million inhabitants has increased worldwide. More than half of these patients have reported fatigue and lack of energy. The feeling of fatigue has various effects on physical, cognitive and emotional aspects of older people life. This study aimed to investigate factors influencing fatigue in older people with hemodialysis. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 with 450 older people with hemodialysis selected randomly from 10 therapeutic and educational centers in an urban area of Tehran. Data was collected using the Brief Fatigue Inventory Scale. The average of fatigue in all samples was 5.83± 2.63 which showed a medium level of fatigue. Fatigue could become more severe with age, so that the highest level of fatigue was in older people with the age 90 and above. Also, women reported significantly more fatigue than men (p<0.5). People with a lower educational level experienced more fatigue. The level of income had significant impact on the level of fatigue so that fatigue was more common in older people with a lower income level (p<0.5). Older people with hemodialysis suffered from high levels of fatigue. In order to improve older people care and promote their quality of life, nurses are required to identify fatigue in older people and help with reducing it.

Background & Respiratory system infections is a common infectious disease and is an acute inflammation of the upper respiratory system caused by several bacterial infections including Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to investigate the coagulase gene polymorphism of S. aureus isolated from clinical respiratory system infections samples in Shahrekord of Iran.
Material & This study was conducted by a sectional-descriptive study on 200 persons suspected to the upper respiratory system infections who referred to Imam Ali clinic in Shahrekord. After growth of microorganisms on blood agar and manitol salt agar, the suspected colonies were identified by microbiological testing. Next, DNA samples were prepared and the products of PCR reactions were enzymatically digested and genes were genotyped using RFLP.
Overall, 60 patients (30%) were infected to S. aureus. Among them 42 isolates showed a 970 bp fragments and 18 isolates showed a 730bp fragments. After enzymatic digestion with AluI, 42 specimens contained three bands: 320, 490, and 160 bp (genotype I), while 16 specimens contained two bands: 490 and 240 bp (genotype VIII) and 2 specimens contained two bands: 410 and 320 bp (genotype IX).
The results obtained from present study showed that coagulase-positive S. aureus strains isolated from respiratory system infections in Shahrekord belonged mostly to genotype type I, which can be considered as a potential source for the release of the genotypes in the population.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered as one of pathogenic agents in humans, that engages different body parts including respiratory system and causes to spend lots of costs and extending patient’s treatment period. This study which is performed to separate and investigate the pattern of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from upper respiratory system infections in Shahrekord. This study was done by sectional-descriptive method On 200 suspicious persons to the upper respiratory system infections who were referred to the Imam Ali clinic in Shahrekord in 2012. After isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from cultured nose discharges, antibiotic resistance genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using defined primer pairs. Among 200 investigated samples in 60 cases (30%) Staphylococcus aureus infection (by culturing and PCR method) was determined. Isolates showed the lowest amount of antibiotic resistance to vancomycin (0.5%) and the highest amount of resistance to the penicillin G and cefotaxime (100%). mecA gene (encoding methicillin resistance) with frequency of 85.18% and aacA-D gene (encoding resistance to aminoglycosides) with frequency of 28.33% showed the highest and lowest frequency of antibiotic resistance genes coding in Staphylococcus aureus isolates respectively. Discussion and Notable prevalence of resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in community acquired respiratory infections, recommend continuous control necessity to impede the spreading of these bacteria and their infections.