مسعود صادقی

miscarriage is not only a medical event but also a psychological event. The subject of Miscarriage remains silent in most societies and is considered a taboo subject. The purpose of this research was to investigate the lived experience of married men whose wives had an unintentional Miscarriage and who lived in the city of Khorramabad and Lorestan province in 1402. The present research method was a qualitative research method of phenomenological type. The participants were selected using a purposive non-random sampling method. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was reached and 10 married men were interviewed. The obtained data were analyzed using Giorgi''s descriptive method. Analyzing the lived experiences of the interviewees in the field of how to deal with unintentional Miscarriage led to the identification of 10 constitutive components, which include feelings of sadness and low mood, blame and guilt, attachment and loss, the supportive role of men, religious beliefs, destruction of dreams, marital conflicts, use of Counseling services, social support and self-care solutions. In general, it can be said that the experience of the participants has shown the deep impact of this event on the marital life of couples, and adaptation to this experience through family support, religious beliefs, etc. can help people to accept this issue and pass through this period.

The purpose of this research was to compare the sense of belonging to the school, the perception of the school atmosphere and the academic vitality of elementary school boys in non-profit and normal schools in Qain city.

The method of this research was descriptive and comparative. The statistical population of this research included all elementary students of non-profit and normal schools in Qain city in the academic year of 2023-2024. From among the statistical population, 114 students (57 regular students and 57 male students from non-profit schools) were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. In order to collect research data, Barry, Betty and Watt (2004) School Belonging Questionnaire, Reddy and Rhodes (2007) Perception of School Atmosphere Questionnaire and Martin and Marsh (2008) Academic Vitality Questionnaire were used. In order to analyze the research data, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used.

The results of the research data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the variables of feeling of belonging to school, perception of school atmosphere and academic vitality in non-profit and normal school students (p<0.005). In other words, the sense of belonging to the school, the perception of the school atmosphere, and the academic vitality of non-profit students are more than the students of normal schools.

The results of this research showed that the scores of normal students in the studied variables are lower than those of non-profit students, so normal schools should provide training to strengthen academic variables

In the last decade, there has been a growing recognition of child peer rejection since it has an important role in child's psychological problems and its effects sometimes expend to the future. The main purpose of the present research was to develop a structural model for peer rejection base on a mixed method (quantitative-qualitative). In the qualitative part, we used the triangulation method and developed a structural model base on opinions of educational specialists and sixth-grade teachers as well as research literature. In this model family problems, weakness in understanding others emotions, and language problems had indirect effects on peer rejection while psychological problems, academic failures and apparent lack of attractiveness had direct effects on peer rejection. In the quantitative section, the statistical population is taken from 6th grade elementary school students of Kermanshah in academic years of 2018-19. The total number of the participants is 311 students which were selected by the random cluster sampling method and responded to a researcher-made questionnaire. For analyzing the data, we used a partial least squares approach. After confirming the validity and reliability of the conceptual model, the results showed that the model has been fitted. In sum, it can be said that the results of this study can be a source of inspiration for teachers, educators, and policymakers, and can help them in the process of follow up or treatment.

In his collection of works, Plato has two approaches regarding ethical researchThe first is approach that he took against the sophists and denies that virtue can be learned, and talks about the unity of arete against the multiplicity of arete among the sophists, does not consider everyone worthy of education and emphasizes the monopoly of education The second is approach based on believes that all people are worthy of benefiting from a virtue like Aidos and introduces its education through true teachers of virtue as a source of stability for the state and its prosperity Plato's works, the views of three thinkers including Protagoras Socrates and Plato have been raised regarding the concept of aidos In the Socratic treatise of Charmedes from the series of dialogues, the question is directly raised whether Eidos is considered a virtue or not. In the treatise of Protagoras, the issue of the learnability of the virtue of aidos is discussed it is mentionedaidos is a virtue that is not specialized like other arts, it is a virtue that everyone should benefit from, of course, on the condition that they can cultivate it by learning. deals with the social nature of aidos and its role in supporting civil order In the treatise of the President and Phaedrus, in the topic of the three-part theory of the human ego, the internalization of the feeling of shame is stated, but in none of these dialogues, a specific description of the nature of theaidos is given.

