مریم قاسمی پور

Psychological interventions can have important role in improving quality of life of patients suffering from Hypertension, because they improve physical, mental, and social situation of patients. This research goal is to investigate the effectiveness of group training of stress management with behavioral – cognitive approach on quality of life of patients suffering Hypertension. This research was done through experimental method with pre-test, post-test, and pursuit stages with witness group. The sample included 24 patients with Hypertension diagnosis who was chosen by a simple random way. A questionnaire about the life quality of patients suffering Hypertension was used for collecting data which was completed within pre-test, post-test, and pursuit by individuals. Behavioral- cognitive treatment of stress management was done during eight sessions on a test group and to this time while the frequent medical treatments continued in each of both group, the witness group were place in expectation list for psychology treatment. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test. Mean score of quality of life in test group increased meaning fully as compared with the witness group (p < 0.05). The results suggested the effectiveness of group training of stress management with behavioral-cognitive approach on quality of life improvement of patients suffering from Hypertension.

Delaying the age of marriage and its obstacles are popular phenomena in the contemporary world in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Although the cause is common around the world, the specific causes can be asked and used for any prevailing culture and geographic area. In Iran, according to a specific cultural setting, the cause of this phenomenon is also different. This study is aimed to assess the sociological barriers to marriage among 374 students from Ilam University in 2016. Sampling was a stratified type and SPSS software has been used to test hypotheses and analyze data.
The findings of this study are as follows: in comparison with the mean scores achieved among the factors affecting the marriage barriers (economic, social, cultural, and institutional neglect factors) (1) cultural factor (3.16%), (2) economic factors (12.3%), (3) institutional neglect (2.74%) and (4) social factors (2.31%) have the highest to lowest mean scores in the sample, respectively.
By comparing the mean scores of various items for variable 1, cultural barriers of marriage, counting flaw in the orientation sessions before marriage (3.88%) and counting the flaw for marriage design by girls' family (2.39%); for variable 2, economic factors, the high cost of living (4.42%) and the gap between families (2.44%) are the highest and lowest scores, respectively. For variable 3, institutional neglect, lack of required loans to young couples (3.61%) and lack of support for simple marriages (2.08%) are the highest and lowest scores, respectively and for variable 4, social factors, barriers to marriage, determining heavy dowry (2.96%) and married after graduation (2.16%) are the highest and lowest scores, respectively.

Social media especially cyberspace has caused many changes in the life and lifestyle of people. The causes and the tendency of people to the space are because of individual characteristics and social factors. Such a lifestyle is also associated with various outcomes. Based on the opinion of experts in this field, one of the consequences, is the growth and consistency of emotional divorce which is the consequence of investment strategies, individually or collectively, consciously or unconsciously in the creation and reproduction of social communication.
The purpose of this article is to explain the lifestyle influenced by the virtual space and its impact on emotional divorce survey among 361 couples of city of Ilam taken in 1395. Sampling was done randomly, Data analysis was done using SPSS software.
The findings of this study are as follows: mean score of lifestyle influenced by the virtual space are the same among men and women. The mean score of lifestyle influenced by the virtual space in terms of socio-economic and marital status are different. Also significant relationship between lifestyle and emotional divorce is affected by the virtual space.

Technology-based methods of teaching and learning strategies along with cognitive and metacognitive are among active methods that affect academic achievement and self-efficacy. This experimental research was conducted to investigate this impact with pre-test, post-test design and control group. The course population was 110 agricultural students of Payame Noor University attending course research method in Agricultural Economics in the first semester of 2014-2015 academic year. The statistical samples were determined using the Cochran formula (n=60) and selected by simple random method and randomly assigned equally to three groups (two experimental group and one control group). All of them filled the teacher's educational test for academic achievement and self-efficacy Sherer questionnaire (Sherer, et al. 1982) at the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stage. The experimental groups individually trained 10 sessions of 80 minutes with educational technology and cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies, studying the methods of research in agricultural economics, course research methods in Agricultural Economics was randomly selected to study from the public courses held semi-face to face at Payame Noor University. Data were processed using SPSS version 19 software. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of post-test and follow-up of the experimental and control groups in both the academic achievement and self-efficacy variables. Both educational methods, in addition to improving academic achievement and self-efficacy of students, improved the student's ability to conduct research in practical terms, removed classrooms from the traditional way and in addition to theoretical learning of course research method, students familiarized with

