فهرست مطالب مریم علینقی پور

The livability mean is the power and ability of a place to meet the living needs of residents including material or immaterial to improve the quality of life and creating an appropriate environment for the prosperity of residents which is hidden in the sense of people's satisfaction from their living environment and it is an introduction to sustainability and improving the quality of life. Today its evaluating has attracted enormous interest in the field of planning and policy of rural settlements. The purpose of this study is determine the level of rural settlements based on the indices of livability in the villages around the metropolis of Rasht. Livability levels are determined based on relevant indices. The type of research is practical and the used method is descriptive-analytic and the Copras technique is used for analyzing data and information. The findings show that the continuity and belonging to the place index has the highest and tourism index has the least impact on the livability of the studied villages. The results of the Copras technique shows that Alman and Pirkalachah villages have the best condition and Varazgah and Koleshtaleshan villages have the worst condition in the livability. Based on the percentage of the importance of the studied villages, those are located at five levels of livability including very desirable livability, desirable livability, moderate livability, undesirable livability and very undesirable livability. Results in research can be the reason for future plans and with knowing the priority of villages, proposed programs are more practical and in order to increase the welfare of residents.

Today Livability is an Introduction to Sustainable Development so much attention has been paid to assessment and evaluation in the field of planning and policy for rural settlements. Livability includes various dimensions such as environmental, socio-cultural, economic, institutional-management and physical that will evaluate and improve each dimension for achieving a livable habitat. The goal of this research is explaining environmental livability of villages around the Rasht metropolis. The research type is applied, used method is descriptive-analytical and data are collected using documentary resources and field studies. The statistical population of this research is villages around the Rasht metropolis. To assess environmental livability, recognized 5 components including green space, pollution(environmental quality), visual quality, landscape and rural perspective and resilient(28 items) that required information gathered by getting help of villagers, rural managers and identify the scope of study.

In this study Dehyars and supervisors of households living (using random sampling) selected as responsive to questionnaires which is designed. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, previous studies and the approval of experts in the field of rural studies and to assess the reliability of questionnaires Cronbach's alpha method were used.The result(0.731) shows the reliability of the questionnaire to conduct the research. After ensuring the results of the questionnaire, it has been designed to collect information and analyze descriptive statistics and then for inferential statistics try to create index. For this purpose, items first were rounded and then negative items was changed to positive ones, because we need same value indicators to measure in order to make correct comparison. In order to convert negatives items to positive ones, they must be reduced to a constant number or reversed. In this study, the inverse method was used. To complete the indexation process should fix scale differences for getting the numeric information. For this purpose we Use standardize method and then weigh the indicators. To assess the weight has used judgments opinion method. A questionnaire is filled up for each village with the help of well-known and expert people where it is considered to be one to ten numbers for each component and finally the average weights are obtained and then the numbers are considered in the range of 1-3 Where 3 is the most weight. Finally, the weight is achieved apply in the scaled-up indexes and mean and standard deviation of the indicators will calculate and further research steps these indicators are used to carry out quantitative operations.

results show ,respectively, the manner and quality of waste collection from the village surface with an average of 3.85, natural beauty eye with an average of 3.78, air pollution (no air pollution is aimed because the score is changed from negative to positive) with an average of 3.36 have the highest average and enjoyment and quality of children's play space with an average of 0.09, having a sewage disposal system with an average of 1.77, the quality of collecting wastewater with an average of 2.10 have the lowest Average. The high average shows the satisfaction of the respondents and the possibility of greater impact on rural viability. To determine the effect of independent variable (environmental dimension) on dependent variable (livability) used of bivariate regression (simple linear regression) with the same way method. Test results show that amount of determination coefficient statistics (variance explained by the set of variables) is equal to 0.593 and it means that 59.3 percent of the variation in livability is explained by the environmental dimension and this reflects the impact of this dimension. F statistic is 50.935 which is meaningful up to a thousandth and represents the dependence of the livability on this dimension. In other words, environmental indicators have an impact on livability. In the following, by examining the results of the indexation find that among the studied indicators, resilient index with a score of 9.49 is the highest and green area index with a score of 3.137 is the lowest score. Highest score of livability in the environmental dimension belongs to the Alman village and lowest score has been allocated to the Karchovandan village. And finally are Leveled villages which are studied in five levels including very desirable, desirable, moderate, undesirable and very undesirable.

