فهرست مطالب مریم غلامی

The outbreak of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2019 prompted global efforts to develop vaccines and combat its spread. As countries grappled with the devastating effects of the pandemic, discussions on compulsory vaccination, particularly for children, emerged from the intersection of human rights and bioethics. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on library resources, to investigate the implications of compulsory vaccination for children, especially in the context of the COVID-19 vaccine. The central question explored is whether such requirements align with bioethical principles and respect human rights. Human rights documents universally recognize the fundamental importance of respecting human rights, including the right to health and individual freedoms. Governments and health systems worldwide have pledged to uphold these rights as a priority. However, the unprecedented challenges posed by the pandemic brought forth a complex ethical dilemma: striking a balance between protecting public health and safeguarding individual liberties. The crisis  underscored the tension between ethics and rights, necessitating a thoughtful evaluation of compulsory vaccination policies. The Principle of Solidarity and Compulsory Vaccination for Adults The principle of solidarity, a cornerstone of bioethics, calls for collective responsibility and unity for the greater good of society. Governments may take measures to promote public health, even if they entail some limitations on individual freedoms. In emergency situations like a pandemic, the principle of solidarity justifies compulsory vaccination for adults. Vaccination not only shields the vaccinated individuals but also provides protection to those who cannot receive the vaccine due to medical reasons. By achieving herd immunity, societies can combat the spread of the virus more effectively. However, the principle of solidarity does not unconditionally justify mandatory vaccination. While it can support compulsory vaccination for adults, the intervention must be necessary, proportional, and respectful of individual rights. Governments must carefully consider the balance between public health benefits and potential infringements on individual autonomy. Informed Consent and the Rights of Children When it comes to children, additional ethical considerations emerge. The principle of informed consent is paramount, underpinning human rights conventions such as the Nuremberg Laws. Consent must be obtained from the parents or guardians before vaccinating children. This requirement highlights the importance of respecting the autonomy of parents in making decisions on behalf of their children while safeguarding their well-being. The Ethics of Compulsory Vaccination for Children To assess the ethics of compulsory vaccination for children, an examination of COVID-19's impact on different age groups is crucial. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicate that the disease's severity and mortality are disproportionately higher among the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. In contrast, the statistics reveal that children experience milder cases and lower mortality rates. Consequently, prioritizing compulsory vaccination for at-risk groups, particularly adults, aligns with the ethical principle of proportionality. Furthermore, the unique nature of COVID-19 vaccines demands careful ethical evaluation. Traditional childhood vaccines, such as those for Poliovirus (OPV) and MMR, have long-established safety records and proven efficacy, developed through a thorough biological cycle spanning 10 to 15 years. In contrast, COVID-19 vaccines are relatively new and have undergone expedited development due to the urgency of the pandemic. This situation raises ethical concerns about the extent of knowledge regarding their long-term effects and efficacy, especially in the context of compulsory vaccination for children. Morality, Proportionality, and Necessity Enforcing compulsory vaccination for children requires a thorough evaluation of moral justifications. Given the relatively low infection and death rates among children due to COVID-19, implementing such policies without adequate consideration of the principles of necessity and proportionality could be deemed immoral. Balancing the potential benefits of vaccination against the limited risk children face from the disease is essential to ensure ethical decision-making. Conclusion This study sheds light on the complex interplay between human rights and bioethics concerning compulsory vaccination for children, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the principle of solidarity supports mandatory vaccination for adults in emergencies, the ethical implications of enforcing vaccination for children demand careful consideration. Respect for informed consent, the principle of proportionality, and a commitment to protect individual rights are essential in navigating this challenging terrain. Striking a balance between public health imperatives and individual freedoms is crucial to ensuring morally justifiable and ethically sound policies regarding compulsory vaccination.

