معصومه جمشیدی

The development of rural entrepreneurship is the key to solving various problems in the country's rural communities, including unemployment, poverty, food insecurity, migration, social anomalies, etc. The study aimed at investigating the focal correlation between entrepreneurship indicators (X variables including success, …) on sustainable rural development (Y variables including social sustainability, economic sustainability…) in rural areas west of Urmia Lake (in 2020-2021) to determine the variability between the two sets of variables. The statistical population of the study includes all households living on the western shore of Urmia Lake (N = 17738), of which 374 sample (households) were selected using Cochran's formula and multi-stage stratified sampling with proportional assignment. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed using face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (Between 0.703 and 0.836). In this research, in order to investigate the objectives of the study, Canonical Correlation Analysisand Spearman's correlation coefficient were performed using SPSS software. The results of Canonical Correlation Analysis showed that there is a good linear combination between the set of focal variables of rural entrepreneurship indicators and the components of sustainable rural development in the studied areas. Also, the canonical correlation analysis of two significant sets showed that creativity (0.833) and self-confidence (0.898) have a significant relationship with economic stability (0.835) and physical stability (0.982). In other words, it can be concluded that by improving the situation of factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas, we can see sustainable rural development. Therefore, it can be suggested to increase skills such as self-reliance, self-confidence, creativity, responsibility, etc. among the villagers through holding various training classes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the lived experiences of agricultural workers in the Chardavol Township about the new world. The present study is a qualitative research that has been done using an interpretive paradigm and interpretive phenomenological method. The statistical population of the study includes all villagers active in the agricultural sector in Zanjire Sofla village in Chardavol Township in Ilam province. 14 participants were selected by purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation. The semi-structured interview method was used to collect information from participants and Van Mannen's (1990) method was used to analyze the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews. The results showed that a main theme entitled "New World" and 7 sub-themes including new lifestyle, a distinct consumption pattern, the integration and synergy of tensions, understanding the cross-sectional remedial shock, the symmetry of old and new vulnerabilities, socio-protective isolation and low government presence and the tendency to counter-value measures and the experience of the new sin is experienced by the participants.

Futures Studies in Planning the Self-Employed Businesses Continuity for Women-Headed Households will find the key drivers, key variables, and uncertainties in the development of women's economic empowerment, and will shape the desired future management. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the management of women's self-employed business continuity management in Chardavol Township, identifying key variables and developing effective scenarios for its realization. The purpose of this study is practical and it is a descriptive-analytical research conducted with an interpretive structural approach to measure the interactions of variables. In terms of the nature of the data, this research is a combination (quantitative and qualitative) and is based on documentary and survey data collection method. The results showed that out of the developed scenarios, there are 6 scenarios with strong adaptation to the future of self-employed women business continuity management in Chardavol. Of the six scenarios mentioned, three scenarios one, two, and three are perfectly desirable, and scenario 1 is the best-case scenario of managing self-employed business continuity of women-headed households in Chardavol.The results showed that out of the developed scenarios, there are 6 scenarios with strong adaptation to the future of self-employed women business continuity management in Chardavol. Of the six scenarios mentioned, three scenarios one, two, and three are perfectly desirable, and scenario 1 is the best-case scenario of managing self-employed business continuity of women-headed households in Chardavol.The results showed that out of the developed scenarios, there are 6 scenarios with strong adaptation to the future of self-employed women business continuity management in Chardavol. Of the six scenarios mentioned, three scenarios one, two, and three are perfectly desirable, and scenario 1 is the best-case scenario of managing self-employed business continuity of women-headed households in Chardavol.

This research aims to investigate the lived experience of non-formal education sector activists of non-compliance of technical and vocational training and the nature of non-formal educations. And are the skill trainings of the Technical and Vocational Education Organization of the country effective in terms of equipping and providing skilled manpower for the fluctuating labor market? The research method is qualitative which was done in a phenomenological way and based on targeted sampling, 12 non-formal education activists in the technical and vocational education organization of the country were selected and interviewed in-depth. The credibility of the respondent was used to ensure the credibility of the obtained information and to ensure the dependabilit a second researcher was used in the role of observer to focus on the exact stages of the study, goals and research questions. Van Manen (1990) method was used for data analysis. The results showed that using the method, 131 basic descriptive concepts, 14 basic interpretive categories and 2 explanatory categories were obtained. The explanatory categories are the activists' experience of organizational actions and the activists' experience of extra-organizational actions, and finally, this experience of non-formal education activists in the technical and vocational education organization of the country showed that the educational procedure and structure of the organization are largely incompatible with the nature of non-formal education, and the trainings of the organization have little efficiency in terms of equipping skilled and specialized human resources for the unpredictable labor market.

