مریم مقدسین

Self-compassion refers to the degree of compassion one feels towards oneself in response to shortcomings or failures, and it is linked with reduced anxiety and increased life satisfaction. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of various psychological therapies in influencing levels of self-compassion, forgiveness, and marital conflict among married women. However, there is a research gap in the area of solution-focused single-session therapy and psychological issues affecting married women, who constitute a significant segment of society.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of solution-focused single-session therapy on levels of self-compassion, forgiveness, and marital conflict among married women.

This was an applied research using a single-subject experimental design, specifically the Multiple Baseline Across Subjects (ABA) design. The research population comprised all married women experiencing marital conflicts in Tehran in the year 2023. Participants were recruited voluntarily through announcements. After applying screening criteria, five individuals were selected and underwent baseline, intervention, and follow-up phases. Participants completed the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), the Interpersonal Forgiveness Scale (Paleari et al., 2009), and the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Senaie et al., 2008).

The results of this study indicated that solution-focused single-session therapy led to a significant increase in the average percentage of improvement in self-compassion and forgiveness, as well as a decrease in the average percentage of improvement in marital conflict among married women at a significance level of 0.05.

The changes in the average percentage of improvement observed with solution-focused single-session therapy suggest that this intervention can lead to immediate improvements in self-compassion, forgiveness, and marital conflict among married women. These findings underscore the potential importance of this type of therapy in enhancing marital relationships and improving the psychological well-being of married women.

Anger is one of the most basic emotions in human beings. Psychologists regard anger as a normal and typically healthy emotion with evolutionary functions that is occasionally experienced by human beings. The way anger is experienced or expressed is important because uncontrolled anger will negatively impact not only people's social or personal well-being but also their relationships with others. Several factors can influence the way anger is expressed or experienced. Anger experience and its expression are distinct concepts. Anger experience refers to the emotional state that one feels. On the other hand, anger expression refers to the behavioral dimension, which is one’s way of dealing with the feeling of anger The aim of this study is discriminant analysis of personality characteristics (the Big Five personality traits) in determining the styles of the experience and expression of anger (State anger, Trait anger, Anger expression-out (AX-O), Anger expression-in (AX-I), Anger control-out (AC-O), and anger control-in (AC-I)).
 
Population in the study included people over 18 years old. 241 participants (women = 149, men = 92) were selected using the convenience sampling method. To collect data, the Short Form NEO personality inventory & State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2) questionnaires were used. Date were analyzed using discriminant analysis and Variance Analysis.
Results revealed that, among the Big 5 Personality Traits, four traits—neuroticism (λ=.666), conscientiousness (λ=.715), extroversion (λ=.758), and agreeableness (.795), respectively were able to discriminate individuals significantly on the basis of their anger experience and expression styles. However, Openness to Experience (λ=.928) was not significantly related to the dependent variable.
 
Based on the results, one can conclude that individual differences in personality characteristics influence the way people experience and express anger. Personality traits are among the factors influencing the way anger is expressed and experienced. As the development of personality traits begins early in childhood and such traits are supposed to remain constant all through the individual's life, it's important for parents and educators to take into account the role personality traits (the Five Big personality factors) can play in the wide negative ramifications brought about by the unhealthy manifestations of anger. Parents and educators are thus recommended to make use of the theoretical knowledge and empirical findings to help develop adaptive personality traits in children and reduce the negative impacts caused by inappropriate ways of experiencing and expressing anger. These findings can help clinical psychologists develop intervention programs based on the Five Big Personality Factors to help prevent the harms created by the unhealthy ways of the manifestation of anger.

This research aimed to identify psychological, social, and cultural factors of the psychological well-being of Iranian women aged 25 to 35. The approach of this qualitative research was grounded theory. For this purpose, 13 women specialists were purposefully selected from the city of Tehran in 2019-2022 and interviewed until the data was saturated. Data collection and analysis were done in three stages open, central, and selective coding based on the approach of Strauss and Corbin (2014). From 998 open codes, 22 factors were obtained, which include poor cultural perception, failure to accept changes in women's expectations, inability to manage limitations, lack of meaning in life, postponement of roles, negative perfectionism, prioritization of external needs, and ignoring individual differences and talents can lead to well-being. to challenge Iranian women aged 25 to 35 psychologically. Culture, family, and education were the moderating factors and gender satisfaction, emotional management ability, responsibility, and adaptability were mediating factors that can influence it. Updating the science of psychology, social support, rebuilding values, reviving real social relationships over virtual relationships, updating education programs, raising mental health literacy, and culturalizing virtual space were the factors that promoted it. The findings of this research have highlighted the definition of psychological well-being of Iranian women and its theoretical foundations, and paying attention to its findings will lead to the expansion of the concept of psychological well-being in other cultures.