Security feeling is some sort of emotional and practical reaction toward probable outrageous crimes, physical harms, and disorder individuals or society are faced with. This feeling might emanate from individuals› direct and objective experience of one of crimes (theft, burglary, pocket picking, rape and things of that sort) or indirect experience of individuals, i.e. the level of awareness of individuals from something that has happened to his friends, neighbors, and family members through social networks, conversation with others, rumors or mass media( radio, television, newspaper).The present research aims at reviewing the impact of experiencing crime on societal security among citizens of Yasooj city. Research is of survey type and the tool for collecting data is reliable and valid questionnaire .The under study population of the research includes Yassoj citizens. selected from among Yasooj citizens through using Cochran formula and cluster, multistage sampling in three zones in Yasooj city. SPSS is used for analyzing data and testing hypotheses, and AMOS software is used for the path model. The most important findings of the model indicate that the average of security feeling on the part of the under study individuals in the research is out of 5.There isn›t significant relationship between variable of security feeling and variables of direct and indirect experiencing crime. The researcher path model indicates that some mediator variables such as gender, socio-economic base, neighborhood, and education are related to the impact of crime on security feeling.

As in the other countries, breast cancer is increasing in Iran, and usually it is diagnosed at an advanced stage. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the needs of counseling women about breast cancer.
This is a qualitative study and data were gathered through Focus Group Discussion (FGDs), which was conducted on 56 women (age range 17-77 years) referring to gynecology, family planning and prenatal care clinics at Al- Zahra Educational Hospital in Rasht, Iran in 2012. Data were gathered by semi-structured interviews and investigator-recorded responses. At the end of each session, all responses verbal and non verbal were summarized exactly. In the end collected data were analyzed by using quality content analysis. Data analysis and content analysis was done according to recommended steps Granhaym and Landman.
In this study, the mean age was 36.5 ± 12.8 years. Data analysis led to the emergence of three main themes of improving knowledge and understanding of the disease (educational-informational needs), according to the beliefs and assumptions associated with the disease (Assumption –believes needs), improve personal health (care needs) and six sub-themes.
The results of this study indicate a need for the design and development of training programs and consulting services more effectively and efficiently in order to promote health knowledge, attitude and unrealistic and inaccurate perceptions of women. Promoting their self care behaviors and the prevention of breast cancer is more crucial than ever.

Chronic diseases such as Myocardial Infarction (MI) are incurable but can be prevented. However, these patients always are exposed to stressful physical, psychological and social factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the quality of life and social support in Myocardial Infarction patients and it also finds the relationship between these two factors.
the under population of present study were all of the qualified Myocardial Infarction patients who wanted to be cured and referred to one of the hospitals in Ilam city. The sample size was 152 Myocardial Infarction patients who were selected by random sampling method. The data were collected using a questionnaire which included three sections of demographic, the quality of life, and social support characteristics. The data were analyzed by SPSS-19 and were used from descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, T test and one-way ANOVA.
Findings: The findings revealed that the quality of life in 57.33% of patients and social support in 58% of cases were non- optimal and there was a direct, significant relationship between these two factors (Pvalue=0.01). Among the components of the quality of life, the physical and psychological dimensions were not suitable in 45.33% and 60.67% patients, respectively. Among the social support dimensions, the structural sources of social support favored the highest percent (47.33%). Also, the Group membership (Pvalue= 0.001, B = 0.25) and social network (Pvalue= 0.001, B= 0.27) had a direct, significant relationship with quality of life.
Discussion & Considering the fact that was a direct association between social support and quality of life in the myocardial infarction patient, it is recommended that the authorities and patient’s family take decisions and plan in a way that improves the social capital and social supports of patients and thus can influence the enhancement of the patients’ qualities of life.

