مسعود مبینی

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is considered a severe infectious disease in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). It seems that the teaching of nurses staff may improve the quality of care and reduce the VAP rate. This study is performed to determine the effect of education on VAP and nurses' performance in Rafsanjan ICUs.

The semi-experimental study was conducted on 62 intensive care nurses, who were selected through convenience sampling and inclusion criteria. VAP rate and nurses' performance were measured three months prior to intervention. Then, the necessary education about the methods of preventing such VAP took place. After three months, nurses' performance and VAP rates were measured again. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (V.18).

The results showed that the VAP rate changes before(97.8%) and after the intervention (89.2%)were not statistically significant(p=1.000).Nurses' performance on hand washing, suctioning, patient position change, scrubs wearing, mouthwash, and intubation improved after training and had a statistically significant difference  (p<0/05).

The study indicated that nurses' education on the prevention of infection and VAP could be effective although this intervention had only clinical impact.

Introduction and Aims Because of the day-increasing resistance of the bacteria to antibiotics, further logical viewpoint to the medicinal plants seems to be important. The Ferula gummosa considered as a great medicinal plant in past studies. The aim of this study was investigation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roots of F.gummosa Boiss on growth of some bacterial pathogens.
Materials and Methods The extracts were prepared by Soxhlet method and were studied by disc diffusion, well diffusion and tube dillution methods.
Results According to the disc diffusion and the well diffusion methods, no inhibitory zone have seen against investigated bacteria. The ethologic extract showed more inhibitory effect than the methanolic and aquatic extracts. The most sensitive bacterium to methanol extract was Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) equal to 6.25×103 and 1.25×104 respectively. The most sensitive bacteria to ethanol extract were Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae with MIC and MBC equal to 6.25×103 and 2.5×104 respectively.
Conclusion Further study is needed about potent antimicrobial activities of F.gummosa Boiss.

Endogenous opioids and addictive opiate drugs change many body functions. . Previous studies have referred to the effects of morphine on smooth and pulmonary muscles ., but the effects of opioids on skeletal muscles is not known well. Thus, the current study aimed at assessing the effect of a single dose of morphine on muscle fatigue in male rats.
In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats weighing 220-270 g were randomly divided into four equal groups: control (the mice were kept in their cages and received food and water), morphine receiving group, fatigue group (the mice in this group were kept running on a treadmill . for120 minutes at a rate of 20 meters per minute), and morphine plus fatigue group. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were obtained from the corner of their eyes and were sent to the laboratory for measurement of muscle fatigue indexes including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK).
Administration of morphine to the fatigue group decreased running time compared with the control group (P=0.009). Furthermore, administration of morphine to the fatigue group significantly increased serum levels of LDH (P=0.009) and CPK (P=0.008).
The present study showed that administration of a single dose of morphine in rats increases muscle fatigue biomarkers (LDH, CPK).

Since biological methods for metal extraction, such as bioleaching, are environmental friendly, there are high demands to be replaced with the chemical and physical methods. The aim of this study was to extract gold from Muteh sulfide ore by two microbial phases.
Isolation of iron oxidizing bacteria was performed by adding mineral samples into 9k medium. At the first phase of the mineral bioleaching process, the ores were cut into different diameters, and after adding the rocks to the standard medium (1%), they were assessed after 7 days by x-ray diffraction method to study the existence of sulfide minerals. The cyanide producer bacteria were isolated by growing into TSA solid medium. In the second phase, the materials obtained from first phase were exposed to cyanogen bacteria, and the sediments were investigated by ICP.
Based on the results, the isolated bacteria from Sarcheshmeh mining were able to oxidize strongly ferrous and to remove pyrite from ore after 7 days. In the second phase, the isolated bacteria from Tonekabon arable soil could remove gold of (0.023 mg/l). The best range of Au recovery was produced in pH 7.
The isolated bacteria in this study were able to separate Au in two phases of microbial process, consisting of sulfide mineralization and recovery from aqueous form by cyanide bacteria.