Death anxiety is commonly experienced by individuals with advanced cancer who have a limited life expectancy. The Death and Dying Distress Scale (DADDS) is a validated measure that was created to capture this experience; but no Persian version is available to date. We conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the psychometric properties of a Pearsion version DADDS (DADDS) in patients with advanced cancer.200 patients with advanced cancer were recruited from the Imam Khomeini, Shohada Tajrish and Baqiyatallah hospitals. Measures administered included: DADDS-C, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and General Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7). McDonald's Omega, Cronbach's alpha, Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used to test DADDS reliability and validity.The Persian version of DADDS has good reliability (internal consistency between 0.67 and 0.91 and test-retest reliability between 0.73 and 0.89) and appropriate convergent validity through correlation with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 in the range was between (0.47 to 0.51). Also, according to construct validity, SEM showed that the two-factor model is the best fitting model for DADDS in Persian language.The DADDS is a valid measure of death anxiety in Iranian patients with advanced cancer. It may provide useful information in the assessment and treatment of distress in patients near the end of life.

The purpose of this study was to prepare a Persian version of the Security in the Inter-Parental Subsystem scales (SIS), and to examine its psychometric properties in the Iranian adolescent community. The English version of the SIS questionnaire was translated and back-translated prior to its administration to 587 students (269 boys and 318 girls) from the first and second grades of high school in Shiraz at 2019-2020. After administration, the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated to validate the subscales and also exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was assessed to examine the factor structure and validation of the questionnaire. In examining the factor structure of this questionnaire, 9 factors were extracted using the exploratory factor analysis method, which explained 57.8% of the variance The results of confirmatory factor analysis also indicated aد acceptable fit of the 9-factor model. The range of alpha coefficients in the girls group was between 0.34 to 0.82, in the boys group between 0.20 to 0.80 and in the whole scale was between 0.29 to 0.80. According to the results of the study, the Persian version of the Security in the interparental subsystem scales has good reliability and validity in Iranian population and is a appropriate tool for clinical and research opportunities.

Time perception is a fundamental element of human life. Time can offer a possibility to perceive the world around us, and a sense of self is shaped upon this perception. Unfortunately, current evidence indicates that hearing-impaired children have experienced major difficulties in time perception after cochlear implant surgery because of their early auditory deprivation.

This research was conducted through a narrative review method. To achieve the principal goal, we first searched some of the most scientific databases and publishers including Elsevier, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science direct. Then, out of 215 most relative articles, 52 articles were selected and examined the role of cognitive metaphors and time perception in language intervention of cochlear implanted children using some main keywords in this field. 

Examining the structure of conceptual metaphors and the importance of time in language perception among children with cochlear implants indicated that applying intervention protocols based on learning conceptual metaphors and advancing the perception of time in terms of these metaphors is one of the important issues that should be considered in future research. 

Concerning new educational and therapeutic approaches in language interventions for cochlear implanted children, it is necessary to consider some major issues such as the relationship between conceptual metaphors and understanding of time and strengthen language skills by improving time perception when developing rehabilitative programs.

Abstract

In recent years, prevalence of the internalizing and externalizing problems in young adult population, has become a growing concern. There are many studies in which the relationship between internalizing and externalizing problems with behavioral activation and inhibition systems and hot and cool executive functions have been investigated separately, but no research is available about the mediating role of executive functions in relationship between internalizing/externalizing problems and behavioral activation/inhibition systems in young adult population. The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between internalizing/externalizing problems and behavioral activation/inhibition systems with regard to the mediating role of hot and cool executive functions.