Lentils are one of the most important legumes. Many researches have been done about the aerial parts of plants. Stresses are the most important cause that cause problems in agricultural production in different ways, and drought stress is one of these stresses. The main limiting factor for plant growth is the available water, the maximum yield in terms of growth and production is achieved when the limited water in the soil is absorbed to the maximum. Considering that more than 80% of lentil cultivation in the country is in the dry season, dryness and lack of water in the soil have the greatest effect on reducing the yield of this plant in different stages of plant growth and development.However, less attention has been paid to aspects of root growth on which the whole plant structure depends. This issue is caused by the problems related to root study due to its underground condition. Efficient absorption of water by roots is an important characteristic for drought resistance. The absorption of water by the plant depends on the size of the root (length or weight), its activity and distribution in the soil. Studies have shown that root characteristics such as depth, volume, xylem diameter and dry weight have a high diversity. Water absorption by the plant depends on the morphological characteristics of the root, its activity and distribution in the plant. Therefore, it seems that to better understand the mechanisms of plant resistance to drought and to obtain the genetic resources needed in breeding programs. It is necessary to understand the morphological traits related to drought resistance, especially the traits related to plant roots. Considering that limited information is available about the diversity of lentil root traits, in the present study, the diversity of root morphological traits among a number of lentil genotypes is studied.

Considering the importance of root characteristics in lentils and their effect on plant performance and avoiding drought stress. In order to find the genetic diversity between root traits in 23 lentil genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Ilam University. In this experiment, PVC pipes with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 60 cm, which were filled with 75% of air sand and 25% of soil, were used for cultivation. Irrigation was done twice a week. Seedlings were thinned at the stage of 2 to 3 leaves. 30 days after the germination of the seeds, the aerial parts were separated and then the roots were separated from the airy sand bed by pressurized water. Root dry weight, root length, root volume, root freshness, root surface, root specific length, root diameter, root specific volume, root water content, root tissue density, root volume density, root length density, root density, root surface density and dry weight were measured. A ruler measured the length of the roots with high precision. After, roots were placed in the water to float them. After the aerial parts of the plant were separated, the roots were washed and transferred to the laboratory, and then a digital scale measured the wet weight of the roots with an accuracy of one thousandth. Root volume was measured using a graduated cylinder.Then the roots were placed in the oven at 70 degrees Celsius for 48 hours and after the desired time, they were weighed by a digital scale with an accuracy of one thousandth. Also, the aerial parts of the studied genotypes were placed inside an electric oven with a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius for 48 hours, and after the desired period of time, the dry weight of the aerial parts was calculated by a digital scale with an accuracy of 1,000 grams. The rest of the traits were measured by the parameters and calculated with the help of the formula.At the end, variance analysis of completely random block design and average comparison between traits by Duncan's method at a statistical level of 5% was done using SAS V.9.4 software.

According to the results of variance analysis of the data of this experiment, it was found that there is a significant difference between the genotypes in most of the root traits at the 1% level. Sepehr genotype has the highest amount of shoot dry weight (0.056) and the highest amount of root tissue density (108. 0); FILIP2012-2L genotype had the highest root density (0.21 cm3). ILL8006 genotype also had the highest root surface density (4.63), root diameter (0.035), root specific volume (0.00025) and root fresh weight (1.15). The highest amount of root vigor (459.30 and root length (55.71 cm) belongs to FILIP2014-02IL genotype. The highest root volume density (0.00027) was observed in FILIP2014-72L genotype. FILIP2014-103L genotype has the highest value of root length density was (0.032) and root surface (313.46). The highest value of specific root length (1645.8) and root volume (2.49 cm3) belonged to the genotype FILIP2007-95L. The amount of root water content (33.71) was observed in genotype 316-6.Genotype FILIP97-10L had the highest amount of root dry weight (0.053).Considering the existence of genetic diversity between root traits in the studied genotypes. Root length is one of the most important physiological and morphological characteristics of drought resistance. Cultivars with longer root length germinate usuallyfaster than cultivars with shorter root length and are more resistant to drought. Root volume is one of the most important traits in terms of water and food absorption. Therefore, it is a good measurement unit for the relationship between roots and aerial organs.The absorption of water by the plant depends on the size of the root such as the weight and length of the root and the distribution and activity of the root in the soil. Therefore, to understand more the concepts of resistance mechanisms and to find the genetic resources needed for breeding programs, it is necessary to understand root traits that are related to drought resistance, such as root water, content.the existing diversity can be used to improve varieties resistant to drought stress in lentil.

