فهرست مطالب ملک ناز قنادکافی

Chronic otitis media with effusion is a common childhood infection. The present study aimed at determining the prevalence of bacterial causes of chronic otitis media with effusion and their drug resistance in patients with intact tympanic membranes. In this cross-sectional study of 100 patients with chronic otitis media with effusion who underwent myringotomy from October 2011 to September 2013 were selected through census and assessed. First of all، their middle ear secretions were collected and cultured in thioglycollate broth. Then، the isolated bacteria were identified and their drug sensitivity. was evaluated using standard disk diffusion method. Out of 87 samples with positive culture results the most common bacteria isolated were coagulase-negative staphylococci (39%) and streptococcus alpha، beta، and non-hemolytic (24%). A significant association between the type of bacteria isolated from the ear with acute otitis media discharge (P = 0. 003)، affected ears (P = 0. 049) and presence of allergy (P = 0. 029) was observed. Among the antibiotics tested، the highest sensitivity was that of levofloxacin (94. 7%)، clindamycin (84. 9%)، and ciprofloxacin (83. 3%); and the highest resistance belonged to oxacillin (77. 1%)، trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (59. 4%) and cefixime (58. 3%). Based to the obtained results، when the middle ear secretion culture is impossible، administration of the antibiotics clindamycin and ciprofloxacin to the patients is recommended.

The use of plant compounds to treat infections is an age-old practice in a large part of the world. Members of Rosacea family have long been used for food and medicinal purposes. The aim of this study is evaluation of antimicrobial effect of five different brands of rose water, water extract of Rosa damascene in comparison with rose oil. Five different brands of rose water, water extract of rosa damascene and rose oil were tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Esherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans by broth micro dilution assay. Rosewater with five concentrations of 1%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in the culture media and water extract of rosa damascene with six concentrations of 0.2, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/ml and Rose oil with five concentrations of 0.1, 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 μl/ml were studied. All bacterial turbidities were examined visually. Each test was repeated three times. In this study, the use of any concentration of rose water failed to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, completely. However, we found that there is a significant difference between rising of rose water concentration and decreasing the microorganism growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of water extract of Rosa damascene were 8 mg/ml in Staphylococcus aureus, 6 mg/ml in Enterococcus faecalis and Esherichia coli, 4 mg/ml in Candida albicans. The MIC values of rose oil were 10 µg/ml in Staphylococcus aureus and Esherichia coli, 5 µg/ml in Enterococcus faecalis, 1 µg/ml in Candida albicans. We also found no inhibitory effect of Rose extract and Rose oil on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study showed rose water, water extract of rosa damascene and rose oil have anti-microbial effects. However, clinical use of this material requires more and larger studies.

Pre-identification of practical educational objectives and provision of equal learning opportunities، corresponding to the objectives، for students are among the needs of the educational system that should be fulfilled using the clinical handbook (Logbook). The current research tried to assess the effect of using this handbook on the learning of the students of the department of obstetrics and gynecology.

This quasi-experimental study was carried out on 117 medical students composed of trainees and interns in the academic year 2010-2011. The students were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group participants were trained with the help of the logbook while the control group''s training followed the normal established method. The skills of the two groups were evaluated at the end of the term through direct observation based on a checklist.

The average of the total scores of the trainees and the interns of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0. 05). However، with regard to a number of skills، there was no difference between the scores of the trainees of the two groups.

The Logbook is efficient but not sufficient for teaching clinical skills، and therefore، there should be an appropriate ground for a more efficient usage of the book.

Nurses engage in most duties related to client's treatment and recovery. Performing nursing care with high quality results patient satisfaction and help them for self-care. So this study conducted to determine the patient satisfaction of nursing care in medical-surgical wards of Birjand hospitals. In This descriptive study, 300 patients discharged from medical-surgical wards in research period by purposeful sampling. Patients were interviewed from 2 hours before discharging. Patient satisfaction of 5 roles of nurses were assessed by 3 item Likert scale In total score patients27.2% highly, 66% moderately and 6.8% mildly were satisfied. P.S. of different roles of nursing was: treatment role 11.6% mild, 48.8% moderate and 39.6% high; communication 5.2% mild, 52% moderate and 42.8% high; management 28% mild, 61.2% moderate and 10.8% high; educational role 27.2% mild, 58% moderate and 14.8% high and protective 21.2% mild, 53.6% moderate and 25.2% high. There was significant relationship between P.S. and age, sex, marital status, ward, job and type of insurance variables. Decreasing unnecessary works of nurses, increasing communication between client and nurse, and continuous education of nurses, make positive attitude toward nursing and reflecting to community, decrease hospitalization period and treatment costs.