The method of the present study is structural equation modeling (SEM). Statistical population of this research was all of the students in universities of Tehran city, from which 160 subjects (18 to 25 years) were chosen using convenience sampling method. Assessment was conducted by 5 cognitive tests including Corsi blocks test, Flanker test, WCST, Iowa gambling task and Emotional stroop, and 3 questionnaires including Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSSRQ), Behavior Assessment System for Children College self-report form (BASC-3 COL), and Kirby delay discounting questionnaire.

The results indicated a direct and statistically significant path from behavioral activation/inhibition systems to hot and cool executive functions (b = 0/71, p value < 0/05) internalizing problems (b = 0/033, p value < 0/05) and externalizing problems (b = -0/21, p value < 0/05). In addition, results showed an indirect and statistically significant path from behavioral activation/inhibition systems to internalizing problems (b = 0/84, p value < 0/05) and externalizing problems (b = 0/46, p value < 0/05).

Statistically significant relationship between behavioral activation/inhibition systems with internalizing and externalizing problems, suggests that dysregulation of these two systems can lead to an array of psychiatric symptoms. Moreover, the significance of the mediating role of hot and cool executive functions in relationship between behavioral activation/inhibition systems and internalizing/externalizing problems, indicates that executive functions might have a regulatory influence on the behavioral activation/inhibition systems and through this regulatory influence, executive functions may buffer the adverse effects of behavioral activation/inhibition dysregulation on psychological problems.

According to the possibility of enhancing executive functioning abilities through cognitive interventions, and diagnostic applications of the different behavioral activation/inhibition and executive functioning activity profiles, results of this study have both diagnostic and clinical importance.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the growth of the central nervous system is impaired.

The purpose of the present study was investigating the structural relation between depression and anxiety with symptoms of adult ADHD, according to the meditative role of emotion regulation and cognitive attention deficit.

This study was a descriptive correlational. The statistical population included all students at Universities of Tehran, Iran in 2019. One hundred and forty-four students of Kharazami University were participated as a sample group via convenience sampling. Instruments include CERQ (2006), BDI (1996), BAI (1988), CAARS (1999), and IVA (1994). Data were evaluated and analyzed with the use of Pearson’s correlation and Structural Equation Model (SEM) by SPSS-23 and LISREL.

Results showed that depression and anxiety symptom have significant direct and indirect relations with an adult ADHD symptom (p<0.05). Also, maladaptive emotion regulation and cognitive attention deficit mediate the relationship between depression and anxiety with adult ADHD symptoms (p<0.05).

Upon findings, depression and anxiety have relations with adult ADHD via mediating roles of emotion regulation and types of attention. Therefore, it could be concluded that deficits in types of cognitive attention and implementation of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, accompanied by depressive and anxiety symptoms, can explain ADHD in adults.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood. Instruments for diagnosing ADHD in childhood are well validated and reliable, but diagnosis of ADHD in adults remains problematic. Attempts have been made to develop criteria specific for adult ADHD, resulting in the development of self-report and observer-rated questionnaires. To date, the Conner’s Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) are the international standard for questionnaire assessment of ADHD.

The current study evaluates a Persian version of the CAARS self-report (CAARS-S-SV). Method of study is analytic-descriptive, from type of studies correlation-psychometric. In order to study the psychometric properties of the questionnaire in normal population, 1021 subject were recruited to fill out the CAARS-S-SV. To determine internal consistency and test consistency, Cronbach's alpha and the correlation between test-retest and test were used. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the Farsi factor structure and confirm the structure of the original American version. Also, in order to determinate the Criterion validity or diagnostic validity, the sample consisted of 74 adult with ADHD and 75 controls. A case-control study was carried out (adult ADHD vs. non-ADHD). The diagnosis of ADHD was evaluated with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). 

Factor analysis was done with a Principle axis factoring analysis followed by an Oblimin rotation. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy tests was .912 (remarkable) and the Bartlett’s test of sphericity was 3 (435) = 2011.36, P < .0001, indicating the appropriateness of the factor analysis. This three-factor model accounted for 68% of the explained variance. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the three factors was 0.802, 0.758 and 0.869 respectively. The Persion version of the CAARS–S: SV is a valid and reliable scale to discriminate between ADHD adults and controls. A confirmative analysis that was based on the 30 items of the original American model showed a high model-fit. Also, the results confirm the internal consistency and stability of the test.