Enteric fever causes by Salmonella enteric and in 600 thousand of cases leading to death. We aimed to report a severe case of salmonellosis in a child.
The patient was a male 4 month old child who referred to ACECR (Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research) with 2 days history of fever, vomiting and diarrhea. Interviewing, blood analyze, blood and stool culture have done. Stool culture and biochemical tests confirmed the Salmonella Paratyphi C. Patient and his family hadnt any history related to salmonellosis.
This report showed infection must be transmitted by a nonmember of family asymptomatic carrier. Treatment has done by oral suspension of 100 mg/ml Cefexcime. Stool exam has showed the normal flora after 20 days.

The HTLV virus known as first human Retrovirus and it’s a part of the Oncoviridea family. An important feature of virus is geographic prevalence district that the North of Razavy Khorasan province (Northeast of Iran) is endemic for HTLV infection. The aim of this study is HTLV1, 2 infection's prevalence rate in children, teenage and juveniles who refers to Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Mashhad laboratory in Nyshabor in this study. This cross – sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 1169 patients by ELISA method (Dia.pro diagnostic bioprobes, Italy) from August 2013 to August 2014 in this Center. The variables are genus and age. HTLV1, 2 infections were positive in 3.33% (39/1169) of the participants according to the results of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Infection was significantly associated with age and genus of participants. Despite screening programs, frequent reports of many scholars and make awareness of people, the high prevalence of the virus in childhood, adolescence and youth in Nyshabor, is a big concern. So to solve this problem demands more effort and better ways for more learning of people.

Introduction and Aims: Proteinuria means the presence of an excess of serum proteins in the urine that is very important to achieve accurate and reliable results to the physicians. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of turbidity in the measurement of 24-hour urine protein before and after cold treatment in turbid centrifuged samples.
This experimental study was performed in ACECR (Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research), that was conducted on a random sample of 1000 people in 2015 March to September. The measurement of 24-hour urine protein was performed by using three chloral acetic acid method (TCA) and photometer.
Ten samples (1%) just were turbid after centrifuge. There was a significant difference (P In order to deposit interfering factors, the urine samples that are taken to measure protein and are turbid after centrifuge should be given cold treatment and centrifuge again.

It has been documented that cytokines play important roles in the induction of normal functions of the placenta. It has been hypothesized that abnormal expression of the cytokines may be associated with unsuccessful pregnancy.

The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and tumor growth factor (TGF-ß) in pre-term, term neonates, and their corresponding mothers.

This study was performed on 100 term and 60 pre-term neonates, and also on their corresponded mothers. Serum levels of IL-17A and TGF-ß were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Our results revealed that the serum levels of IL-17A were significantly decreased in pre-term neonates in comparison to full-term neonates. However, the serum levels of IL-17A in the mothers either with pre-term or full-term neonates were not different. Also the serum levels of TGF-ß were not changed in pre-term neonates and their mothers when compared with full-term neonates and their mothers, respectively.

Based on these findings, it can be concluded that IL-17A may play crucial roles in induction of normal pregnancies and also probably participates in normal growth of fetus.

Stroke is a major cause of mortality and long-term disability among adults. The risk of stroke is rapidly increasing in women after menopause. It has been reported that exercise reduces ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat model of stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise on stroke outcome in the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in ovariectomized mice.
A group of 32 female mice (25-35g) were randomly divided into 4 groups as following (8 mice in each group): ovariectomy닚, stroke, ovariectomy笗ꭲ⬞頋殢, and sham. Seven days before exercise preconditioning, mice were ovariectomized. The exercise group was forced to run on a treadmill 5 days per week, for 40 min/day at a speed of 18 m/min for four weeks. Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method five weeks after ovariectomy. The infarct volume, sensory-motor deficits, and neurological deficits were studied.
Infarct volume in the ovariectomy笗ꭲ⬞頋殢 and stroke groups was significantly smaller compared to ovariectomy닚 group. In ovariectomy笗ꭲ⬞頋殢 and stroke groups, neurological deficits were significantly lower than ovariectomy닚 gorup, respectively. sensory-motor deficits were also lower in the ovariectomy笗ꭲ⬞頋殢 and stroke groups compared to ovariectomy닚 group.
The present data suggest that exercise preconditioning plays a neuroprotective role in ovariectomized animals and improves stroke outcome in a permanent model of MCAO.

