مصطفی زبردست

Olive is one of the water-resistant crops that has been cultivated in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy consumption pattern and analyze the environmental effect of olive production.

The statistical sample of the study included 177 olive growers in Ilam province. To evaluate the energy consumption pattern, the indicators of Energy ratio, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy Gain were used. Also, in order to study of greenhouse gases emission in olive production systems, carbon dioxide equivalent emission coefficients were used for consumption inputs. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods and all data were recorded, categorized and evaluated in Excel software.

Based on the research results, Energy ratio, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy were calculated to be 1.36, 0.12 kgMJ-1, 8.66 mJ/kg-1 and 9175.04 mJ/ha-1, respectively. Direct and indirect energy consumption was 19969.1 and 5319 MJha-1. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions was estimated to be 1185.74 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide per hectare.

The total input and output energy in the olive production process was estimated to be 25288.04 and 34463.08 MJha-1 respectively. Electricity input and nitrogen fertilizer had the highest share of input energies with 16.81% and 73.78%, respectively. It is suggested that by using appropriate methods such as using high-yield cultivars, the energy productivity should be increased.

Energy efficiency is in the production of agricultural and horticulture products. Due to the olives' compatibility in terms of resistance to water deficiency, olive cultivation has become popular in some parts of the country, including Ilam province. This study was conducted in 2019 with the aim of Economic Analysis Using the Cub-Douglas function of Production Olive in Ilam city. Information on the number of olive growers and yields was obtained from the Comprehensive Agricultural Data Structuring and Management System. The study included an economic analysis of olive production by analyzing human resources, electricity,  fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers and animal manure, pesticides, and water. The gross value,total production cost, interest-to-cost ratio, net profit (special profit), and gross profit of olive production were 17519366, 3928231, 3.46, 13591135, and 14669100 Tomans, respectively. The tensile strengths of manpower, gasoline, nitrogen fertilizer, livestock manure, water, and electricity were calculated to be 0.058, 0.01, 0.001, 0.038, 1.05, and 0.158, respectively. This study estimated APP and MPP of direct energies as higher than indirect energies. Average product productivity (APP) of renewable and non-renewable energy was obtained with coefficients of 1.046 and 1.252, respectively. Marginal physical product (MPP) of renewable and non-renewable energy was estimated with the coefficients of -0.735 and -0.026, respectively. The highest final product in Model 1 was water input. Direct energies' final productivity and average productivity were higher than indirect ones. Finally, due to the special profit and special profit obtained in this study, the economical production of olives is affordable.