This research aims to identify the most important damaging factors in the organizational structure of the technical and vocational education organization of the country to determine the drivers affecting the inevitability and necessity of re-engineering the organizational structure of the technical and vocational education organization of the country with a future study approach. In order to collect information, deep interviewing method with 14 non-formal education activists in the country's Technical and Vocational Education Organization was first used and qualitative information was collected and after qualitative analysis of the data by conceptualization and development method Classification and extraction of indicators (harm-causing factors), a researcher-made cross-sectional analysis matrix was designed.  Triangulation method and documentary and library information, direct observation and deep interviewing were used to ensure the reliability of qualitative data. After the first and second phases, the designed questionnaires are provided to the experts and they examine the relationship between the variables in the cross-sectional matrix and the interrelationship between them. Micmac software has been used to analyze the data.

The traditional strategy of economic empowerment of female heads of households in the form of microfinance and credit granting has positive and negative effects and consequences. The present study uses a structural analysis method to study and analyze the opinions of the experts. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the positive and negative Consequences of the empowerment strategy in the regional (provincial) scale and to analyze their influence and dependence. In order to collect information, deep interviewing method with 28 knowledgeable experts in the field of empowerment of women in different institutions of the province was first used and qualitative information was collected and after qualitative analysis of the data by conceptualization and development method Classification and extraction of indicators (positive and negative effects), a researcher-made cross-sectional analysis matrix was designed. Triangulation method and documentary and library information, direct observation and deep interviewing were used to ensure the reliability of qualitative data. After the first and second phases, the designed questionnaires are provided to the experts and they examine the relationship between the variables in the cross-sectional matrix and the interrelationship between them. Micmac software has been used to analyze the data. The results showed that in the future, the most important positive indicators for the system analysis of the consequences of the traditional strategy of empowerment of female headed households were "job creation", "access to resources", "increase in production" and "entrepreneurship" and in the dimension Negative include the variables of "waste on financial resources due to misuse of loans and microfinance", "major attention (and merely) of institutions to pay loans" and "increased false consumerism".

Zagros forests in the southwest of Iran are considered as one of the most attractive areas that have attracted a large number of indigenous and non-native tourists annually. In recent years, residents of the northern area of Ilam province have been tenting in their nearby settlements in a special way in late March and mid-April, and spend all of Nowruz's holidays in the forest site, along with families and relatives. Their two or three-week residency will be accompanied by numerous actions and activities that will have an impact on the nature of the region. These implications directly or indirectly affect the surrounding neighborhoods. The purpose of the present research is to conceptual modeling the understanding of local residents as one of the most important challenges of the nearby areas of the nature accommodation sites in Nowruz natural tourism. In this regard, due to important components such as attractiveness, availability, crowded natural tourism and the annual repetition Nowruz camping in the forest site in Drawhar, the village of Zanjire Oliya was selected as the study area. This research uses qualitative method of ethnographic from 23 samples by purposeful sampling and continued to reach theoretical saturation. The results showed that respondents considered the most important challenges of the neighborhood with the site is continuation of the environmental crisis in the Zanjire Oliya Village, which is caused by environmental pollution, forest behavior change, health crisis, livestock economics crisis, visual changes in the forest site adjacent to the village.