The confirmative factor analysis results in such a high model-fit that use of the American version is justified with respect to international multicenter studies, for which this instrument will be highly valuable.

Time is an abstract concept that can be understood by conceptual or cognitive metaphors. A questionnaire based on dataset and qualitative analysis has not been designed in Persian yet to investigate the metaphorical perception of different source domains with various mappings. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design, make and evaluate the psychometric characteristics of a time perception pattern as a metaphorical questionnaire based on cognitive dataset analysis among Persian speakers. The method of this study was descriptive and psychometric, and it was a survey type of research. For cognitive dataset analysis, a set of 28 contemporary Persian texts were first selected as a targeted sample and then 405 metaphorical expressions of time were extracted in 18 metaphorical mappings. It indicated source domains as object, matter, path and place, which are the most used time source domains. Based on cognitive dataset analysis, 41 questions with a Likert scale were made for the time perception pattern. The questions of this questionnaire were evaluated by 8 cognitive linguists and 2 psychometrics. Then, inappropriate questions were deleted and other questions were corrected or replaced, and at the end of the content, the validity index of the 30 remaining questions were calculated. This questionnaire was completed by 150 Persian speakers (with a bachelor’s degree and above) selected by at-reach sampling. The results showed that there was a reliability coefficient by using Cronbach’s alpha for the whole questionnaire and its components. Moreover, the results of factor analysis indicated that there were three factors of matter, place and object, which explained 37.12 % of the total variance. As a result, the time perception pattern as a metaphorical questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument in the case of Persian speakers.

The present research aim is to investigate the effect of holding the virtual laboratory, real laboratory, and education by the conventional method (lecture) on students' motivation in physics and laboratory lessons. The research sample has been selected among girl students of mathematics and physics branch in the third year of high school curriculum choice and syllabus of the electricity has been considered. The considered sample was selected through the random sampling and consisted of 45 persons that were investigated in the form of three groups. The present research design is of quasi-experimental type. The instrument of data collection has been SMQ4 questionnaire. The obtained results of analysis showed that there is a significant difference among three groups in components of motivation and average of most components of motivation is more in the group of virtual laboratory than two groups of the real laboratory and education by the traditional method. Keywords: motivation, virtual laboratory, real laboratory, the computerized simulation

Measuring of English Language proficiency in large-scale assessments normally requires a large number of test items and relies on paper-and-pencil (P&P) formats; because many people participate annually in this high stake type of tests. The purpose of this research is to design and apply a Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT) as an alternative to assessing the English language proficiency in the National Organization of Educational Testing. Unlike the traditional P & P tests in which the sequence of selection of items in it is constant and uniform, CAT uses an optimal and adaptive item selection method. CAT caters to optimally estimating temporary ability parameter and achieves a suitable convergence criterion for estimating ability, which results in a shorter, more reliable, and more efficient measurement process. In current study, the case study for examination of English language skill was the TOLIMO test. This research has been carried out in two phases. In the first stage, a sample of pencil-paper TOLIMO (period 114 to 123) was selected and then the items and subjects' ability were calibrated. In the second phase, simulated optimal CATs were designed as a basis for evaluating the efficiency of operational CAT. The results show that the ability parameter estimation method, the maximum likelihood and the fixed length of test as test termination criterion, give the most accuracy in the ability parameter estimation. Also, the simulated CAT TOLIMO test based on the optimum item pool needs less items than the designed CAT based on the available item pool, while it leads to obtain more accurate results in comparison to the operational CAT for ability parameter estimation. Therefore, despite the suitability of the items in the graded item pool of TOLIMO, the design of items to implement the examination with CAT method is so much better and more accurately, the ability parameter is estimated. The study also demonstrates that TOLIMO test in the form of simulated CAT and operational CAT can be more efficient and precise in the evaluation criteria than TOLIMO test in the form of P&P. The findings suggest that CAT has a great potential in efficiently and precisely measuring TOLIMO ability of English language.

This study aims to investigate autobiographical memory and identity styles in Afghan immigrant adolescent with post–traumatic stress disorder.