Depression is a common mood disorder in most societies and its prevalence is reported to be up to 61% among students. On the other hand, it has been revealed that meeting the psychological and emotional needs lies in spirituality and religion. Thus, the present study was accomplished to determine the relationship between depression and praying in Birjand University of Medical Sciences. In 2008 this descriptive-analytical study was done on 400 students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences which were selected quota randomly selected. A 3 part questionnaire containing personal information, the religious behavior related to praying and the trunks of Beck Depression test was used. The grading score in each section were assessed. To define the level of depression, a score of 0-15 was considered as asymptomatic depression, a score of 16-30 as a mild depression, 31-46 as moderate depression and 47-63 as severe depression. Data were analyzed via SPSS software and descriptive statistics Chi square test and Pearson correlation coefficient (P<0.05). 87% of students cared praying, 73 percent of praying was due to parents` emphasis and 85 percent of prayers considered the environment as important factor. 91 percent had family members and parents prayers. 48 percent prayed in early time and 53 percent of them preferred in groups’ prayers. 84 percent of students were bound to compulsory religious articles and 47 percent to recommended ones before and after the prayer. 79 percent started to pray in canonical ages. 83 percent believed that they achieve mental and emotional calm. 62 persons performed and said suffrages after praying. Only 31 percent of the students believed in health benefits and secrets of ablution and 89 percent knew learning and teaching the policy and benefits of prayer and ablution necessary. 55 percent of the students were asymptomatic due to Beck depression test. 21 percent have mild depression; 16 percent moderate depression and 8 percent had severe depression. There was an inverse correlation of 0.49 between the students average mean depression scores and the grades for questions of religious beliefs and saying prayers. The authorities of holding prayers in universalities and faculty members participating along with students can relieve mood and emotional problems and help students to gain knowledge in addition to novelty Culture and Practices of God and compulsory religious timely, and increase the effective education with training.

Salmonella is one of the common bacterial pathogens between man and birds throughout the world. Inconsistent Salmonella contamination following consumption of eggs, as one of the main contributors of the disease has also become an important public health issue. The aim of this study was to investigate prevalence of Salmonella contamination in locally-produced eggs in Birjand in 2006. In this cross-sectional study, raw non industrialized eggs in Birjand were evaluated for Salmonella contamination. A total of 500 samples were purchased from retail outlets throughout the city. Both the shells and contents of the eggs were cultured using the standard method. Biochemical tests, Salmonella serotyping and PCR were applied to specify and confirm of Salmonella isolates. The overall finding was that 3 samples (0.6%) were contaminated with Salmonella. In two out of 3 contaminated eggs, salmonella was found on shell only; both the shell and content of the other one were contaminated. Prevalence of Salmonella contamination among the barn and free range eggs in Birjand was 0.6%, which is equivalent to approximately 1 in every 165 eggs. This is in accordance with other surveys in Iran (Shiraz, Tehran and Mashhad). Based on the results, to prevent salmonellosis, proper cooking of the eggs is recommended.

Folic acid is one of the essential and important vitamins for women in fertility ages specially on prepregnancy and pregnancy periods. Several studies showed that acid folic Play role in prevention of fetus abnormalities specially neural tube defects, anemia in pregnant women, cardiovascular diseases and some cancers. This study was done to determine Whether education effect on knowledge and utilization of folic acid " in women referring to Khoy city health centers. This is a quasi experimental study that was accomplished in Khoy city Health centers. In this study we selected 126 women in fertility period that were referred to Health centers. Samples were chosen in non random sampling method (convenient). Data was collected with a questionnaire through interviews. This study was accomplished in two phases; pre and post test. After pretest we teached case group through face to face method. The data were analyzed by SPSS. Descriptive statistic chi-square test and t test were used. Results showed that there was a significant difference in knowledge level (P<0.01) and utilizing of folic acid (P=0.000) between pre and post test, also the results indicated that education program was successful in women with low educational levels. According to findings knowledge level and utilizing of Folic Acid were increased in the case group and so education can be successful and effective in improving women's knowledge and practice for using folic acid. NAccording to educational role for nurses so they can change knowledge and practice of their clients toward using folic acid as a necessary.