This article aims to address the human rights obligations of pharma companies regarding access to vaccines and other drugs that are produced for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. It seems that the UN Guidelines on Trade and Human Rights are among the most important documents and organizations which give pharma and vaccine companies some responsibility and fair access to vaccines and special medicines, in case of emergency. Since the right of access to vaccines is a fundamental human right, access must be provided fairly in the emergency conditions of a pandemic virus. Besides, discrimination, monopolies and nationalism must be avoided as much as possible. The results illustrate that public access to the COVID-19 vaccine is justified under the heading of social contract and it persuades human rights to support the idea of corporate social responsibility more broadly. Other results of this article indicate that there are many challenges to achieving universal access to vaccines, including nationalism, monopolies, exorbitant pricing, and the spread of corruption. It is hoped that, with proper monitoring by international organizations and the World Health Organization, these challenges can be reduced to pave the way for fair access to vaccines as a fundamental human right.

In this paper, the competition for the collection of electronic and electrical waste between the manufacturer and the retailer has been discussed to recover them, taking into account the improvement of the quality and greening of the collected products to increase the level of customer satisfaction and increase profits, and reducing dangerous effects on the environment. For this purpose, a closed two-loop supply chain has been designed with three models. A centralized model has been considered for cooperation in the collection channel of the entire chain with the integration of the manufacturer and retailer and two decentralized models for competition in the collection of returned products between the manufacturer and retailer with two scenarios. In the first scenario, the impact of improving the quality and greening of manufactured products of a decentralized two-person model has been analyzed, consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, and its performance compared to a centralized model. In the second scenario, the profits-sharing agreement between a retailer and a manufacturer has been used in the decentralized model.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The decisions of product quality improvement have been investigated in a simple dynamic environment and consumer preferences have been considered for new and remanufactured products as a performance of new product quality. In the developed model, the topic of quality and greening has been given, and the demand functions and profit functions have been written accordingly considering two demand functions for the manufacturer and retailer, and also two profit functions for the manufacturer and retailer. Mathematica software has been used for solving problems and also graphs related to sensitivity analysis. The discussion has been drawn and the analysis related to the profit functions of the manufacturer and the retailer has been done regarding the parameters.

The results indicated that the manufacturer preferred to work with the retailer in a non-competitive manner. The retailer used the first scenario because due to its profit. The retailer’s profit was more concentrated in the second scenario. The proposed approach was suggested to be applied to multiple manufacturers and retailers in future studies. It was also recommended to consider the storage and inventory costs for the collection products and to estimate the duration in which, they can stay in the manufacturer's warehouse with no costs increase. Another suggestion was to consider the demand with different functions or with a stochastic variable.

Research limitations/implications: 

The limitations of this research are: i) determining the quality level of collected products; ii) the location for remanufacturing by the manufacturer and recycling by the retailer; iii) sales estimate; iv) forecasting the number of products and types of products that have been collected; v) estimating consumer demand for remanufactured products; and vi) grading the greening of the collected products.

Practical implications: 

In general, economic profitability is considered the main driving factor for the entry of original equipment manufacturers and independent remanufacturers of the remanufacturing industry. According to the results, manufacturing companies can remanufacture the valuable wastes after retailers collected them and then determine their quality level. By increasing the quality and production of greening products, they have entered the competitive market and have offered products at a lower cost and more profit, when a centralized model was used.

Social implications:

 In today's society, one of the important issues is environmental sustainability. In this regard, the remanufacturing of returned products and the greening of products by the manufacturer have reduced the use of raw materials, saved energy, and reduced air pollution. In this paper, the subjects of competition for the collection and recycling of electronic and electrical waste (i.e, medical equipment, lighting devices and lamps, all kinds of audio and video equipment, IT equipment and household electrical appliances) between the manufacturer and the retailer, the improvement of the quality and greening of the collected products to increase the level of customer satisfaction/profits, and reducing dangerous effects on the environment were discussed.

Originality/value: 

This study contributed to the quality improvement of returned products and greening products. Based on this research, product quality decisions are investigated in a simple dynamic environment, and consumer preferences for new and remanufactured products are considered as a function of new product quality. In summary, this research has examined the interactions between improving the quality of remanufactured products and greening.