There are three groups in this causal-comparative study (18 control subjects, 14 Non-PTSD, and 16 PTSD subjects). Subjects were recruited by using Semi-Structural Interview for PTSD, The Impact of Event Scale–Revised, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Children Depression Scale, Autobiographical Memory Test, and Berzonsky’s Identity Style Inventory. To analyze data, one-way covariance and one-way variance analysis were used.

There was a significant difference between autobiographical memory among immigrant adolescents with PTSD, Non-PTSD and control group. Beside, these groups had a significant difference in depression and anxiety levels. But there was no significant relation between identity and autobiographical memory.

The results of this study revealed that performance of Afghan immigrant adolescents with PTSD in special retrieval of autobiographical memory items is weaker than control and Non-PTSD groups. However, the variance analyze have shown that there was no significant difference in terms of identity style among these three groups. Problems in retrieving autobiographical memory information were not related to identifying style in this group of Afghan immigrant adolescents.

Metaphor is a systematic mapping between two conceptual domains. In metaphor; an experimental domain called as source domain is mapped into another domain as target domain. This research is about conceptual metaphors of time in a sample of corpus in Persian database.  This corpus included contemporary Persian written texts similar to Everyday language of Persian speakers. The sample was administered, then conceptual metaphors of time and its synonyms were extracted. The sample of this corpus was 15 texts from contemporary writers including: (Hedaiat, 1315), (Golestan; 1327& 1353), (Ebrahimi, 1382 & 1345), (Jamalzadeh, 1340), (Daneshvar, 1348), (Golshiri, 1348), (Ale Ahmad, 13337), (Hedaiat, 1332), (Saiedi, 1353), (Dolat Abadi, 1379 & 1367), (Pezeshzad, 1349) & (Parsi Pour, 1369). After corpus analysis, 405 metaphoric statements with 18 mappings were extracted. Results showed primary domains,” object”, “matter”,“direction” and “place” are most frequently used as corpus primary domains for time metaphorical statements. In other words, primary domains as moving object, direction, place, fixed place and moving human are primary domains for time all of which refer to a particular aspect of the concept of place.

Even though women’s perception of factors affecting vaginismus is taken into account as a mental concept that can be induced by sociocultural values, it has not been assessed so far in the form of a qualitative study in Iranian culture. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify psychological factors associated with vaginismus in married women referring to Tolou Clinic in Rasht, 2018.

A qualitative content analysis method was employed in this study. Using a purposive sampling method, the data were saturated with a total number of 11 women affected with vaginismus referring to Tolou Clinic in the city of Rasht from March 2018 to January 2019. Moreover, in-depth semi-structure interview was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis

During the process of content analysis, the participants elucidated three main categories of “cultural-educational factors”, “sexual knowledge”, and “sexual cognition and arousal”.

Based on the findings of this study, vaginismus was introduced as a sociocultural and psychological disorder that is determined by internalization of norms and values in a society with lack of well-timed sexual instruction, induction of negative sexual arousal and cognition, district educational styles for girls and creating duality and contradiction in girls’ mental structure between what they have learned and what they are expected to do as a woman.

experience of life-threatening illnesses such as cancer leads to the comprehension of its positive outcomes along with its negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to examine the curve linear and linear relationship between post-traumatic growth dimensions and post-traumatic stress symptoms in cancer patients.

The present study was a descriptive-correlational study conducted on 200 patients with breast, leukemia and colon cancer. The samples were selected by the convenience sampling method. Participants completed posttraumatic growth inventory and PTSD checklist for civilians. Data analysis was performed in SPSS, version 17 using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, coefficient test, linear and nonlinear regression.

According to the results there is a significant non-linear relationship between some dimensions of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress symptoms. A cubic relationship was significant between Relationship with others, Personal strength, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. But nonlinear relationship was not significant for new possibilities, spiritual changes, and appreciation of life and posttraumatic stress symptoms as a predictor. Also, the components of post-traumatic stress symptoms, negative changes in cognition and mood and arousal as a predictor, had significant nonlinear relationship with dimensions of posttraumatic growth.

These findings suggest that moderate levels of post-traumatic stress symptoms can be a predictor of growth in some dimensions.