Female head of household as the poorest person is one of the most vulnerable sectors of society, accounting for a significant percentage of the population. They are particularly important in development planning because of the role and importance of family livelihoods. Empowerment and promotion of the quantitative and qualitative level of their lives can provide grounds for poverty reduction, reduction of gender inequality, expansion of economic independence of households, and so on. The purpose of this study was to design a model of economic empowerment of women Heads of Households in Ilam province, using a case study method. The statistical population of the study is experts in the field of empowerment of women in different departments and organizations of the province. Using theoretical sampling, 28 experts were selected and the data were extracted through in-depth interviews with the aforementioned experts to achieve theoretical saturation. To analyze the obtained qualitative information, the grounded theory method has been used. The results showed that 43 concepts were obtained through open encoding, 7 axial categories by axial encoding and a nuclear category through selective encoding. The results also showed that the experts identified the new semantic of the economic empowerment of female headed households is in modifying and changing the traditional model of women's empowerment, and moving towards the completion of the value chain and identifying the underlying circles in order to achieve a new plan for the organization of home-based job and entrepreneurship Families, specially female heads of households.

This study is a qualitative study which utilizes the several case study method was conducted with the aim of the study 0f the leisure taste determines and natural tourists tend causes to the nature tourism during the Nowruz in the area of Manesht and Bankoul in Ilam province. The discussion in focus groups method in three groups 8, 12 and 12 people were used to collect information and discussions continued until theoretical saturation. The reliability and validity of the data were determined based on Lincoln and Guba index (1985). The encoding method and development classes and the conceptual of data were used in order to analysis of the data. In the present study, Nowruz tourists using focus groups Specified causes interest in Nowruz nature tourism and researchers have designed that in the form of fish bone diagram. The results showed that determines and the main parameters affecting the taste leisure study groups are including economic, socio-cultural and individual factors. The results also showed that respondents Nowruz nature tourism causes include household economy, security options, beautiful nature, the psychological characteristics and accessibility features.

The purpose of this study is spatial analysis the stability of rural areas of settlements in Ilam is done with the use of Geographic Information System (GIS). This study, according to its purpose, application type, and according to the method of data collection, descriptive and causal comparison is that the survey has been done. In this study, we needed information on the subject was collected. Then the based on a system, and with the use of computers to analyze and summarize the data was performed. Integration and composition of the layers was done, then, is spatial analysis the factors affecting the spatial settlement patterns of rural settlement of Ilam. The results showed that 28.42% of Ilam (5583 square kilometers), the zone is favorable. This zone is located 486 rural settlements. Zone is relatively favorable or moderate, due to the establishment of sustainable rural settlements, with an area of 8902 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 423 rural settlements, equal to 39.49% of all rural habitations Ilam Province, takes over. Also, a inappropriate zone, in terms of sustainable rural residence, 5154 square kilometers, or 26.24% of the total land area in the province, which is comprised of 162 rural settlements. Thus can be seen that residents of rural settlements in the experimental and the factors affecting the stability of the high percentage of indigenous settlements have enough attention.

Given the importance of nomad women's employment in improving their household economy, the aim of this qualitative study is to explore the challenges of employment and income for women nomads Chardavol township of Ilam. One of the main purposes of this study is to introduce the Grounded theory to the researches of rural geography. Data have been gathered through documents, semi-structured interviews and focus-group discussions. This study has been used to code techniques including open, axial and selective for analyzing the data. Zrdlan tribal region in the district of Holeilan in the Chardavol Township located in Ilam is the region of the study. The population of this study was all nomad women that were active in producing dairy products and Handicraft. Sample size 28 was purposefully selected on the basis of theoretical saturation sampling. Data collected in the form of 49 concept, 7 major categories and a core category then were analyzed. 7 major categories are: The conditions of production to the market. Production problems and reduce the production of women, heavy duty of tribal women, geographic isolation of tribal areas. Lifestyle of nomads changes because of lack of support from the government and the authorities and and tends to work in industries. The results showed that the mean age of women was 58.32 that 85 percent work in dairy products and 15% in crafts. Furthermore, the results showed that production problems and reduce the output level of tribal women are interactive and responsive to governing conditions in tribal areas that led to declining economic status of tribal women that has negative consequences.