In today's world, vaginismus disorder is known as one of the diseases that endanger family cohesion and fertility. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of transcranial direct stimulation treatment with schema therapy on anxiety, pain, and cognitive executive functions of women with vaginismus disorder in Tehran in 2022.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of women with vaginismus disorder in Tehran in 2022. The number of 45 people was selected by the available sampling method. To randomly and equally assign the subjects to two experimental groups and one control group, the random block method was used. The data collection tools were the Kettle Anxiety Questionnaire, Pain Questionnaire SF-MPQ-2, and Wisconsin Cards Test WCST Grant and Berg. The first experimental group was subjected to intracranial stimulation intervention (10 sessions of 20 minutes), the second experimental group was subjected to schema therapy intervention (10 sessions of 90 minutes), and the control group did not receive the intervention and the data was analyzed by analysis of the covariance test.

The results showed a significant change in anxiety, pain, and cognitive executive functions between the results of the experimental group and the control group from the pre-test to the post-test and between the results of the transcranial direct stimulation intervention (p<0.05). In the first experiment group, compared to the effect of schema therapy in the second experiment group, anxiety, pain, cognitive flexibility, and immobility decreased more (p<0.05).

The findings of the present study were probably more empirical support for the treatment of transcranial direct stimulation than schema therapy on women suffering from vaginismus disorder. It is suggested to increase the awareness of psychologists and psychiatrists by teaching more about these treatments and helping to control and treat this disorder as much as possible.

Emotional disorders are the most common spectrum of psychiatric disorders and one of its important types is generalized anxiety. Cognitive avoidance is also a meta-diagnostic construct that plays an important role in the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder.

The aim of this study was to comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy, biofeedback therapy and their combination therapy on cognitive avoidance in women with generalized anxiety disorder.

The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and two-month follow-up with the control group. In this study, the statistical population comprised all women with generalized anxiety disorder referred to the New Psychiatric Clinic of Boroujerd City in the year 2021. Using the available sampling method, 60 of them were selected and divided into four equal groups. The experimental groups underwent cognitive-behavioral therapy (8 sessions), biofeedback therapy (8 sessions), and combination therapy (8 sessions), while the control group received no training and remained on the waiting list. Spitzer’s generalized anxiety disorder scale and Sexton and Dugas cognitive avoidance questionnaire were used for data collection. The analysis of the data was conducted using analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni’s post hoc test in SPSS-24 software, with a significance level of less than 0.05.

The results indicated that all three treatments significantly impacted cognitive avoidance in women with generalized anxiety during the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the control group (P<0.05). The combined treatment showed a larger average difference from the control group (-14.822) than cognitive  behavioral therapy (-9.956) and biofeedback (-9.911), indicating greater effectiveness in reducing cognitive avoidance (P<0.05).

It is suggested that combined therapy be used as a therapeutic method to reduce cognitive avoidance in women with generalized anxiety disorder in psychological counseling and service centers.

Marriage plays a very important role in the lives of most adults; it gives meaning to people’s lives. Thus, the existence of conflicts can be threatening. These conflicts can increase mental rumination of anger and decrease marital virtues. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-based cognitive-behavioral therapy in the mental rumination of anger and marital virtues. The statistical population included couples with marital conflicts referring to the family counseling centers of Alshatar. The sample size included three couples, who were voluntarily selected and underwent emotional-based cognitive-behavioral couple therapy. In this research, a single-case design with multiple baselines was used. The emotion-based cognitive-behavioral couple therapy protocol was implemented during fifteen 60-minute intervention sessions, and the participants responded to the Anger Rumination Scale (Suchodolsky et al., 2001), Marital Virtues Scale (Fawcett et al., 2013), and Marital Conflict Scale (Sanaei, 2000). The data were analyzed by visual drawing method, stable change index, and recovery percentage formula. The findings of the study showed that the stable changes in the variable of mental rumination of anger in three couples were 2.71, 2.06, and 3.28 and in the variable of marital virtues were 2.76, 3.45, and 2.16. In addition, the recovery rates in the post-treatment phase in the variable of mental rumination of anger were 41.98, 33.80, and 41.00 with the mean of 38.92, and in the variable of marital virtues were 51.02, 45.20, and 54.71 with the mean of 50.31, which was included in the spectrum of successful treatment. Therefore, this research showed that emotion-based cognitive-behavioral couple therapy was effective in reducing mental rumination of anger and increasing marital virtues. Therefore, it can be used to reduce mental rumination of anger and increase marital virtues.