Precautionary concealment, being interpreted as avoiding from falling into the trap of hazard and disaster, has been considered as one of the most important elements of safeguarding the Shiite school throughout the history. After the tragic incident of Karbala and the martyrdom of Imam Hossein (PBUH), Imam Sajad (95-61 A.H) took the strategy of Precautionary concealment as the best policy. Moreover, the next Shiite Imams also relied on this method to safeguard Imamate and the identity of Shi’ism. The events and seditions occurred during this period being considered as the most complicated and tragic crises, and each of which was in need of an intelligent stances, so that any faults could face the continuity of Imamate and the reconstruction of the Shiite community, that Imam Sajad (PBUH) was looking for, with great dangers. This research seeks to answer the question on how Imam Sajad took this strategy to protect himself and the Shiite community in these critical situations. The findings of research indicate that Imam Sajad (PBUH) disregarded the cruelties of Umayyads and stopped the domination of another enemy, such as Al e-Zobair on Shiites and Prophet’s Family.

Blood consumption is of great importance in the world and Iranian medicine and is effective in saving the lives of many patients. The high cost of preparing blood and blood products indicates the considerable importance of managing the use of blood bags.

This study was descriptive and cross-sectional. The study tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with five options based on the Likert scale; its validity and reliability were confirmed by experts. The sample included 201 anesthesiologists, surgeons, and operating room staff of Nemazee Hospital to complete the questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS 23 software.

In evaluating the current situation of optimal blood consumption management in the operating rooms from the participants' point of view, the most common items included:  "Development of educational programs to manage blood consumption through meetings and lectures, and retraining and training workshops" and "Registration and reporting of reasons for obsolescence of blood products (e.g. poor performance in over-ordering)" (79.1% and 78.1%, respectively). In terms of feasibility, the most common factors improving the current situation consisted of: "Use of safe blood transport equipment in the hospital" and "Prioritize the use of older blood bags instead of newer blood bags (in accordance with FIFO law (First In / First Out) by blood banks)".

This study showed that blood reservation is done too much. In this regard, there is a need for more control in terms of quality and quantity in the operating room of hospitals.

Phenological study is one of the important factors in optimal management of vegetation utilization. Ferula ovinia and Poa bulbosa are valuable rangeland species regarding to forage production and controlling soil erosion.In this research, an appropriate time for livestock entering to and exiting from the Goorab rangeland in 35th kilometers west of Fereydoun Shahr city, was carried out during four years (2014-2017).

In this research, ten plant bases were selected and information about the phonological stages for each base in the 7-day period during the growth phase and 15 days in the reproductive phase were measured and recorded at the special form. At the same time, meteorological statistics were collected from meteorological station adjacent the project site.

Growing of the Ferula ovinia was started in mid-March, and continued until early-June. Flowering stems was started in late May and continued until mid-June. Seeds formations were begun in early-June and completed in late July. Growing of the Poa bulbosa was started in mid-March, and continued until early-June. Flowering stems was started in late May and continued until early-June. Seeds formations were begun in early-June and until the end of in late June.

The results showed that according to the species behavior in the occurrence of biological phenomena in the different years of study, the best entrance and departure time should be specified based on physiologic phenomena in the specie of Poa bulbosa which the best time can be late May and mid-May. The time of departure of the livestock could also be continued till ‏mid-September due to the existence of dried Ferula ovina which is used by livestock in the summer if the number of livestock has been observed based on livestock capacity.

With regard to the importance of the environment in sustainable development along with environmental literacy among citizens, the present study aimed to assess the levels of environmental literacy among citizens residing in the city of Yazd, Iran.
 

In this descriptive--analytical study, the sample size was determined based on the Cochran formula of 410 individuals. The data selection tool was also a researcher-made questionnaire comprised of items on demographic characteristics information as well as levels of awareness, attitudes, and practices concerning the environment such as air pollution, waste management, etc. Face validity verified by 10 qualified individuals as the faculty members and Reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.93. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS 22. In this study, significance level was considered as 0.05.

awareness score was statistically significant in terms of age, level of education, and employment status (p<0.05). However, attitudes were only in a significant relationship with employment status (p=0.004). The relationship between practice score was also statistically significant with regard to age, marital status, and area of residence (p<0.05). A significant relationship was further observed between age and level of income and level of awareness, but there was no significant relationship considering attitudes (p>0.05). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between awareness, attitude, and practice scores (0.323≥ r ≥0.28, p<0.001).