Fasting is a commitment to God، therefore many pregnant women have a tendency to perform it، but they are concerns about its possible complications which may affect fetal health. This study aimed to determine the relationship between fasting on pregnant women and their fetal birth weight. This study was conducted on pregnant women referring to maternity hospitals in Kashan city during Ramadan in 2009 who were divided into two groups of fasting and no fasting. Regression model was used to control the multiple confounding factors. Study data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent tests، Chi-square، Variance analysis and Linear Regression. The mean gestational age in fasting group was 3338±498gr and 3343±339gr in no fasting group. Findings indicated no significant difference between the mean neonate birth weight born to fasting and no fasting pregnant woman (P<0. 931). Also conducting linear regression and controlling variables showed that fasting was not a predictor of birth weight. People studied showed that fasting of mothers had no effect on neonatal birth weight.

Nursing is an example of this kind of job which regarding several tension in work environment and working shifts and compressed working hours as well as workload cause stress for them, and long-term stress in them results to burnout. In this study the role of personality characteristics in nurses’ burnout is examined. it is correlational study. The statistic population is consisted of all nurses in hospitals ilam working that 200 of them were selected by simple random method and answered the questionnaires for NEO personality characteristics (Neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness) and Maslach burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment). Also the statistical multiple regression method was used to examine the relation between personality characteristics and burnout. the study finding show that emotional exhaustion has positive and negative meaningful relation with neurosis and extraversion respectively = β)0/35, P<0/05) and -= β)0/25, P<0/05). Depersonalization has a positive relation with neurosis = β)0/36, P<0/05), a negative with extraversion = β) - 0/15, P<0/05), and a negative relation with agreeableness = β) - 0/24, P<0/05), and reduced personal accomplishment has a positive relation with extraversion= β)-0/34, P<0/05), a negative relation with agreeableness = β) -0/15, P<0/05) and a positive relation with conscientiousness = β) 0/22, P<0/05).all of these relationships were meaningfulness. Personality several characteristics effect on burnout measure therefore by evaluation of nurses personality characteristics in employment prime, can be forecast burnout measure.

Citizenship rights, certain rights that everyone can be enjoy there from and citizenship against under take duties. Civilization social without this variable had not meaning. Stable development is from aims civilization social without regard citizenship had not meaning. By attention on Citizenship Rights and Duties accreteawareness of citizenship. The most important issue to investigating is that if socio economic factors (such as age, gender, socio economic status, social identity, use of mass media and Religiousness) can change the rate of student awareness of their citizenship rights and duties? It dealt with these goals and the questions about the recognition the title of the study were investigated. Also, it was quoted the ideas and theories of the scientists of different epoch in history and different socio political schools. To do this study, it was applied 6 theories using the survey method and the questionnaire technique in a sample of 384 students from khoramabad payam-e-Noor University. We used the descriptive statistics methods (Frequency, Percentage, Mean) and inferential statistics index (Pearson correlation coefficient, eta correlation coefficient, regression) in analyzing this study statistically. The finding and analyzing them approved 5 hypothesis and disapproved 1 other and at the end the following resulted: there is a significant relation between gender, socio economic status, social identity, use of the mass media and religiousness with the rate of awareness of citizenship rights and duties and there in not a significant relation between and the rate of awareness of citizenship rights and duties. Finally, the direct and indirect effects of the independent variables upon the dependent variables (rights and duties) were calculated by the multiple regression and path analysis and it were R2= 0.42 and R2= 0.41.