 The aim of this study was to investigating the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls.

 The statistical population consisted of all female students of the second secondary school who were studying in the city of Shush during the academic year 1401-1402. For this study, 380 students selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data from Gratz Deliberate Self-Harm Inventorys Questionnaire (DSHI) and Uncertainty of Tolerance (IUS). Data analysis was performed by simultaneous regression method and using SPSS 26 software.

The obtained results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between self-injury in teenage girls and intolerance of indecision. In other words, the higher the level of intolerance of uncertainty in teenage girls, the higher the self-harm. Intolerance of uncertainty predicts 10.3% of the variable variance of self-injury rate. P >0/01.

Therefore, the results of this research can be used in training, prevention, and intervention for mental health and education professionals to reduce the risk of self-injury and suicide among teenagers

Today, treating women's sexual diseases is considered one of the essential issues of strengthening the family system and, by its very nature, the strengthening of the social system. Achieving this requires performing physical and psychological treatments. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of transcranial direct stimulation and schema therapy on anxiety, pain, cognitive flexibility, and selective attention in women with vaginismus.

The current research was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population was female patients with vaginismus in Tehran in 2021. 30 people were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The data collection tools were Kettle's Anxiety Questionnaire (1973), Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2) (2009), and Semantic Stroop Test (1935). The experimental group underwent transcranial stimulation intervention (10 sessions of 20 minutes) and schema therapy intervention (10 sessions of 90 minutes). The control group did not receive any interventions. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of the covariance test.

The results showed that anxiety, pain, and selective attention have decreased due to direct transcranial stimulation and schema therapy interventions (p<0.05). Also, due to transcranial direct stimulation and schema therapy interventions, cognitive flexibility has increased (p<0.05).

It seems that the present study's findings provide an empirical support for these two treatment methods in the treatment of vaginismus disorder. The awareness of health psychotherapists about these treatments can probably help overcome this disorder.

The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the symptoms of social anxiety disorder based on primary maladaptive schemas and insecure attachment style with the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity.

The research method was correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all students of the University of Science and Research in the academic year of 2022 in Tehran province which were selected as a multi-stage random sampling. The number of 306 people who scored higher than 40 in the Connor social anxiety questionnaire. Data collection tools included Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, Attachment Styles Questionnaire, Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire and Social Anxiety Questionnaire. In order to analyze the obtained data, SPSS19 and AMOS24 software were used.

The predictor variables of primary maladaptive schemas and insecure attachment style directly and indirectly with the mediation of anxiety sensitivity had a significant effect on social anxiety disorder (p<0/01). Also, anxiety sensitivity had a direct effect on social anxiety disorder (p<0/01).

Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that early maladaptive schemas and insecure attachment style can be strong predictors of social anxiety disorder, and in the meantime, anxiety sensitivity as a mediating variable is part of the influencing process in the form of Taking signs of social anxiety.

Low sexual desire is the most commonly reported and diagnosed sexual problem among women and the most frequent reason that the couples lokking for sex therapy (Thomas & Gurevich, 2021). Female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD) is characterized by low sexual desire, few/no sexual thoughts, no initiation of sexual behavior and lack of: receptivity to partner initiation, pleasure during sexual activity, responsive desire to erotic cues, and difficulties with physical sexual arousal (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). At least 3 of these symptoms must persist for a minimum of 6 months  Studies show that women with HSDD experience significant declines in their physical health (general health, physical functioning, and bodily pain) and psychological well-being (social functioning, emotional role, and mental health). Women's sexual discomfort is associated with low relationship satisfaction and the partner's sexual problems (Lim-Watson, Hays, Kingsberg, Kallich and Murimi-Worstell, 2022). Also, women who have distress in addition to sexual interest/arousal disorders, had lower psychological well-being, lower relationship satisfaction, two person relationship s, more severe libido disorders, and more sex dysfunction (Hendrickx, Janssen and Enzlin, 2016). Compared to partners of women coping with sexual dysfunction, partners of women with FSIAD report lower sexual and intercourse satisfaction and more sexual discomfort and partnered women with FSIAD report greater distress than their unpartnered counterparts (Hogue, Rosen, Bockaj, Impett, and Muise, 2019 ).  The etiology of FSIAD is multifactorial and includes biological, psychological, and interpersonal and sociocultural factors (McCarthy, Koman and Cohn, 2018).Although FSIAD is described in the DSM-5 and ICD-10, these descriptions are not based on systematic qualitative description and review of patients' reported problems.Studies conducted on psychiatric patients have also shown that many of these patients believe that the description of disorders is focused on the external symptoms of the disease and pay little attention to their internal experiences. In many cases, the diagnostic description is far from what the patients understand about their physical, emotional and psychological experiences, and they have a feeling of being incomprehensible or neglected. Although understanding the diagnostic criteria is beneficial, therapists should know that these criteria do not accurately reflect the patient's inner world (Hackmann, Balhara & et al, 2019). According to these cases, it seems necessary to use the lived experiences of patients in every treatment process and especially in the design of treatment for FSIAD. 