Considering the importance of rural women employment in the household economy and reduce the economic burden caused by a lack of income in rural households, this study has identified barriers to employment for rural women in Chardavol Township. And by 12 experts from Jihad Agriculture Organization of Chardavol township, the barriers of women's employment is prioritized using the analytic network process.Information required compiled by the questionnaire in 2014. The Super Decision software was used for the statistical calculation. The results showed that the barriers of women's employment in this township are respectively: Feeling maternal, inability to compete for jobs, low bargaining power of women, masculine jobs, Wage differences between men and women, the lack of teaching of jobs for women, unrelated education about women, kind of jobs, low physical ability, the task of raising a child, family prejudices, housekeeping duties, unpaid domestic work, the emotional nature of women, illiterate women, Indecent of women's employment and good financial condition.

Due to various recent changes in rural economic structure of Chardavol county of Iran, this study aimed at reconstructing the conceptual consequences of the economic changes in the four villages on the road to Karbala. It examined people's understanding and perception of the requirements, interactions and implications of these changes through a qualitative grounded theory approach . Samples were purposive, selected in a snowball sampling method; thus, they include the rural people previously engaged in agriculture and now were active in livestock and beekeeping activities and service jobs. The samples were chosen to achieve theoretical saturation of the inhabitants of the studied villages. Finally, the study was conducted on 47 people . The collected data were coded within48 concepts , 7 major categories and one core category. The study results showed that the people in selected villages considered the consequences of economic changes as chang es in the function of village as well as increase in new jobs.

Rural managers are one of the essential pillars of rural development in different periods on different topics such as duties and Dehban، Kadkhoda and… Office of Rural Affairs is responsible. Currently the two institutions responsible for the management of the village council and is Dhyary. The Dhyary as the executive arm of the rural development are key factors. Performance measurement and management of rural development is the topic of this research is trying to explain it. The studied population of 15،575 households in villages in the district Avramanat Dhyary form. Using Cochran formula (0. 07 = d; 0. 5 = p & q)، 193 households as a sample questionnaire to answer the questions (Cronbach''s alpha coefficient 0. 84) were determined. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software. The findings of the total performance index (TPI)، and one sample t-test showed that the new managers of rural (Dhyary) in the sustainable development of rural areas have relatively poor performance Avramanat. Also، the size of the rural practice of modern management (social، cultural، environmental، economic، agricultural، and political) to the social dimension of the mean 3. 06، have a good performance. Finally، the results of multiple regression showed that the variables consultation with the Council، be adequate to manage the problems، knowledge of rules and regulations، Dhyar satisfaction with their jobs and talk with people، 60. 1 percent of the variance in the dependent variable (performance of modern management sustainable rural development، rural) are explained.

The decision to apply soil and water conservation practices by farmers is a multi-stage decision making process that has been linked to conditions and factors variety. The aim of this descriptive –analytical study is to investigate and assess farmers’ behavioral factors affecting the use of tillage conservation practices in the Shabab County. All farmers living in Shabab county who have attempted to cultivated wheat in year 2012-2011 were the population of this study، from that 187 people selected using Cochran formula and random sampling. Data collected using questionnaire that its validity and reliability was obtained through performing a pre-test using 30 questionnaires. The results show that wheat farmers can be classified into four groups based on the behavioral scores. These four groups are traditional farmers (18. 39 percent)، moderately traditional (26. 98 percent)، the mutable farmers (20. 54 percent) and competent farmers (13. 3 percent). The diagnostic analysis results indicate that variables such as farmer’s age، the rate of ownership of land، the percentage of household income from agriculture and a new taking morale، predict the behavioral class of farmers better than other alternatives.

The aim of present work is study of factors affecting the acceptance of soil conservation measures by the farmers in Shirvan & Chardavol township which is one of the main agricultural areas in the province of Ilam. This is an analytical comparative research that is done by survey method. The statistical population consisted of all the farmers of Shirvan & Chardavol township which are 8099 people, from them 140 people are selected using Cochran formula as the statistical samples. This group is divided into two groups, one that have applied the soil conservation techniques, and one that have not applied the techniques. The main tool to gather the data was a researcher-made questionnaire. The appearance and content validity of the questionnaire were examined based on the comments from the experts in agricultural education and extension, and necessary changes are applied. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire a preliminary test in a village outside of the statistical samples was carried out. The reliability of the examined factors in the questionnaire is evaluated by the use of Cronbach alpha coefficient. For statistical analysis of the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including recognition analysis and paired t-test are employed and the analysis of the data was done by using of SPSS version 16 software. The results show that the parameters of age, technical knowledge, level of education, and the number of family of the farmers, have in order, the highest effect in accepting and employing soil conservation measures by the farmers.