Chronic diseases like Multiple Sclerosis are incurable but can be controlled. However, the patient is always exposed to stressful physical, psychological and social factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the quality of life and social support in Multiple Sclerosis patients and find the relationship between these two factors. This was a descriptive- analytic study done in the year1391. For this purpose, 100 qualified Multiple Sclerosis patients who referred to Shohaday Ashayer Hospital in Khoramabad were selected randomly. Data were collected using a questionnaire which included three sections of demographic, the quality of life, and social support characteristics. Then, data were analyzed by spss software. The findings revealed that the quality of life in 59.3% of cases and social support in 61% of cases were non- optimal and there was a direct, significant relationship between these two factors. Among the sub- branches of the quality of life, physical dimension was non- optimal in 80.9% of cases and psychological dimension was non- optimal in 71.5% of cases. Among the social support dimension, emotional support favored the highest percent (36.8%) and the structural sources of social support, group membership (p= 0.001, r = 0.27) and social network (p= 0.001, r = 0.29) had a direct, significant relationship with quality of life. Considering the fact that half of the patients suffered non- optimal physical and psychological quality of life, and more than half of the patients suffered from non- optimal social support functions, it is recommended that the authorities take decisions and plan in a way that improve the physical and psychological dimensions of patients and thus influence the enhancement of the patients’ qualities of lives.

Diabetes is the most common illness related to endocrine glands and it's a growing health problem amongst all ages and human societies. Thus, in regard to prevalence of Diabetes it seems necessary to pay attention to create appropriate solutions in addition to drug treatment to control of this disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of happiness training on reduction of blood glucose in type I insulin dependent diabetic patients and the increase of happiness in type I insulin dependent diabetic. This was a semi- experimental study; pre test- post test with evidence group was done in the year 1390. Our samples were 30 subjects which were selected randomly from diabetic patients referred to Shohada Hospital in Khoramabad. Firstly, in order to data collection related to Happiness level, we used Oxford Questionnaire. Then, the level of blood sugar of both evidence and case group was measured and after some educational sessions for case group,again the level of blood sugar and happiness were measured in both evidence and case groups and finally data was analyzed with spss software. Result showed that there was a significant difference between both case and evidence groups in terms of blood sugar and happiness (p=00/0).Therefore, happiness training is effective in reduction of blood glucose (62%) and increase of happiness (71%). It is recommended that the authorities take some decisions and plan in a way that improve the happiness dimension of patients and thus influence the enhancement of the patients’ qualities of lives.

Social capital is the product of individual, collective, direct and indirect investment strategies in creation and reproduction of social relationships which are useable for a short or long period of time. These relationships can exist among neighbors, colleagues or relatives, having prime outcomes for social growth and sustainability of each society. One noticeable result of having these relations in the field of urbanization is having the sense of security among citizens who have achieved and raise this kind of capital. Therefore, social capital is a tool providing resources to people via social relations. It is mostly exists in civil society. Individuals improve their position in the society with the help of raising social capital. This paper aims to find the role of social security in maintaining the sense of security in society.The theoretical framework of the study includes sociological theories and the schools related to them and the hypotheses of the study were posed accordingly. The type of this study is survey and a valid questionnaire was employed for data collection. The research population includes the students of Khorramabad branch of Payamenour Univesity in 2013. The sample included 384 participants through random selection. The most important finding of this study is the existence of a direct and meaningful relationship between social capital and security feeling among students.

Nurses may confront problems and difficulties in their job that can affect their mental health. Job control is one of the factors that influences a person’s health. The aim of this survey was to study the relationship between job control and stress. The Statistical community of this research was all of nurses who were working in Khorramabad hospitals. 100 cases were selected‚ The data were collected by using a questionnaire which included three sections of demographic, the Wall questionnaire of job control by 10 questions and the Eliot questionnaire of stress by 20 questions. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlational coefficient. Findings showed that Job control has a meaningful, but negative relationship with stress (P=0.00, r=-0.39). Considering the negative relationship between Job control and stress‚ it is recommended that the authorities take actions to help nurses gain more control over their Job, especially the difficult situations they go through.

Students may confront problems and difficulties during education periods which can impress their mental health. Social support is one of the factors that influences person’s health. The aim of this survey is to study relationship between mental health and social support. Statistical universe of this research was all of students of Lorestan university who were studying in 2009. 150 cases were selected. The data were collected using a questionnaire included three sections of demographic, the social support and mental health characteristics. Findings showed that structural sources and the social support functions have a significant relationship with mental health. Among kinds of the social supports; "emotional support" and among structural sources of social support "group membership and strong tie", had a significant relationship with mental health. Considering relationship between the social support and mental health, it is recommended that the authorities take dicisions and plan in a way that improve to get social support for students and thus influence the enhancement of the students mental health.