With the help of field surveys and documentation and by identifying environmental components and items in rural settlements around the Rasht metropolis was found that villagers are satisfied from the type and quality of waste collection from the village surface, beautiful natural eye, non-contamination more than other components and in opposite they are not satisfied from the enjoyment and quality of children's play space, sewage disposal system, collection quality of sewage. After identifying the items and collecting data were taken indicative steps and with the help of a single sample T test identify that indicators can be generalized to the whole society and then with the help of regression analysis the effect of environmental dimension on livability is shown. By using the mean of indexes, resilient index has the most effective benchmark and greenhouse index has the least effective index, Alman village has the highest livability rate and Karchovandan village has the lowest livability scores. In the following, studied villages are ranked at five levels of livability (Based on average score). According to this level, the villages of Talamseshanbe, Alman, Bijarbane at very desirable livability level(6.60-7.17), Kasar, Pirkolachah at desirable livability level(6.04-6.60), Fashtam, Gilpordesar, Pasikhan, Piledarbon, Garfam, Shekarestalkh, Pachkenar at moderate livability(5.47-6.04), Dareposht, Keshalvarzal, Varazgah, Koleshtaleshan, Kheshtmasjed, Balakoyakh, Roknsara, Lachegorab, Shalkoh, Kizhdeh, Bijarpas, Kisarvarzal, Vishkavarzal, Pasvishe, Tazeabad, Siaestalkh, Komakol, Mangode at undesirable livability level(4.91-5.47) and Rodborde, Tarazkoh, Tochipaybast, Karchovandan, Gorabvarzal, Ravajir, Vishkamatir at very undesirable livability level(4.91-5.47) are located. Keywords: Explanation, Livability, Rural settlements, Environmental livability, Rasht Metropolis.

The earth is a limited and nonrenewable natural resource that is affected by the pressures of population growth. For optimal use of this limited resource, awareness of land use and its changes is essential. These changes have the desired and unfavorable effects on rural settlements, which are generally divided into three categories of legal, economic and demographic factors, demographic factors are the most important factor in land use change and overlap the other two factors.This study examines the land use changes of Rasht city and the impact of demographic changes on it in a 15-year period. The method used in this study is descriptive-analytic, and data collection method is documentation-field study. The ENVI software, Arc GIS software and SPSS software were used for satellite image processing, drawing maps and data analysis, respectively to find out the land use changes from the Landsat satellite images. The results show that with the passage of time, construction and agriculture have been added to human applications, and arid, forest and water applications have been reduced.

Lack of attention to the rural areas, inattention to the capabilities of rural areas are of the main problems in achieving rural development.According to the fact todays sustainable development is considered as a development dominant approach, addressing this issue is of great importance in development studies. Meanwhile, the important issue of evaluation and classification of the sustainable rural development will enable us to deal with the studied territory's planning and management by having sufficient knowledge about it. Whereas determination and identification of the development levels has been located as a main and significant element in the formulation of appropriate policies and programs in rural development in this syudy the evaluation of the development levels in the parts of Gilan province seems to be necessary.

This study is an applied,and a descriptive and analytical research in objective and also in nature and methodology point of view, respectively.In collecting the required information, the library method was used and population consist of all parts of Gilan province (43 parts). The statistics of 2011 (the obtained data from the General Population and Housing Census) were used as variables and then, the variables were converted to indexes.These indexes were classified in 5 groups (Environmental-Ecological, Socio-Cultural, Economical, Characteristic and Physical) appropriate to the aspects of the development.Since the number of indexes is different for different groups, a compound index was prepared for each group and then, these compound indexes were entered in analysis because only by this way, each group had equal voting rights.The indexes were entered into the SPSS software and the negative index were turned to the positive ones,firstly.So that,the indexes would have the same value.Alongside determining the degree of development, 298 variables and 93 indexes were collected. The methods of Numerical Taxonomy, Cluster Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy, Topsis, Morris and Network Analysis were used to determine the parts' ranking.First, in each of the development parts and finally,in the form of compound indexes, ranking and obtained results were analyzed.The techniques used in this research were the family members of Multiple Criteria Decision Making techniques. In this study, using the rank of each part while aware of the status of the part in development classification, and identifying the most deprived and the most developed sections, the homogeneity parts of the same floor was discussed and then, the results obtained in the form of a map were shown.In the next step,comparing the development level of years 2006 and 2011 was done by applying Topsis technique.