The present study was qualitative and using descriptive phenomenological approach. Participants included 30 women with FSIAD referred to psychological service centers in Isfahan who were selected by purpose - based method and according to theoretical saturation . The research instrument was a semi - structured  interview.Interviews with open - ended questions "Describe your experiences of sexual desire disorder? " and " What changes has this disease caused in your life ? " It started and the next questions were asked based on the interview path and the answers of the interviewees. The duration of the interview lasted between 45 and 90 minutes.To analyze the data, Collaizi analysis method was used. Thus , after interviewing the participants of the research , the text of the conversations was rewritten word for word and reviewed several times in order to understand the experiences and perceptions of the participants . In the second step, information related to the purpose of the research was specified. In the third stage, in order to formulate meanings and extract concepts, the important phrases of each interview were identified and an attempt was made to extract a concept from each phrase that represented the key concepts of the participants ' thinking. In the fourth step, the collected concepts were classified based on the similarity of the concepts. In the fifth stage , in order to compile an analytical description of the participants ' experiences and views on the subject and a comprehensive description of female Sexual Interest / Arousal Disorder , the results were linked together and more general classifications were formed . In the sixth step, a comprehensive description of the studied phenomenon was presented in a clear and unambiguous language. In the final stage and in order to validate the findings, coding was sent to the participants to announce their suggested changes if necessary ( Morrow , Rodriguez & et al , 2015 ).

The results showed that the lived experiences of women with FSIAD in 5 main central categories of individual factors with the main themes ( psychological characteristics , dysfunctional  attitudes and lack of skills ) , marital life dysfunction with the main themes ( process marriage , marital conflicts , inhibiting spouse and sexual dyslexia ) , social environmental factors with main themes ( social cultural factors , developmental history and unhealthy lifestyle ) , consequences and treatment considerations ( with main themes of problems and limitations of treatment , facilitating factors and expectations and desires treatment ) was obtained.

The findings of this study showed that the experiences of women with sexual interest/arousal disorder are classified into 5 main categories of individual factors, marital life dysfunction, social environmental factors, consequences and treatment considerations.In summary, the findings of this research indicate that female sexual interest/arousal disorder is a multidimensional disorder and has significant negative consequences on the performance and quality of married life of these patients. Significant each category of psychological causes can be promising for researchers and therapists to discover effective strategies for psychological treatment in order to help patients recover. According to the findings and symptoms experienced and the consequences of the disease and the expectations of the participants from the treatment, it seems that therapist should have a comprehensive approach to treat this disease and be able to treat each of the symptoms and consequences of this disease. And the effective factors in the etiology of this disease should have a set of therapeutic models and scientific techniques, up-to-date and effective, and use them in the treatment process according to the needs and symptoms of the patients.So considering culture and social conditions can help in creating a more efficient framework in preventive or intervention programs for these patients