The purpose of present work is to survey cultural and social factors affecting the attitudes of Shirvan and Chardavol county farmers toward agricultural water management. Data was gathered through a field research and survey, using interviews and the questionnaire that was prepared for this purpose. The statistical population consisted of all the farmers (wheat cultivators) of Shirvan & Chardavol county (over 9250 people), that among them as the statistical samples, 192 people were selected through a random level-sampling method using Cochrane formula. The validity of the prepared questionnaire was obtained by using comments from related experts and university teachers and applying the necessary changes. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was obtained through a preliminary test, and by using SPSS software Cronbach alpha coefficient was obtained equal to 0.8. The results of this study show that between the parameters of, farmers performance (in irrigated wheat field), the rate of promoting contacts, the rate of usage of communication channels, the rate of social participation, and the expertise of the users, and the parameter of farmers attitudes toward agricultural water management a positive and meaningful relationship exists. However, between the mean values of attitudes of the farmers toward agricultural water management, in terms of use of the extension services, membership in production cooperatives and rural organizations, a meaningful difference exists.

Nomad’s women affect the household economy via various ways. Employment of women in the handicrafts sector is one of the most important ways affecting the household economy for providing their needs. The aim of this present study is to investigate the effect of nomad women''s employment (semi-migratory) in handicrafts on household economies in Zrdlan village from chardavol county of Ilam province. This applied research was conducted by data collection form library-documentation research، field studies and survey via questionnaire. Geographic area of research is 26 villages that 54. 16 percent of the total villages in the study area are included. The rural economy is based on livestock breeding. In the study area also nomads'' women produce handicrafts such as sieh mal، chit، give، monj bafi، Jajim bafi، woodworking equipment of kitchen and etc. The population of the study was women over 12 year old (nomads، semi-migratory) in Zardelan village (2891 = N)، which sample size was estimated at 190 cases by using Cochran formula (0. 5 = p & q and 0. 08 = d) and using simple random sampling. Results showed that factors such as primitive technology for production، being far away from town، geographical isolation، lack of customers، lack of markets for their products and the lack of official support cause less access of women to income via handicrafts production in the region are studied. On the other hand، one-sample t-test results did not confirm the impact of nomad women`s employment in handicrafts on their household economies because of the problems.

The purpose of this article is factors affecting the presence or absence of the main factors forming the deprivation trap in rural communities Shirvan and Chardavool Township. The study used a descriptive and analytical that has been conducted the survey method. Research required information were obtained through face to face interviews and questionnaires in the crop year of 2010-2011. The statistical population are all households residing in the villages of Shirvan and Chrdavool Township which are employed in agricultural sector (crops or livestock, or both together) (N=8099). Using the formula of Cochran, 200 households were selected as sample through the sampling multi-stage stratified sampling. Cronbach's alpha coefficients and KMO coefficient in the main part of the data collected showed that research tools have the high potential to collect information. In this study, a path analysis model is used to explain the causal factors in the presence or absence of the main factors forming the trap of deprivation in rural communities. Based on the results there are Significant positive relationship between some variables constituent factors of deprivation trap in rural communities in Shirvan and Chardavool Township including variables of damage and residence remoteness from the service centers on vulnerability factor, variables of meeting with the religious and political elite of the township and the education level on the isolation factor, variables such as the cost used in the agricultural sector and total household income on the poverty factor, and productivity of production and manpower variables on physical weakness.