The objective of this study was  assess the efficiency of metaphorical stories and literal instructions on attention and response control in 10-12 years old children with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder.

This research is a quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test - follow-up with control group. Participants were selected from 10 to 12 year-old clients of Shiraz education counseling centers who had been diagnosed by a psychiatrist with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. Initial sampling was done according to the available sampling method (diagnosed by a psychiatrist and a psychologist) and was randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 subjects. Three groups of children received verbal intervention in three different ways, including metaphorical stories with musical backgrounds, metaphorical stories without musical backgrounds and simple verbal instructions during 6 sessions for a month and a half. After performing the interventions, data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software using one way ANOVA and two-way repeated measures analysis of variance.

Attention and response control scores significantly increased in all experimental and control groups; however there were no significant differences among 4 groups with various intervention methods.

This study shows that all verbal and nonverbal interventions in groups help children to increase their attention and response control, although there is no significant differences between experimental and control groups. According to increase attention and response control scores in all groups, it seems that being a member of a small group can help ADHD children to improve their attention and response control.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties and standardization of PSWQ-C questionnaire in a sample of children and adolescents aged 8-18 years. The statistical sample of this study included 1100 (581 girls and 519 boys). A sample of this study is includes 500 children aged 8 to 12 (286 girls and 214 boys) at the elementary School level, 300 adolescents aged 13 to 15 (150 girls and 150 boys) in middle school and 300 adolescents aged 16 to 18 (145 girls and 150 boys) in high/secondary school. First the Pen State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-C) was translated to Persian, then it was back translated into English. After eliminating the linguistic problems, it was performed on 100 students (50 girls and 50 boys) to ensure the accuracy of its translation. After confirming translation, the final questionnaire was administered to 1100 students (581 girls and 519 boys) in Tehran. The results of study confirmed the one-factor model among children and adolescents.  Our findings provide evidence of the construct validity of the Pen State Worries Questionnaire in Iranian children and adolescents. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was in a good range. Cronbach's alpha for one-factor model of children equaled 0.85 and for one-factor model of adolescents was 0.86.

Metaphor is a systematic relationship between two conceptual domains. In metaphor; an experimental or sensual domain called source domain, is related to another domain as target domain. The purpose of this study was to review understanding of metaphorical time pattern in the medical and paramedical students based on gender, age and academic status.

This descriptive study included 120 medical and paramedical students of Tehran medical university with minimum undergraduate university degree. Time metaphorical pattern questionnaire which had been designed by Raiisi (2019) on the basis of time metaphor corpus analysis included 3 subscales of object, place and matter. Pearson correlation test, T test, analysis of one-way variance and post hoc test (least significant difference) were used for data analysis.

The results showed that there was no difference between gender and understanding of metaphorical time pattern. Higher educational levels (from undergraduate to postgraduate and specialty courses) led to better understanding of metaphorical time pattern in Persian speaker students. Students of higher age showed improved understanding of metaphorical time pattern in relation to the object subclass.

Perception of the time is not dependent on gender but can be improved with increasing age and higher academic levels.

Math skills include different content and cognitive processes domains which indicate the complexity of math skill and its latent traits. Until now, Study of these complexities has been done through traditional data analysis or subjective methods. Therefore, present research studied cognitive dimensions and latent variables of the math test of national university entrance examination through the application of Latent Class Multidimensional Item Response Theory (LCMIRT). In doing so, the math test data of national examinations in 2008, 2011 and 2015 were studied. Results showed that the math test, as a high stakes test in the national university entrance examination, encompasses a set of multidimensional cognitive traits. Results of the unified parallel analysis method showed that the tests do not fit with the unidimensional model and adding additional dimensions can significantly improve model fit. Moreover, cognitive domains of comprehension, problem solving and reasoning were recognized as three essential constructs which account for math skills and give more detailed information about items quality in clustering and analysis of the test items. This property of LCMIRT, in comparison with other approaches, increases the number of cognitive sub-clusters. At last, it is recommended that LCMIRT models are considered in constructing and analyzing educational and psychological tests, in order to more validly detect latent cognitive skills of the tests.

