مقصود خیام

The suspended load of a comprises mineral and organic matter is dispersed through the flow by turbulence. typically، the mineral load is dominant & Consists of grains ranging is siz from clay up sand grade. The suspeded load is quantified in terms of its concentration، discharge،sediment mass flux Per unit time- also referred to as the “load” -،& Particle-size distribution (pro-portions of the load in given size fractions). Theclay -silt fractions (ofen termed”wash load”) are largely sourced from erosion Processes outside the river channel،being moreeasily suspended، they are well mixed through the flow& travel long distances in suspention. Darehrud basin، as one of subbasin of arax، discharges a high bulk of sedimentsto Caspian sea iran’s northwest mountains that located in Ardabil & eastern Azarbaija provinces. this basin carry materials resulting from denudation in various forms toward base – level which apart of these sediments includes soft & fine texture deposites in form of suspended sediment. On the other hand the existence of three reservoir dams (Yamchi، Saghezchi and sabalan) in this basin makes it necessary to study and recognize the potential of sediment creation and erosion of this with approach of increasing the useful life of mentioned dams. In this research data and information related to discharge and sediment of 31 hydrometry stations that are located in baisn have been analysed. this way that at first darehrud river’ s basin morphometry goes to the place of stations has been calculated and then the correlation equations of sediment and discharge are owned by using existing data and finally the amount of annual sediment for each river has been calculated and has been completed by using FAO method foraperiod of thirty years. The limitation existence consists; lacking hydrometery and sampling from sediment mineral density in throughout basin and necceray sediment estimation in basin lacking statistic. Accordingly،estimate of correlation sediment and and discharge in Dareh Rud basin and subbasin and also estimate of sediments suspended load for the basins lacking statistic according regional eqations base on the result of research and the development of the eqation is one the main objectives of the present study. The amount of estimated sediment of suspended burden for the basin was 8. 7 million ton per year. and amount of discharge specificl of sediment was 624 ton per year in each square kilometer. At least the regional equations of sediment estimate for Darehruod river basin and sub-basins of Qarahsuo and Ahar chay has been presented on the basis of basin area; channel length، and special of sediment. Also according to calculations performed on the suspended load passing at hydrometery stations over a 30-year period (which shows significant correlating with river discharge) and the calculation the average suspended load in the mentioned points، their is asignificant correlation between morphometery subbasins Dareh Rud and river and sediment rate. Finally، the final equation of suspended sediments estimate has been presented on the basis of basin’s morphometry charactristic for basins with less and more than 500 square km area.

Increasing urban population and followed by the physical development of cities, explain how to control the development of towns and cities need to plan for future development based on sustainable development principles. Nir city in Ardabil province was located in 39 km west of Ardabil capital. In this study, locations and directions for future development based on land use planning has been evaluated. Determining of suitable land for development of normal variables using hierarchical process (AHP) in GIS (GIS) was used. These variables include the slope, topography, lithology, distance to faults, underground water depth, land use and the landform. Finally, with extraction of units and environmental assessment based on ecological criteria,potential capability was estimated for development in the study area. The results of this study showed that the most suitable development sites in the study area are located to the south. The results of this study showed that the combination of analytic hierarchy process and the ability of GIS to develop a reliable method to determine a suitable location can be used by researchers.

Between Thalesh mountain knick and Caspian sea and also, elevation limit – 28/8 – 60 meters in accordance with Kargunrud river estuary there is narrow coastal strip, whose formation and evolution is in direct connection with movement of Astara fault and attenuation of south Caspian depression on the one hand and the accumulation of alluviums of Kargunrud river on the other during the late Quaternary namely Holocene. Kargunrud Delta is the largest and most comprehensive existing delta in the scope between the city of Astara and Asalem.The Extent of this delta and its progress in Caspian sea represents the vastness of the basin providing many of the deposits as well as its high volume of material eroded and transported by the Kargunrud river during the late quaternary. Evolution of this delta as one of subsystems Coastal geomorphic of the Caspian sea has been in relation with tectonic and climatic change. Thus in the interglacial period which had coincided with the regression of Caspian sea the delta of the river Flow was the dominant type of process and has quickly spread, but during glacial periods which has been followed by changing trends and significant increases in sea levels change geomorphologically as delta with dominant performance of the waves.