The results showed that 10 parts out of the total of 43 parts (Central Shaft, Central Lahajan,Central Fooman,Central Some'ehSara,Rasht's Khoshkbijar,Rasht's Sangar, Rasht's Khomam, Central Bandar-e Anzali,and Central AstanehAshrafieh),7 parts (Rudboneh in Lahajan, Central Langerud, Tolam in Some'ehSara, Central Roodsar, Rasht's Lasht-eNesha, Kiashahr in AstanehAshrafieh, Rasht's Koochesfahan),8 parts(Central Rezvanshahr, Central Amlash,Rankohi in Amlash,Ahmadsargurab in Shaft,Komale in Langerud,MirzaKuchikKhan in Some'ehSara, Rahmatabad and blocks in Rudbar,Central Talesh),9 parts (Shanderman in Masal, Central Siahkal, Deylaman in Siahkal, Otaghour in Langerud, Kalachay in Roodsar, Rahim Abad in Roodsar, Amarlou in Rudbar, Asalem in Talesh, and Lavandevil in Astara),and 9 parts (Central Masal, Parehsar in Rezvanshahr, Sardarjangal in Fooman, Chaboksar in Roodsar, Khorgam in Rudbar, Central Rudbar, Havigh in Talesh, Karganrood in Talesh, Central Astara)are respectively in the high development, moderate development ,transition to development, deprived, and severe deprivation levels. Also, by comparing the development levels in years 2006 and 2011, we can find that in 2006, of the total of 43 parts, 7, 9, 4, 13, and 10 parts and in year 2011, out of the total of 43 parts,12, 6, 11, 11, and 3 parts were in high level of development, medium level of development, transition to development level, deprived level, and severe deprivation level, correspondingly. It means that the number of parts in levels of severe deprivation and deprived has been lessened and the number of parts in the upper level of development has been enlarged.

To allocate funds and resources among different areas, it is necessary to identify the status of the area in relevant parts and to rank the utilization levels of the benefits of development. Sparsely populated rural areas in the country are not capable to attract suitable investment, services, and technology, for all-round and stable development.So,it is indispensable to create a hierarchical service giving to be able to dispatch equipment, facilities and services properly, by ranking and classification of a system.There are different methods in ranking the different aspects of which does not necessarily entail the same answers. But, it is possible to select methods and then, by combining the results, to attain unit ranking and next, an appropriate classification. Finding an efficient method to measure the development and then, services giving in areas because of the large number of villages in each area, population distribution, diversity of rural area and their distribution in the area, the position of their relationship, rural especial properties, lack of budgets and civil credits, shortage of specialist staff, rural administrative management system and paying less attention to rural settlements is a difficult affairand there is a hope that accordance with the results of this study, the right decision could be taken for giving services to the villages and parts which will improve the welfare of the villagers, activate the rural economy, raise the rural incomes and employment level. Planning and implementation of rural development projectsin parts, prioritizing areas of deprived and severe deprivation in the medium term development program, use a particular strategy to expand the welfare and civil services and upgrading the production capacities and employment in rural areas to maintain the population and preventing the migration are of proposals that are useful in the studied area.

Identification and exploitation of appropriate and effective mechanisms of knowledge management is one of the most serious concerns of organizations in the present era and in this regard, the project-based organizations need systematic management of knowledge more than other organizations, because of tentativeness of their project and the ongoing challenge of limited time and resources. So, these organizations attempt to define and implement the project, in order to achieve strategic objectives. Research results from the review of 204 guide plans' implementation projects in the fifth development plan which was shown by using the standard technique of knowledge project management body, project integration management and project risk management were respectively the most and the least important areas with the highest and lowest mean of areas in the guide plans' implementation. On the other hand, the relative deviation of different areas was calculated and thereby, cost management with the least relative deviation and risk management with the greatest relative deviation are in the best and the worst situation, correspondingly, and more efforts should be done to get better the risk management in the future plans . Finally, the correlation between different areas were measured to be able to predict the positive or negative consequences for getting better or worse in each field. The result showed a high correlation of human resource management and procurement management and also, there are direct correlation among integration and scope management, time and risk management, cost and communications management, quality and risk management, and risk and communications management.