The prevalence of stroke in premenopausal women is lower than men. In fact, estrogen is known as a potent neuroprotective agent in cerebral ischemia before menopause. Phytoestrogens are considered to be less risky than chemical estrogens. In this study, considering the phytoestrogenic properties of Vitex agnus custus, the effects of the ethanolic extract of this plant on stroke outcomes in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion were investigated in ovariectomized mice. In this experimental study, 32 mice, weighing 25-35 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups (8 mice per group): 1) sham group, 2) control group (ovariectomized, treated with 1 ml/kg saline for one month, followed by stroke induction), 3) Vitex group (ovariectomized, treated with 80 mg/kg of Vitex extracts in 1 mL saline every day for a month), and 4) estrogen group (ovariectomized, treated with 40 μg/kg of estradiol valerate in 1 mL saline every day for a month). After one month, stroke was induced in ovariectomized mice by cauterizing the middle cerebral artery. Infarct volume and neurological disorders were evaluated one week after stroke induction. A week after stroke induction, infarct volume in the control, estrogen, and Vitex groups was 11.98±2.33, 3.41±1.01, and 5±1.10, respectively. Vitex extracts and estrogen could decrease infarct volume, compared to the control group (p<0.05). Also, estrogen and Vitex extracts reduced neurological deficits, compared to the control group (p<0.001). A week after stroke induction, sensorimotor disorders in the control, estrogen, and Vitex groups were 50±7, 15±2, and 21±4.09, respectively. In fact, a significant difference was observed between the control and other groups (p<0.001). The findings of the present study showed that Vitex extracts, similar to estrogen, have neuroprotective effects, following middle cerebral artery occlusion in ovariectomized mice.

Ferula gummosa Boiss. (Barije) is an Iranian indigenous plant that has medical and antifungal properties. The current study was done to determine the effect of aqueous an alcoholic extracts of Ferula gummosa Boiss root on in vitro growth of fungi. In this experimental study, the plant was dried in the dark and aqueous, alcoholic extracts of its root powder were prepared using Soxhlet method. Then, the efficacy of 0.1 dilutions of different quantities of the extracts on strains of Candida albicans (PTCC 5027), Trichophyton rubrum (PTCC5143), and Aspergillus fumigatus (PTCC 5009) were evaluated employing Disk diffusion, Agar-well diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) methods. No inhibited effect was observed in Disk diffusion and Agar-well diffusion methods. MIC and MFC values of all extracts for Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum were more than 5×104mg/ml. The MIC values of ethanol and methanol extract for Candida albicans were 3.12×103 and 1.25×104mg/ml, respectively but the MFC values were 1.25×104 and 2.5×104mg/ml, respectively. Methanol and ethanol extracts proved to have antifungal activity against Candida albicans yeast in vitro while the fungi of Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum had no sensitivity to these types of extracts.

Previous studies indicated estrogen as a protective factor in brain cells. In this study, effect of Yarrow extract (Achillea millefolium), containing a phytoestrogen, were examined on the consequences of stroke in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model in ovariectomized female rats. In the present study, 32 female Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were randomly divided into 4 groups which included: sham, control(ovariectomized- stroke induced), yarrow(ovariectomized, gavage Achillea millefolium extract dose 500mg/kg and 50mg/kg for a month was given orally to animals). After surgery, infarction volume was measured a week after stroke. Moreover, sensorimotor disorder using paper labels(Sticky test) and neurological disorder via Bederson test at 24, 48 h, and a week after induction of stroke were tested and compared. The results of the current study demonstrated that Achillea millefolium extract with 500 mg/kg dose significantly reduced infarction volume a week after stroke (p<0/01), and sensorimotor disorder (sticky) at 24, 48 hours and a week after stroke, respectively. Furthermore, neurological disorders reduced at 24 and 48 hours (p<0/001) and week (p<0/01) after stroke compared to the control groups. On the other hand, Achillea millefolium extract with 50o mg/kg dose reduced infarct volume, neurological and sensorimotor disorders, though this reduction was not statistically significant. The study findings revealed that oral administration of Achillea millefolium extract with dose of 500mg/kg in ovariectomized female rats caused a significant reduction in infarct volume, neurological disorders and sensorimotor disorder after middle cerebral artery occlusion.