The topic of this study is to compare the absolute threshold of readability among ten commonly used Persian fonts in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) reading techniques task at three reading speed (100, 300 and 500 words per minute). RSVP is a cognitive task design method that is also used in fast reading technologies. This research had two goals: First, determine the optimal Persian font from a visual ergonomic perspective and others investigate the effect of demographic variables (age, gender and education degree) and some cognitive abilities (memory and processing speed) on total numbers of reading errors. In this study, for the first time, the concept of absolute threshold of readability was introduced as an objective indicator in comparing fonts. Twenty subjects participated in this study with ages ranging from 11-79 years and degrees from undergraduate to PhD. The results shown that Iran Sans 5.5 is the optimal font from visual ergonomic perspective. It was also found that age (demographic) and short-term memory (cognitive ability) are correlated with total numbers of reading errors.

Anxiety disorder is a serious disorder which damages other psychological, communicative, social and emotional processes of the people too. Through investigating short-term training of executive function (step) in the people with anxiety disorder, Therefore the present study was conducted to adapt and investigate the validity of experiencing short-term training of executive functions (step) in the people suffering from anxiety disorder. Materials & A single-subject with A-B design was used in the present study. Four 19-13 year-old people were selected according to purposive sampling method. The participants of the study responded to the questionnaire of state-trait anxiety, Wisconsin’s executive functions test and emotional regulation questionnaire as the research instruments before administering intervention. After measuring the base line, the intervention of step’s training executive functions (Cantor, et.al., 2014) was administered in 12 sessions with the content of problem-solving, emotion regulation and attending to the cycle of emotion creation and then the posttest was administered. The findings of the present study were analyzed based on visual analysis and the indexes of descriptive statistics. During visual analysis of data graph, training executive functions was effective on four subjects in a way that this treatment was able to lead to the decrease of state-trait anxiety and the improvement of executive functions and emotional regulation of the people with anxiety disorder. The results of the study implied the profitability of training executive functions on the state-trait anxiety, emotional regulation and executive functions of the people with anxiety disorder that according to these findings, this intervention can be employed to decrease state-trait anxiety and improve emotional regulation and executive functions of the people with anxiety disorder.

Over the past years, professional quality of life scale has gained popularity among nurses. The aim of this study was to provide a Persian version of the professional quality of life scale (ProQOL) and its psychometric properties among nurses. In a study of methodological type, following the use of the back-translation method, the Persian Version of Professional Quality of Life Scale was administrated on 215 nurses from Tehran city. The internal consistency of the scale was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha and split-half methods. In addition, the correlation between the sub-scales and the factor structure of the questionnaire was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. The SPSS-25 and LISREL 8.80 Software also were utilized to analyze the data. The domain of the sub-scales for Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and split-half methods ranged from 0.77 to 0.86, and from 0.70 to 0.81, respectively. The results of confirmatory factor analysis using RMSEA (0.09), SRMR (0.09), CFI (0.91), NFI (0.86), and NNFI (0.90) also indicated that the confirmatory factor analysis relatively has an acceptable fitness. In sum, it can be noted that ProQOL has good psychometric properties and is a reliable and valid instrument in research and therapeutic situations.

Cancer is a destructive and usually progressive disease while put too much stress on the patient's family and the society. Therfore, recognizing the factors which are effective in well-being of these patients is very influentioal and important to help to diminish the stress they are experience. This study was administered aimed to determine the relationship between coping strategies with the psychological well-being in women suffered from breast cancer This research was a descriptive-correlation study. The statistical population consiseted of all women with breast cancer who referred to Shahid Rahimi Hospital of Khoramabad (Cancer Department). Using convenient sampling method 300 patients were selected. To measure the variables, the psychological well-being questionnaire of Ryff and the coping strategies questionnaire of Lazarus were used. Data were analyzed in two descriptive and inferential levels by regression and correlation analysis and using SPSS software version 24. Results indicated that there were significant relationships between the coping strategies and the psychological well-being among the women with breast cancer. But there was no relationship between Emotional coping strategy and psychological well-being. It is infered from the study results that there is the relationship between coping strategy and psychological well-being. The type of coping strategy used in stressful situations affects the psychological well-being of breast cancer. Considering these results designing the therapeutic and educational programs in area of identifying and applying adaptive coping styles could be helpful in increasing the psychological well-being of these patients.