Although awareness among Yazd citizens on some environmental issues was at low levels, in general, their awareness specifically regarding health issues stemming from air pollution was proper. In view of the importance of environmental factors, it is necessary to conduct various research studies to identify and control these factors and find proper solutions.

The country is a great concern in the emotional formation of the human being; Iraq has been and still suffers from wars and occupation, and the Iraqi poet has been and still is calling for the preservation of the national identity and cultural privacy, in a way that guarantees the self and civilization of the citizen. And the Iraqi poet HazemRashk Al-Tamimi is not excluded from the rest of the poets, because the homeland has a feeling and emotional attachment that flows from deep down through his mouth in the form of eloquent talk of melody and a great impact on the same recipient.The study chose a critical approach that combines description and analysis, describing the motive based on previous studies, then conducts the technical analysis of the poetic models indicating the motif of the homeland in the poet's office. And reached the most important results that the suffering of Iraq led to the emergence of Hazem, the father of the homeland in his poems, with a clear prominence, as the image of the homeland appeared to him mixed with sadness, pain and suffering, and this is a reflection of the reality in which the Iraqi people live.

Lack of knowledge and proper implementation of health guidelines by hairdressers can lead to the transmission of some infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the hairdressers’ level of awareness, attitude, and performance regarding the principles of infection control in womenchr('39')s hairdressers in Abarkouh.

The study included all female hairdressers (40 hairdresser) in Abarkouh township of Yazd, Iran. To collect the data, a questionnaire containing the participants’ demographic information as well as awareness (scores range from 0 to 18), attitude (scores range from 13 to 65), and performance (scores range from 14 to 70) information was administered. A checklist was also used to evaluate the applied disinfectants.

The total mean scores related to the levels of awareness, attitude, and performance of hairdressers were estimated as 11.28 ±1.99, 51.98 ±4.67, and 62.13 ±5.69, respectively. Awareness scores had a significant relationship with education level (P= 0.021) and income level (P= 0.038). The performance scores had a significant association with income levels (P= 0.048). The daily disinfection frequencies were estimated daily, weekly, twice a week, and three times a week as 20%, 30%, 7.5%, and 42.5%, respectively. Based on the findings, 42.5% of hairdressers used Oven and autoclaves for disinfection. The most common disinfectants used for the hairdresserchr('39')s environment, equipment, as well as antiseptic for skins and hands were bleach, alcohol, and washing liquid, respectively.

Due to the moderate levels of awareness and attitude of hairdressers, the authorities are required to plan to hold more effective training courses and increase the awareness of barbers using different educational methods to make health programs more effective.

This study aimed to investigate the management of the consumption of blood bags in the elective procedures in the public and private hospitals in Iran. Due to the issue of blood shortages caused by unpredictable demand besides immediate requirements for blood units in particular conditions, the strategic management of consumption of this vital source is necessary.

In this study, we evaluated 30 articles published from 2005 to 2017 which included the most important observational and interventional researches in Iran. These articles had investigated the consumption procedure and the likely wastage rate of blood bags in the operating rooms of Iranian hospitals.

The results of this review showed the over-reservation of the blood units due to the lack of standard protocols for blood ordering, and the negligence of relevant staff toward expiry date and reserved/returned units as the most prevalent reasons for blood component wastage in operating rooms. The results of the studies carried out showed that conducting some effective interventions led to reduction of the rate of blood wastage and improvement of the standard blood transfusion indices such as cross-match to transfusion ratio (C/T ratio), Transfusion Probability (TP), and Transfusion Index (TI).