During the recent decades unorganized and informal settlement neighborhoods gradually developed on the fringes of large cities. They formed outside of the official program of urban development. This phenomenon in urban studies is considered as one of the urban injuries. Informal settlements are mainly concomitant with informal occupancy of land and housing، lack of rules، formal and conventional regulations of construction، shortages infacilities and equipment and urban infrastructural services، fast physical and demographic growth، dominant informal employment، structural and infrastructural instability، low services per capita، income instability and ultimately physical grounds for growth of social damages and formation of deviate subcultures and providing shelter for offenders. Accumulation of low income and informal employment in informal settlements has developed a type of unsustainable urbanization that underlying many of the injuries and social abnormalities. Comprehensive and accurate understanding of the damage is one of the important aspects in the process of urban pathology. In other words، only with the exact knowledge of the factors some strategies can be presented for solving these problems. Challenges of marginalization can also be divided into five general categories: economic challenges، social challenges، educational challenges، health challenges، and challenges related to welfare are general basis of this study. Iran as a developing country is faced with the problem of informal settlements، as well as how to deal with this phenomenon. Origin and the formation of informal settlements in Iran can be similar to those in the developed and underdeveloped countries. However، the comparison of the intensity and unity is not the same. The traditional way of informal settlements in Iran from the beginning of 1941 until late 1971، with relatively high intensity، has spread its trend over time. After the revolution in terms of the formation intensity، this is argued as one of the fundamental problems of cities in Iran. During this period، following the growth of capitalist relation and relationships، there were political، economic، social developments and changes. Based on Studies on marginalization، we can say that the most important features of this phenomenon is poor construction، social، economic and cultural poverty، unemployment، false employment، non-compliance with social and individual health، lack of access to health and educational facilities، increased crime، corruption، prostitution، drug overdose compared with other urban areas and etc. On the other hand، the growth and development of marginalized areas can now be observed around the large cities such as Tehran، Mashhad، Shiraz، Kerman، Isfahan and other cities. Kermanshah City، due to its rapid economic development in recent decades، especially in 1990s saw the presence of large population in native villages and nonnative villages (the provinces of Ilam and Lorestan). These people for taking advantage of economic opportunities migrate to the city. The high rate of immigrant population and lack of services and the lack of control، on the other hand، create a broad range of disorganized and informal settlements around the city. The formation of this phenomenon، along with a number of issues that is not limited to marginalized areas affects the whole of a city. So، the outcome of this phenomenon is the incidence of abnormalities in the context of urbanization. Marginalized people، employment in informal and false jobs، presence of unauthorized constructions، inability of municipalities to provide adequate services in these areas، environmental pollution، unfavorable cultural، economic، social، political effects of these area on the whole urban area are destructive and harmful effects of marginalization and informal settlements. Thus، study and investigation of these challenges and how to reduce them are important for urban planning. Given the importance of marginalization، as well as the importance of historical and cultural city of Kermanshah، it is necessary to pay attention to the understanding of this subject and its trend. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize issues and problems of informal settlement in Jafarabad neighborhood، in city of Kermanshah. For this we used survey research method. The population of this study is comprised of 1500 households in Jafarabad marginalized neighborhood. In this study، using Cochran''s formula and the error probability of 0. 1، 128 households were selected as samples by random sampling method. Information was collected through questionnaires. Results were analyzed using Analytic Hierarchical Approach (AHP) and Expert Choice software in 8 steps in order to prioritize the challenges and problems of the marginalization in the economic، social، health، welfare and education dimensions. At first، the comparative study was conducted according to included criteria as pairwise comparisons. At this stage a couple of criteria، according to the study were compared pairwise. According to the results، unemployment criterion with 0. 289 and standard income criterion with 0. 179 are the greatest problems in this area. In the final stage، for weighting the choices، the integration took place. Results of the combined problems of marginalization، in the study area، indicated that among the challenges in the study area، the economic factors with ratio 0. 334 have more importance than other factors. In contrast، the health factor with ratio 0. 101 has the lowest priority. Welfare and social factors have the second and third priorities. Finally، it can be concluded that the challenges of Jafarabad marginalized neighborhood are the social، economic، education، health and welfare factors in order. To justify these rankings it can be said that as more than 70 percent of residents in this region are illiterate or with primary education، thus enabling them to find work for non-union jobs is impossible. Furthermore، most of the people are immigrants from the villages around the city that migrated due to unemployment or reduced farm income، which is caused by drought.