C-reactive protein (CRP) reflects measure of response acute phase. We aimed to assess prozone phenomenon that causes false negativity in serological diag‌nosis of CRP. In this study the tests of four cases of 600 participants that have false negative serological results were evaluated by agglutination and turbidometry methods. CRP test was positive in titer of 1/8 in all cases but the first case remains positive to titer of 1/16.the results of turbidometry method demonstrated be positivity all samples. By regarded to other laboratory findings, in the laboratories that used agglutination method, samples that suggested high CRP in order to exclude false sero-negativity must be diluted to upper titers.

Ischemic postconditioning, conducted by a series of brief occlusion and release of the bilateral common carotid arteries, has neuroprotective properties in permanent or transient models of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion but its delayed neuroprotective effects in the embolic model of stroke, especially in female rat, have not yet been reported and were investigated in the current study. In this experimental study, 24 female Wistar rats (200 to 250 g) were divided into three groups of sham, stroke and postconditioning. All animals were similar in reproductive cycle, and after that, stroke was induced by clot injection into the right middle cerebral artery. For postconditioning, common carotid arteries (CCA) were occluded for 30 seconds and reopened for 30 seconds, for 5 cycles. The postconditioning was induced at 6.5 hours after the stroke. Infarction volume, brain edema and neurological deficits were measured two days later. Postconditioning at 6.5 hours after stroke decreased infarction volume (P< 0.001), brain edema (P<0.050) and norologic deficit (P<0.050) significantly compared to the stroke group. Late postconditioning improved ischemic injury, brain edema and neurological functions after the embolic model of stroke in female rat.

TRPV1 is a non-selective cation channel with high permeability to calcium ions، and is also involved in the development of neurogenic and inflammatory pain. The increase in intracellular calcium plays a role in worsening of stroke. In the present study we investigated the effect of (AMG9810) TRPV1 receptor antagonist on stroke outcome in the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rat. In this experimental study، a total of 24 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300g were divided into 3 groups as following: control، treatment and sham. Stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion method. The animals were then treated with the TRPV1 receptor antagonist Amg9810 (0. 5 mg/kg، ip) and vehicle (DMSO) 3h after stroke. Infarct volume was determined by TTC stai ing، and sensory motor deficits were assessed by sticky and hanging tests at 1، 3 and 7 days after stroke induction، and compared. One week after stroke، Amg9810 decreased the cortical infarct volume (P 0. 05). The touch time and remove time (in sticky test) was decreased in these animals (P<0. 001) but hanging test was increased (P<0. 01). TRPV1 receptor inhibition may decrease infarct volume and sensory-motor deficits following stroke due to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat.

Hypothermia has neuroprotective effects in permanent or transient models of cerebral artery occlusion. In the current study، neuroprotective effect of general hypothermia in the embolic model of stroke، in which no study has been conducted to date.

In this experimental study، twenty-four male Wistar rats (250 to 350 g) were divided into three groups as following: sham، Control and hypothermia. Stroke was induced by clot injection into the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). General hypothermia was induced at 6 h after stroke. Neurological deficits were measured at 24 and 48 h after ischemia. Infarction volume and brain edema were determined at the end of study.

General hypothermia significantly decreased infarct volume (P<0. 001) and neurological deficits (P<0. 001). No significant difference was observed between hypothermia and control group in brain edema.

According to the findings of the present study، general hypothermia at six h after ischemia shows neuroprotection in the embolic model of stroke.

Ferula gummosa Boiss. (Barije.) contain medical and antimicrobial properties. This study was done to determine the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roots of Ferula gummosa Boiss. on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this laboratory study، the plant was dried in dark place and aqueous، alcoholic extracts of Barije''s root، powder were prepared using Soxhlet method. The efficacy of 0. 1 dilution of different values of extracts of Ferula gummosa Boiss. on the strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTCC 1430) were evaluated by disk diffusion، Agar-well diffusion، minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely resistant to the aqueous extract، and the MIC for the methanol and ethanol extracts was 1. 25×104 μg/ml and 6. 25×103 μg/ml، respectively. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Ferula gummosa Boiss. have antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in in-vitro model.