According to previous studies, the organization of a committee on the principles of managing blood supply at the national, local and hospital levels, implementation of standard blood transfusion guidelines, and establishment of training programs for physicians and nurses on the process of optimizing blood usage will be effective

Smyrniopsis aucheri BOISS is an herbaceous species of Apiaceae family which seed germination is difficult. Therefore, to restore the natural habitats of this plant, it is necessary to provide information about the length and the factors that affecting seed dormancy of this plant. In order to study effect of the duration of chilling and temperature on seed dormancy and seedling establishment of Smyrniopsis aucheri, this experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized design. Factors were included the pre-chilling duration in 7 levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days), level of chilling (with and without chilling) and temperature in 4 levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 ° C).The results showed that the combination of chilling and temperature treatment had the highest effect on stimulation of seed germination under certain conditions, and chilling treatment less than 30 days had no significant effect on seed germination. The results showed that chilling at 5 ° C for 60 days, was the most effective treatment on breaking dormancy in S.aucheri. Germination percentage (51.9%), germination rate and seed vigor increased significantly in this treatment, compared to control treatment. In relation to growth indices, the results showed that chilling 20 ° C for 60 days was the most effective treatment on seedling growth indices. Overall, according to the results, In order to improve the seedling establishment of Smyrniopsis aucheri, the use of chilling for 60 days, which markedly enhanced all of the seedling establishment indices, is recommended.

Being frequently exposed to the multiple physical and psychological hazards, emergency staff become stressful in urgent circumstance. These tensions can affect the quality of their work and thus the productivity of the organization. The researchers deemed it necessary to study the anxiety roots and factors in emergency staff and use interventions to reduce them. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with essential oil of Damascena on the anxiety of nurses working in the emergency ward of AJUMS hospitals. This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 nurses from the emergency ward of AJA Hospital in 2017. The sampling method was convenient and samples were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The pre-test was done using demographic information form and Spielberg›s anxiety questionnaire. Then, the experimental group was tested with inhalation of essential oil of Damascena and the control group with placebo ( water). Ninety minutes after the intervention, the Spielberger questionnaire was completed again by participants. Subsequently, data was analyzed using SPSS  16. The results of the study showed that the mean of anxiety was not significantly different in both groups (P=0.77), but after the intervention, the mean of anxiety was significantly different in the control group (P=0.008). Also, the results of paired t-test indicated that the comparison of anxiety score in the experimental group was significant before and after the intervention (P=0.016). Considering the positive effects of Damascena as an intervention of anxiety in nurses, the use flower oil is recommended to reduce the anxiety of emergency nurses.

In the rangelands of Iran, the lack of appropriate grazing management is one of the major problems ultimately leading to untimely and excessive grazing intensity of forage. Accordingly, most of the rangelands show a retrogression trend and poor conditions. In forage species, phenological stage is one of the most important criteria for range management. Bromus tomentellus species is an important range species for forage production controlling soil erosion. In order todetermine the timely entry and exit of livestock in rangelands based on phenological stages of B. tomentellus, this study was conducted in Goorab rangeland, Fereydoun Shahr, Iran during four years (2007-2010). In this research, ten plant bases of B. tomentellus were selected and their phonological stages were recorded in a 7-day interval period. At the same time, meteorological data were collected from meteorological station adjacent to the study site. According to the occurrence of biological phenomena in the different years of study (wet conditions in 2007, severe droughts in 2008 and normal years in 2009 and 2010) and also based on plant growth stage in the 4 year study, it was concluded that 30th April and 31th May were suggested as the best time for livestock to enter and exit from the rangeland, respectively.

Staphylococcus aureus is the second common factor in hospital infections. The bacteria can move the genes from the vertical and horizontal transmission of the genes. the aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of antibiotic resistance, the frequency of pvl and hla genes located in the pathogenicity Islands and significant relationship between them. In this cross-sectional study in 3 months, 107 samples of gram-positive bacteria were collected from infected patients infected with infections of the urinary tract. phenotypic tests and the gene-specific primers of the 16S rRNA gene and coa gene were used to separate sex and Staphylococcus aureus using the PCR molecular method. the frequency of genes hla and pvl genes were then evaluated using specific primers in Staphylococcus aureus isolates. antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated to 13 different antibiotics has been studied through diffusion method based on CLSI tables, and in the end, there is a MIC test for the resistant strains. According to phenotypic and genotypic tests, 50 isolates were detected by Staphylococcus aureus. the results of antibiogram test showed that the most resistance to penicillin 100 % and methicillin 100 % and the minimum resistance was to gentamicin 5 % and Imipenem 4 %. the results of the MIC test showed that the effective antibacterial value has increased to more than 8μl/ml, which is 4 times as standard. the study of the results of antibiotic resistance showed that all isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were among the MDR group. the PCR results showed that 94 % of the isolates contained hla gene and 20 % of them had pvl genes. the results of this study show an increasing amount of antibiotic resistance among strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the urinary tract. The inclusion of genes on the pathogenicity islands such as hla and pvl can affect the deterioration of the subject and the treatment of infection of the bacterial genus.