Female Sexual Interest-Arousal Disorder is one of the most common sexual problems in women and a multifactorial disorder. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the newly developed treatment of female sexual interest-arousal disorder and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on sexual function and the quality of the marital relationship of women with female sexual interest-arousal disorder. The research method was experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included women with female sexual interest-arousal disorder referred to counseling centers in Isfahan, from which 45 people were selected by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups (15 people in each group). Subjects of all three groups were evaluated in the pre-test stage with scales. Then the experimental groups underwent an 8-session weekly intervention and the control group did not receive any intervention. At the end of the intervention sessions, the members of all three groups were re-evaluated with research tools. The female Sexual Function Index Scale (Isidori, Pozza, Esposito, Giugliano, Morano, et al, 2010) and relationship Quality Scale(Chonody, Gabb, Killian &Dunk-West,2018)were the instruments in this study. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that both interventions affect therapeutic goals and the experimental groups witnessed positive changes in the post-test of sexual function and quality of marital relationship compared to the control group. Regarding the competitive validation of the interventions, the results showed that in the sexual function, the effectiveness is more in favor of the psychotherapy protocol of female sexual interest-arousal disorder (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between the two interventions in the quality of the marital relationship(P>0.05). Conclusion According to these results, it can be said that the psychotherapy protocol for the female sexual interest-arousal disorder has the necessary effectiveness in modulating the symptoms of this disorder and can be used as a suitable treatment option along with other psychotherapy models for this disorder.

Behavioral disorder is a common and very vulnerable mental disorder that usually occurs in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviors. The disease is associated with neurological disorders and often leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood.

Quasi-experimental repeated measures (pre-test، post-test and follow-up) with a control group of statistical population consisting of 45 boys aged 9-12 years with conduct disorder were selected by available sampling method، and were randomly divided into two experimental groups and a control group. The two experimental groups were trained in strategies for 8 weeks. The control group did not receive any training. The research data were analyzed using Ritex Behavior Diagnosis and Critical Thinking Questionnaire with SPSS 22 software.

showed that in the post-test and follow-up stages of the group of mirror neurons، the ratio of the control group showed a significant increase. (P <0.05) There was no significant difference between the components of maturity and commitment in the group of executive functions and control. There was a significant difference in the group of mirror neurons compared to the control group and the component of creativity was not significant. (p <0.05)

Teaching mirror neurons strategies had a positive and significant effect on critical thinking and the components of maturity and commitment on the component of creativity. Interventions of brain executive functions had no effect on critical thinking and its components.

The purpose of this research was to Developing a structural equation model of social anxiety disorder based on the components of childhood trauma and insecure attachment style with the mediation of metacognitive beliefs. The research design was correlational and structural equations. The statistical population of the research included all students of the Islamic Azad University of Olom-tahghighat in the academic year of 2021-2022 in Tehran province. To collect data, Mohammad Khani's Traumatic Experiences Questionnaire (2003), Hazen and Shaver's Attachment Style Questionnaire (1987), Wells' Metacognitive Beliefs (2003) and Connor's Social Anxiety Questionnaire (2000) were used. Then, the obtained data were entered into the structural equation hypothesis model. In order to analyze the obtained data, SPSS19 and AMOS24 software were used. The results of the model analysis showed that the hypothetical research model has a good fit with the data. Predictive variables of childhood traumas and insecure attachment style directly and indirectly with the mediation of metacognitive beliefs had a positive and significant effect on social anxiety disorder. Also, metacognition had a direct effect on social anxiety disorder. The results of the research indicate that childhood injuries and insecure attachment style can be strong predictors of social anxiety disorder, and in the meantime, metacognition as a mediating variable is a part of the influencing process in the form of Taking symptoms of social anxiety disorder. It is recommended to hold educational workshops in the field of childhood injuries, insecure attachment styles and metacognitive beliefs, and also therapeutic interventions should address these factors

The present study aimed to evaluate the marital adjustment model based on the factors of marital intimacy, self-compassion and job satisfaction. The research design was a correlation of component-based structural equation modeling. 

The statistical population was all married female teachers of high schools in Khorramabad city in 2021 -2022. The sampling method was a multi-stage cluster sampling in which 100 married female teachers responded to the scales of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), Marital Intimacy Scale (MIS), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). In order to analyze the data, SPSS 23 software was used for descriptive statistics, and PLS software was used to evaluate the model's fit.

The research findings showed that the model has a high fit and that the predictive power of the model is appropriate. Among the variables, marital intimacy, with a factor loading of 0.68, has the greatest impact on marital adjustment, and the variables of self-compassion and job satisfaction, with factor loadings of 0.165 and 0.160, are in the second and third positions, respectively.

The results showed that self-learning variables marital intimacy and job satisfaction positively and significantly affect marital adjustment.