1. One of the main pillars of analyzing rural issues is considering management structure in such communities. Assessing the performance of rural management units, as local organizations, which, on one hand, are in touch with the government through its representatives in the region (provincial and local governments) and, on the other hand, through councils, are in touch with people, and thus evaluating the degree of their effectiveness can be predictive of the success of rural management unit’s chair in performing his or her duties, which is the key to numerous rural management problems and issues and, more importantly, determines the degree of rural management unit’s chair’s influence on rural development. To this end, the present study, using basic, operational and emotional needs of village settlers, was conducted to evaluate the performance of rural management unit of Siah Estalkh village in the central district of Rash county and the degree of villagers’ satisfaction with it. Considering the importance of management in rural development and the relative ineffectiveness in this regard for many years and owing to the recent considerations concerning the assignment of rural management to rural management units, the present study aims to evaluate the performance of rural management units, from the perspective of villagers in Siah Estalkh village, in the central district of Rasht county.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Rural management is, in fact, the process of organizing and guiding the community and rural environment through creation of organizations and institutions. These organizations and institutions are considered the means through which rural communities realize their goals. Achieving development and subsequently sustainable development is the goal of rural management. In sustainable rural development, management denotes adjusting human relationship with his environment, in which attention is paid to connecting social and economic systems with ecological supervision. The crucial role played by rural management units in rural management and development makes evaluation of their performance necessary and, in case it is done correctly, costs are reduced. Moreover, through identification of rural management units’ strengths and weaknesses, the way is paved for them to perform their duties with effectiveness and efficacy.
3. The present research is a pragmatic one, in terms of objective, and an analytical-descriptive study in terms of methodology. Research population entails the entire population of Siah Estalkh village, among whom 346 people were selected though random sampling. The study used Kano Model which was presented in terms of analyzing three types of basic, operational and emotional needs. Questionnaire’s validity was established through the opinions presented by experts and specialists in rural development planning and its reliability was established through Cronbach’s alpha, which was determined to be 0.994, indicating an acceptable reliability. Kano model was also used to create the Questionnaire. In the Questionnaire, a pair of questions was included for each feature, enabling villagers to select the appropriate answer for each question. The questions in the first group were operational and the ones in the second group were non-operational. In order to determine the degree of influence of rural management unit’s chair on performance Likert scale and for converting qualitative answers too quantitative one’s weighting were used. For assessing and identifying factors affecting quality of services from settler’s point of view there is a consensus and agreement and many models such as Hysteresis, Kano, SERVQUAL, QFD and etc. exit for evaluating the quality of services. For the purpose of this study, Kano model was used for evaluating villagers’ satisfaction.
4. In this study, for the purpose of assessing villagers’ basic needs, seven factors were investigated and surveyed. Development of green spaces and tree plantation with a satisfaction coefficient of 0.88 was the most important factor, followed by creation of creek water with 0.84, cleanness of the village’s environment and scenery with 0.81, lighting and security of passages at night with 0.65, collecting, burying or disposing of trash with 0.56, asphalting and curbing alleys with 0.53 and supervising rural settlement construction with a satisfaction coefficient of 0.45 respectively. In order to assess the operation needs of villagers six factors were analyzed, among which the factor for helping to attract state investment for creating new job opportunities, with a satisfaction coefficient of 0.78, was the most important one followed by providing information regarding rural management unit’s performance together with promoting collective and collaborative actions among villagers with 0.73, settling villagers differences and disputes with 0.58, supervising road construction in addition to widening of routes with 0.49, and finally participating villagers in matters concerning the village with 0.36, respectively. With regards to the emotional needs of the villagers under the study, the factor of guarding and protecting the village against natural disasters with 0.66 was the most important factor followed by helping to increase villagers’ accountability with 0.57, creating suitable cultural and arts facilities in the village (library) with 0.55, protecting cultural heritage with 0.51, and expansion and creation of sports facilities with 0.46, respectively. In terms of villagers’ satisfaction with the efforts made by the rural management units to meet their basic, operation and emotional needs, using the Kano model, considering the studied factors and quantitative analysis of the data, villagers had the highest degree of satisfaction with the fulfillment of their basic needs, with a satisfaction coefficient of 0.66, and the least degree of satisfaction belonged to the fulfillment of their emotional needs, with a dissatisfaction coefficient of 0.55. In other words, rural management units’ performance in meeting villagers’ basic needs was better in comparison with their other needs.
5. Considering the topic of the present study, it can be said that rural management unit’s chair, as the manager of the village, plays a crucial role in every aspects of a village and this is the very principle in which the settlers of the studied village believe. With respect to the gathered data and its analysis using the Kano model, in villager’ opinion, in comparison with other needs, their basic needs have been fulfilled relatively better, with a satisfaction coefficient of 0.66, followed by operational and emotional needs, with 0.61 and 0.55 respectively. Consequently, in planning for the village and increasing the degree of villagers’ satisfaction, more can be done to meet their emotional and operational needs and to increase their satisfaction with the present situations. Taking into account the studied factors and drawing on the experience of the village manager, along with other village authorities, villagers’ degree of satisfaction with life and subsistence within the village can be increased, instigating settlers to stay, preventing them from migrating to adjacent urban areas.