In this research trunk fibers of date palm tree were utilized as the reinforcement for epoxy matrix composites. Composite samples were produced using the fibers with the cut length of 1, 2 and 3 cm and with three levels of fiber volume percentage (FVP) by the hand molding method and were subjected to tensile and three-point bending tests. The results showed that fiber length, in the range of the research parameters, didn’t have a significant effect on the tensile and flexural properties. In general, adding date palm fibers (DPFs) didn’t improve tensile strength compared with the pure matrix, which may be due to week bonds between fibers and matrix and existence of structural defects in the samples. A fairly good agreement was observed between theoretical tensile moduli calculated using Tsai-Pagano model and experimental values. The results of bending test showed that adding 7.5 volume percent of DPFs leads to the improvement in flexural strength of the composites, however, in the higher FVP (10.7) it decreases which is due to the increase in fibers volume and thus less penetration of resin into them and deterioration of structural integrity of the samples. Moreover, by adding DPFs to epoxy the tensile modulus of the composite increased. This increase was observed in samples containing 7.5 and 10.7 FVP with a maximum value of 3.7 GPa in 7.5 FVP (105% enhancement).

Poisoning with tetra carbon chloride produces free radicals in the body tissues including testes. In this research the protective effect of Avicennia marina leaf extract on the rat's spermatogenesis and the serum level of testosterone and LH&FSH induced with carbon tetra chloride are studied.
In this experimental study, 42 rats were divided into six groups including control group(receiving saline normal), sham( receiving olive oil), group induced by CCl4 ( receiving 2ml/kg carbon tetra chloride with 1:1 percent and olive oil featured as single dose), and experiment groups 1, 2, and 3(receiving 2ml/kg carbon tetra chloride with 1:1 percent and olive oil featured as single dose and the extract with daily dosages of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, and 800mg/kg). Two hours after injecting carbon tetra chloride, the extract was injected into peritonea once every 24 hours for 96 hours.
The normal and disable sperms in the group induced by CCl4 shows a significant reduction (P Avicennia marina leaf extract has protective effect against toxic effects of carbon tetra chloride because it contains anti-oxidants.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered as one of the important causes of urinary infections in hospitals. The aim of the current study is the genetic typing for the number of bacterial strains isolated from patients using MLVA technique.
In this study, 70 isolates were collected from different hospitals located in Tehran city. First, DNA extraction was conducted for genotyping analysis by MLVA method. Subsequently, VNTR sequences located in several genes of bacterial genomes such as MS-214, MS-215, MS-217, MS-222, MS-223, MS-142 and MS-173 were amplified by specific primers using PCR technique. After confirming the PCR amplification using electrophoresis and visualization of their bonds on agarose gel, relationship evolutionary graph for the different strains was constructed based on MLVA technique.
FINDINGS: After the electrophoresis and determination of VNTR copy-numbers, 70 strains were classified as 36 types. The genetic evolutionary tree was also constructed based on VNTRs Data. According to the results, PCR products of 70 strains visualized by electrophoresis are divided to 39 types based on VNTR analysis. Evolution tree and MSR algorithm was also constructed for all 70 clinical isolates. According to the MST algorithm, 70 clinical strains divided into 11 clonal complexes which these criteria is interpreted as genetic distance based on the difference of VNTR copy numbers for each group
The present study showed that MLVA could be helpful for typing clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. The results also showed that this method had great potential to differentiate those strains with high phenotypic similarity.