The unfortunate consequences of divorce justify the necessity of conducting research to find the most effective scientific methods for its prevention and reduction. Hence, the present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of schema-based (ST), emotionally focused (EFT), and acceptance and commitment-based (ACT) couple therapies on reducing the desire for divorce among couples on the verge of divorce in military families.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-post test and follow-up. From all the couples who referred to one of the counseling centers under the contract of the armed forces in 2020, 60 couples (ST, EFT, ACT, and control groups; 15 couples in each group) were selected by available sampling method with random allocation. The experimental groups participated in the treatment sessions for 10 sessions. The research tool was divorce desire questionnaire (Rusbult, Johnson, and Morrow), which was completed by the couples of all three experimental groups in three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow up. Finally, data was  analysized using analysis of covariance in repeated measures designs.

The results showed that all three methods of couple therapy were significantly effective on the divorce tendency reduction. The highest level of effectiveness belonged to EFT, ST, and ACT couple therapy with the effect size of 0.976, 0.963, and 0.927, respectively.

Couple therapy interventions can be used with clinical and therapeutic interventions to decrease the desire for divorce in couples applying for divorce.

Success in the development of audit is largely dependent on success in the establishment of the culture. the same interaction between culture and auditing causes formation of auditing culture. because, culture is rooted in the heart of the audit community and auditing is located on the context of culture. therefore, the purpose of the present research is to develop an audit culture model using a grounded theory approach, using the theories of auditing experts. This research has been done with the aim of developing an audit culture model with a grounded theory approach. The research method is qualitative. In order to conduct in-depth and semi-structured interviews, 22 managers and auditing experts were selected by judgmental sampling. Findings were identified as a paradigm model with 2 categories for causal conditions, 2 categories for contextual conditions, 3 categories for Interventional conditions, 3 categories for strategies and 3 categories in outcome related to the main research phenomenon. According to the research findings "audit culture is the basis of the audit society, that includes a set of values, norms, beliefs, cultural and historical mores affecting the behavior of auditors also the basis of specific values emanating from the community and affecting the culture of auditors in the audit environment and society". Therefore, in order to develop the audit culture in Iran, we should focus on the extractive categories and the pattern of developing the audit culture from this research, in which case we can have a dynamic and active culture in the field of auditing

The purpose of the present research is to thematically analyze the factors affecting the audit culture and presentation a model of related indicators with it according to the definition of culture, using the theories of auditing experts(managers).

This article is in the framework of qualitative research strategy and based on thematic analysis method and interviews with 22 audit managers in a purposeful sampling method, first based on commonalities, related themes, main and finally the central themes of each category Identifies the research topic and finally draws and analyzes a network of topics related to what the audit culture is. The validity of the research tool (interview) was reviewed and confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors, and to measure the reliability, the method of intra-subject agreement was used, which according to this method was 89%. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data.

After reviewing books, articles and conducting semi-structured interviews with experts, 985 agents or open source code were counted and then 41 concepts were identified by the researcher which were categorized into 22 sub-themes and 5 main themes as dimensions of audit culture, these dimensions include: social values, ethical values, religious values, economic values, political values. Therefore, the themes related to what an audit culture is show that the audit culture is related to the values and beliefs of the audit that affect the culture of managers and auditors and the audit institutions. In this context, social values, social action and participation, political values and economic empowerment are among the beliefs and norms related to culture that affect the culture of managers and audit firms and direct their behavior. In this context, social values, social action and participation, political values and economic empowerment, including the beliefs and norms related to culture that affect the culture of managers and audit institutions and direct their behavior. On the other hand, values such as ethical, attention to religious values and strengthening the foundation of audit structures are among the audit values that have influenced the behavior of managers and the audit institutions, therefore according to "thematic analysis" the dimensions of audit culture are: social, ethical, religious, economic and political values. Therefore these categories can be expressed with a little tolerance in the culture of auditing.

According to the research findings "audit culture is the basis of the audit society, that includes a set of values, norms, beliefs, cultural and historical mores affecting the behavior of auditors also the basis of specific values (social, ethical, religious, economic and political) emanating from the community and affecting the culture of auditors in the audit environment and society".Therefore, to develop auditing culture in iran, we should focus on the categories extracted from this research, In this case, we can have a dynamic culture in the field of auditing.