Backgrounds & The performance of nursing as one of the most important human sources at hospital is influenced by different factors such as corporate culture that create confidence and commitment and increase the quality of service. The aim of this survey was to study the relationship between corporate culture and organizational commitment. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study. 150 nurses were selected by simple random method. The data were collected using 3 questionnaire which included a demographic questionnaire, Cunha and Cooper questionnaire of corporate culture with 15 questions and Allen and Mayer questionnaire of organizational commitment with 24 questions. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation test. The mean score of the nurses corporate culture (46.7±8.1) and the mean score of the nurses organizational commitment (75.7±9.1) was relatively favorable and findings showed that corporate culture has a significant and positive relationship (P=0.00, r=0.28) with organizational commitment. Regarding the existence of the relationship between corporate culture and organizational commitment, it is recommended that authorities should plan programs to increase personnel corporate culture on important job processes.

Chronic diseases like diabetes are incurable diseases witch can be controlled and the patients are always exposed to stressful physical, mental, and social factors, so this study aims at determining the quality of life in the diabetes patients and assessing its different dimensions. This descriptive study was done in 2008, statistical society was all patients with diabetes in khoramabad who referred to hospital to cure their diseases, of them 150 cases were selected using simple random sampling and then data was gathered by a self-fulfilling questionnaire made of two sections the demographic and the quality of life. The quality of life included three parts: physical, mental and social dimension. To credit questionnaire the contents credit and external credit type were used and to determine constancy, Kern Bach α coefficient was used. Based on the obtained score, the quality of life for patients was divided into two parts, non-optimal (points below 54) and optimal (=54 or more than it). The results revealed that the quality of life was non- optimal in 58. 3% of the cases and optimal in 41. 7% of the cases, While 79. 9% of the cases in physical dimension and 71. 5% of them in mental dimension had non- optimal quality of life, although 80. 6% of the cases had optimal quality of life in social dimension. In addition, age, sex, marital status, career, education and the duration of the diabetes had statistically significant relation with the quality of life. Regarding the fact that half of the patients had non- optimal quality of life in physical and mental dimensions, it is recommended that the authorities take advisory, educational, material activities to improve patients’ quality of life.

Cancer is the second cause of mortality after cardiovascular disease in human communities. Frequency of cancers follows ethnic, geographical, and environmental conditions in each area so registration and collection of cancers in each area for centralizing of diagnostic and therapeutic programs should be done.

In this Survey, we determined frequency of cancerour organs in Guilan from 1999 till 2000.

This research is a descriptive case-series study that was carried out performed as census in hematology and pathology centers of Guilan. All malignancy cases was diagnosed from 11/1999- 11/2000 were gathered . The prevalence rate per 100,000 population determined with regard to census of Guilan population in 1996. Data were analyzed by EPI info 2000 program.

Among 1409 malignant cases, 750 cases (53.8%) were males and 644 cases (46.2%) were females. Sex ratio (M/F) was 1:16. The mean age of patients was 57.1+ 17.2. There was the most frequency of cancers in 60-69 age group (36%). The prevalence rate of cancer was 62.8 per 100,000 people. In this research, stomach cancer was identified as the most common cancer in both sexes (17.8%) and after it follows breast (11%), urinary bladder (9.3%), colorectal (8%), esophagus (7.3%), blood (4.3%), prostate (3.3%), uterus (3%), lymph node (3%) and abdominal cavity (2.1%) respectively.

Frequency of cancers in Guilan Province has had a considerable increase in comparison with previous studies. Of course, it may be due to difference in research method and data collection. In recent years, Guilan has been in the first place for stomach cancer in Iran. Perhaps it is because of exposure to nutritional risk factors. It is possible that nutritional factors like salted fish, pickle vegetable, smoked herring, cooked potato and cereals which are important parts of Guilanian’s diet play a major role in developing gastric cancer.