Nowadays housing and its related issues are considered as a global issue and planners and policy makers in different countries are trying to solve its problems (Buckley، et al.، 2005:237). Among different factors involved in rural settlement structures housing is one of the most important ones (Sartipipor، 2010:125). In Iran، the issue of rural housing، on different aspects، has been affected by urban housing. housing provision has always been one of the problems of many people، especially low-income families in rural areas. Non-availability of suitable and standard housing، which is an index of rural development، causes psychological and social damage in rural people''s lives، interruption and irregularity in rural housing structures، and ultimately social and economic crises in national level. Therefore، the issue of appropriate planning and policy making for housing and access to a desirable model for rural residents is a major concern of rural planners (Lotfi، 2010:105). One of the important ways of having knowledge of rural condition in the process of rural planning is the use of rural housing indicators (Azizi، 2006:26). Theoretical bases: Rural housing is a coordinated structure consistent with economic، social and cultural structure of rural area that has essential differences with urban housing. In fact، the expectations of two urban and rural societies from housing are not the same. In cities، nowadays، houses mostly have the role of dormitory or resort، while in rural areas people expect more from the housing. For a rural person، housing، besides being a resort unit، is also considered as an economic functional unit (Papoliyazdi، 1994:490). Based on the policies enforced and the amount of government intervention in the housing issue، there are two distinct lines of thought among housing scholars and researchers: market economy and planned economy. In view of market economy، housing problems are solved through the market mechanisms and housing needs are provided by private sector (Chadwick، 1987:88، Ziyari، et al.، 210:4). In planned economy government has the role of planner، designer and manager (Aghasi، 1996:201، Chadwick، 1987:88، Shucksmith، 2003:213). In Islam''s ideological system the importance of housing is as far as that the housing provision is considered as one of the bases of economic independency، and eradication of poverty in the society. To evaluate and analyze the housing indicators in the rural areas of Isfahan province، first data and the related variables are collected and based on them the desired indicators are obtained (Table-1); then، in line with goals of research، we will go through the following steps: Analysis of housing situation in rural areas of Isfahan province by using housing indicators، Determining effective factors in improving housing indicators، And stratification of rural areas based on these indicators. Applying statistical techniques (factor analysis and cluster analysis)، analysis of indicators and prioritization of rural areas of the province are performed. According to the research objectives، in the first phase، of the 52 variables related to housing، 22 indicators were extracted. Before conducting factor analysis، the suitability of data set for this analysis was evaluated through KOM [1] and BTS [2] tests. At the end 18 indicators were used in the calculations. Selected indicators reduced to 5 through the factor analysis and the total variance accounted for by these indicators is 86. 249%. Among these 5 factors، one named fundamental factor with 26. 314% variance alone is the most influential factor in this study. In order to classify homogeneous rural areas، cluster analysis has been used، by which، the rural areas of the province were classified into seven homogeneous groups; based on which، the rural areas of the city of Isfahan have the highest level and Najaf Abad، Tyran-Va-Karvn، Natanz، Kashan، Khansar، Aran-Va-Bydgl، Golpayegan and Semirom Sofla have the lowest level of housing indicators. Suggestions: Considering the importance of housing issue، to achieve the desired situation and eliminate the heterogeneity، it is necessary that lower level areas be given higher priority. Also considering the reality of different climatic conditions in different areas of the province، areas in each homogeneous group have not necessarily the same natural environment; therefore، it is necessary to provide suitable model for each area so that effective and practical planning towards improvement of housing situation be achieved.

The aim followed in the present research is to investigate the factors affecting agricultural land fragmentation, and to rpesent the appropriate ways of approach to reconsolidate the fragmented lands. The study carried out in Shirvan Chardavol county. The study population is comprised of a number of 9250 agricultural land users, resident in Shirvan Cardavol County. The sample size was estimated by use of Cochran Formula from where 130 individuals were chosen through stratified sampling Method. A questionnaire was developed as means of the research. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were verified through pretest and an analysis of the data, with KMO and cronbach's Alpha coefficients calculated as 0.815 and 0.715 respectively. The method of Interval of standard Deviation from the Mean (ISDM) was employed to qualitatively explain the variable "respondent's viewpoint" concerning land consolidation. The studied variables were classified in the factors of economic, socio-cultural and land users'. These factors explain 75.61% of the variance among the determining factors of land fragmentation and distribution in the studied area. Results finally indicate that the physical factor (land area(s), mean size of household land fragment(s), and traditional interfiled roads) constitutes the most important factor of land fragmentation in the studied area.