The aim of the current research was to formulate the etiological model of social anxiety disorder based on the components of early maladaptive schemas and childhood traumas with the mediating role of emotional coping strategy. The research design was correlational and structural equations. The statistical population of the research included all students of the Islamic Azad University of Olom-Tahghighat in the academic year of 2021-2022 in Tehran province. A total of 306 people who scored above 40 in Connor's social anxiety test were selected as a sample. To collect data, Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (1991), Mohammad Khani's Traumatic Experience Q5uestionnaire (2003), Andler and Parker's Multidimensional assessment of coping (1990), and Connor's Social Anxiety Questionnaire (2000) were used. Then, the obtained data were entered into the structural equation hypothesis model. In order to analyze the obtained data, SPSS19 and AMOS24 were used. The results of the model analysis showed that the hypothetical research model has a good fit with the data. Predictor variables of early maladaptive schemas and childhood traumas with the mediation of emotional coping strategy had a significant effect on social anxiety disorder (p<0/01). In addition, emotional coping strategies had a direct effect on social anxiety disorder (p<0/01). The results of the research indicate that early maladaptive schemas and childhood traumas can be strong predictors of social anxiety disorder. The results also indicate that emotional coping strategies as mediating variables are part of the influencing process in the form of symptoms of social anxiety disorder. It is recommended to hold educational workshops in the field of maladaptive schemas, coping strategies for childhood traumas, and therapeutic interventions.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the New Developed Contrast Avoidance and Emotion-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on the Severity of Symptoms Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design with control group. The statistical population included all women with generalized anxiety disorder in the city of Khorramabad, of whom 45 were selected as available. They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and a control group. the New Developed treatment Contrast Avoidance and Emotion-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy were held separately In 12 sessions 90-minute and no training was applied to the control group. The instrument of this study was a Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale in which pre-test and post-test participants answered questions A multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the developmental treatment contrast avoidance and Emotion-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy improves the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (p <0.01). And the recovery rate is higher than the subjects of the control group (p <0.01). But the two experimental groups did not differ significantly (P <0.05). the New Developed treatment contrast avoidance and Emotion-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy improves the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and Developmental therapy focuses on the physiological and emotional experience of the client so that the client can experience the emotional contrast, which may be one of the underlying causes of generalized anxiety disorder. The effectiveness of this treatment may also be effective in mental disorders that have an emotional underpinning.

The main concern of this article is to explain Hafez's moral approach; Individual or social. In fact, he is not only an important part of Persian literature, but has become one of the intellectual and cultural sources and spiritual supports of Persian speakers over the centuries. Therefore, considering the importance of ethics and the necessity of analyzing and finding the roots of the moral situation of his time, in an analytical-descriptive way and referring to Hafez's poems, it is necessary to diligently find out that this Hafez, or according to the clever interpretation of some, this historical memory of ours, in His poems and thoughts are promoters and preachers of what kind of moral schools and foundations, and is this moral school, whatever it is, individual or social? In fact, the novelty and innovation of the present writing is in explaining and proving the individual or social nature of Hafiz ethics and the difference between these two categories. The result obtained is that: in love for people (which Hafez's poems are full of), the emotional basis of social ethics is important, and love for people does not have intrinsic value by itself, so Hafez, in the category of "social ethics" ", does not consider any limits and emphasizes on observing it for the right of "everyone".

The purpose of the present study was to develop a code of ethics for refereeing sport in Iran with a phenomenological approach. The present study is a qualitative phenomenological research. For this purpose, 15 experts were selected and interviewed by snowball sampling experts and interviewed. . The analysis and coding were performed using Max QDA Pro software. Eight themes and 61 sub-themes were extracted in this research that law, respect, behavior, communication, corruption, justice, socio-cultural and family were among the extracted themes in this study. Therefore, in general, and as a recommendation to sport managers and officials of sport and sport refereeing, it is recommended that the principles of the present study be aimed at improving and enhancing the ethical factors that the refereeing this will be possible through education.

In Iran, women more than men suffer from depressive and anxiety disorders. Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depression disorder (MDD) is the most common form of comorbidity involving depression and anxiety. One of the essential problems of this comorbidity is more symptom severity in comparison to MDD and GAD alone, and this might lead to higher illness severity and chronicity. Common interventions for GAD and MDD are cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), transdiagnostic psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. However, these two disorders are typically treated separately, and there is a dearth of information on tackling them in comorbid conditions. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of CBT, transdiagnostic psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy on depressive and anxiety symptoms in women with comorbid MDD and GAD.