In 16. 3. 1384 a relatively large landslide occurred in connective highway in Ardabil province between Nir and Sarab (Saien defile). Due to the landslide، nearly 1km above the mentioned road was ruined and then many human and financial damages occured. The different factors have played an important role in this landslide such as: geological factors (lithology and structural)، soil thickness and texture، vegetation coverage percentage، land use، the rate of the ups and downs and slopes and then groundwater. We tried to study this area to find the instability rate in various parts which is possible to prevent in future. For this purpose، and based on Anbalagan method، at first the whole area was divided into 32 parts; then، effective factors in landslide per parts were evaluated separately، and its numerical value was provided and finally all the values were added up to get the total value. Based on the obtained values، the map of landslide risk was designed for the whole area. The study of this map indicates that the whole area has been divided into five parts for landslide risk. Upper risk was 10. 5 km square or 23 percent of the whole area located around Balkhly river. The area with higher risk was 24. 6 percent; the area with middle risk formed 2. 1 percent، area with low risk was 18 percent and the area with the lowest was 14. 75 percent.

Ardebil is in northwest of Iran. Ardebil set in Gilan, ZanJan and Azarbayejan Highway and have unique nature and because of this; Ardebil is one of touristy and recreative pivot of Iran. This research based upon field study and experience. For investigating of affecting factors on transportation safety, the researcher consider to; methods doing in road designing, phenomenon area recognizing, investigation of environmental factors and preparation of different maps. By investigation of climatic parameters via daily information statistic derivation of aeroology station (in ten years period) and accident statistic derivation of rural police (four years period) and by Excel software, several diagrams and tables designed for studying and analyzing. We can reach branded reducing in financial and fatal damaging of road accident with: people incorporative with legality and considering to safety and driving behaviors in bad atmospheric situation: also with roads fault remedy with warning signs setting and emergency forces appearing.

One of the methods for water supplying and control of drying and flood is theapplication of water flooding. The work reported here was conducted at theexperimental station located in Tassuj plain, 110 km north-west of Tabriz in thenorthern of Oroumiye lake, situated between 45°18 to 45° 33E and 38° 15 to 38° 24 N,with an average annual precipitation of 362.3 mm, and average annual evaporation of989.5 mm. The study basin has an area of 5590 km2 with 3000 km2 on which floodspreading is possible. The aims of this research are investigation of efficacy of FloodSpreading Project (FSP) on vegetation cover and recharge of groudwater in Tassujstation. Remote sensing and GIS systems are effective and efficient techniques inwatershed management and investigation flood distribution in plains. After preparingmentioned parameters in GIS environment (using Arc GIS software), digital maps andtwo satellite images TM (1992) and ETM (2002, 2006) of the study area from floodspreading of Tassuj was used. Images were interpretated by Hybrid or optic method oncomputer monitor. The results were indicated that vegetation cover increased afterFlood Spreading Project equal 18% to 34% in 1378 to 1384 year. Bare soil decreasesin 9 years at last too. Deposit of drying, groundwater level does not decrease but alsodischarge of wells was increased. Study of unit hydrograph of Tassuj plain wasdeterminated that groundwater level decreases equal 10 meters in 1373 to 1380 butafter flood spreading in the1380 year it increased.

Saeed–Abad – Chay basin is one of the basins which is situated in the northern hillside of the Sahand Mountains ranges in north-west of Iran. The area of this basin is about 215 square kilometers and is a sub-basin of Aji–chay which leads towards the orumiyyeh Lake.In this study, medium isorain lines and also isorain lines with return periods of 25 and 100 years, have been prepared for the purpose of analyzing the amount of rainfall.Regarding the difficulty of determining the effective elements on run off such as evaporation, transpiration, cesspool storage, interception, infiltration and the moisture of the soil, long –term period was selected to estimate the amount of run off since the effect of various elements is approximately constant in this period.To study the relationship between seasonal and annual rainfall and run off of Saeed–Abad Chay basin, the statistical period of common rainfall and run off in (1970-1971) to (1996-1997) has been used except for (1995-1996) because of unavailability of statistics. To obtain models prevailing on seasonal and annual rainfall and run off of Saeed–Abad Chay basin, different kinds of models have been used such as: simple process model, simple temporal series model, multisentential model, simple linear model (SLM), and run off coefficient model with seasonal changes. In most cases, second and third degree multi-sentential have revealed a better fitting comparing with the other equations.