In this study, a single case study using multiple baseline design with follow–up was implemented. Individual baseline acted as control periods. Following individual baseline, treatments were delivered weekly, with each treatment session lasting up to 50 min. On completion of treatments, the patients were followed up for 1 and 3 months. Six women with comorbid MDD and GAD who came for treatment to counseling centers and psychiatrist's office in Marivan City, Iran from the beginning to the end of autumn 2019, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned in three treatment groups. All patients met the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM–5) criteria for MDD and GAD. The inclusion criteria were as follows: having signs and symptoms of both disorders (MDD and GAD), being older than 18 years, and having consent to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria were unwillingness to continue the treatment, not completing the research questionnaires, and identifying any new disorder at each stage of the treatment. The study measures included Beck Depression Inventory (BDI–II) (Beck et al., 1996) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck & Steer, 1990). CBT and transdiagnostic psychotherapy consisted of 12 sessions, one session per week. Pharmacotherapy, consisted of a combination of Alprazolam and Sertraline presented. The obtained data were analyzed with reliable change index (RCI) and recovery percentage. Leeds reliable change indicator software was used to calculate the reliable change index.

Results showed that symptoms of depression and anxiety significantly were reduced by all three treatments. Improvements of patient's anxiety were 57% in CBT, 50% in transdiagnostic, and 63% in pharmacotherapy. According to Blanchard and Schwarz's (1988) criteria, the recovery percentage of all patients was higher than 50. Therefore, the improvements in anxiety symptoms have been significant in all six patients. Also, the RCI was higher than the Z value (1.96), so with 95% confidence, we can say that the improvement was due to therapeutic interventions. In the follow–up phase, improvements in anxiety were maintained and improvement percentage of CBT, transdiagnostic, and pharmacotherapy were 50%, 51%, and 60%, respectively. Based on results, improvements in depression symptoms for CBT, transdiagnostic, and pharmacotherapy were 64%, 55%, and 56%, respectively. These results were maintained in the follow–up phase at 57%, 52%, and 50%, respectively. As seen, all improvement percentages in the intervention and follow–up phase were above 50 and therefore, based on Blanchard and Schwarz's criteria, these results were clinically significant. The RCI was greater than 1.96, in the intervention and follow–up phases indicating that improvements in depression symptoms were statistically significant.

Although all three treatments caused significant improvements in anxiety and depression symptoms, pharmacotherapy was slightly more effective in treating anxiety and CBT was slightly more effective in treating depression. Based on these results, when treating comorbid GAD and MDD, if the symptoms of anxiety are more severe, pharmacotherapy is preferred and if the symptoms of depression are more severe, CBT is preferred.

Participation in charity is one of the moral mechanisms for eradicating economic poverty, and the philosophical debate about it has risen since the 1970s. In this paper, two important philosophical arguments have been formulated and researched by Singer and Spoerl about duty or beyond duty and why and how to participate in charitable affairs. Singer believes that people who are morally obligated are obliged to give their possessions to those in need unless this assistance requires the deprivation of things that are morally comparable to the needs and problems of those in need. Spoerl, along with all the critics, clearly sees this as a rigid condition, and instead believes that people with morals are obliged to give their possessions to the needy, but only after they have met the necessities of life. There is also a serious disagreement between Singer and Spoerl about the definition of the necessities of life, and Spoerl derives a broad definition of it that includes artistic, intellectual, and social values. Singer also does not specify the source of charity, but Spoerl, by separating surplus income from surplus wealth, believes that we simply have a duty to give our surplus income to the needy. Based on the findings of the paper, the lack of prioritization of the needy and its non-separation from the prioritization of needs is evident to some extent in both perspectives, especially Singer's perspective.

The purpose of this research was to develop a model of the resilience of primary school principals. This research was a qualitative study carried out by applying the grounded theory approach. By purposeful sampling method, twelve experts of educational psychology and educational administration were selected. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until the theoretical saturation was reached. Data collected were analyzed by MAXQDA 2018. Open coding yielded 180 preliminary codes classified into 20 thematic categories. In selective coding, the resilience of primary school principals was identified as the central phenomenon. The model of the resilience of primary school principals is a valuable conceptual map for directing a wide range of educational provision. Among efforts to support primary school principals in order to cope with hardship and crises, a systematic perspective would be of high importance.