منصور خیری زاده

Floods are one of the most abundant and destructive natural disasters that every year are caused heavy losses of life and property. Due to human activity in river systems and construction in rivers, flood damage has an upward trend. At the same time, a flood is a very complex phenomenon that connects the natural environment, people, and the social systems of their organization. Kivi Chay River is one of the flood rivers in Ardabil province, which requires comprehensive studies on flood hazards and morphological changes channel. In this research, the morphology and flood risk along the Kivi Chay River located in the south of Ardabil province are evaluated. In this regard, geomorphic quantitative indices and HEC-RAS model are used.

The most important data of the present study include topographic map scale of 1: 2000 (Ardabil Regional Water Authority), Topographic map scale of 1: 50,000, geological maps scale of 1: 100,000, digital elevation model (DEM) 12.5 meter from ALOS – PALSAR satellite, Aster Satellite images 2002 (Spatial resolution of 15 meter) Sentinel Satellite images 2020 (Spatial resolution of 10 meter) and Google Earth. In this study, GIS & RS software includes Google Earth, ENVI and Arc GIS software with HEC-GeoRAS and Planform Statistics extensions was used. Also, hydrometric stations data from Istiso, Firoozabad and synoptic stations data of Khalkhal, Firoozabad were used. In order to evaluate the planform and lateral channel changes of Kivi Chay River channel, indices of curvature coefficient, central angle and transect method were used. The transect method was also used to evaluate the lateral change of the river channel. The HEC-RAS model could calculate the water surface profile in stable flow gradual variable in rivers and artificial channels in the subcritical, supercritical and complex regimes. The calculation of water surface profile carried out from one cross section to other cross, step by step, solving energy equation in standard way(HEC, 2010).

Evaluation of Kivi Chay River channel planform using morphometric indicesIn this study Kivi Chay River was divided into four reaches. In order to evaluate the planform and lateral channel changes of Kivi Chay River channel, indices of curvature coefficient, central angle were used. The average central angle for the Kivi Chay River channel was calculated to be 103.5 degrees for 2002 and 105.5 degrees for 2020. The length of the river was calculated to be 77.12 km for 2002 and 78.43 km for 2020.The average curvature index was calculated to be 1.28 for 2002 and 1.31 for 2020. -Evaluation of lateral channel changes of Kivi Chay River using transect methodThe average value of transect index in reach (1) is about 0.579 hectares. The area of Land degradation within this reach during the period 2002 to 2020 is about 6.95 hectares. In reach (2), the average change is about 0.406 hectares. Interval (3) is the most dynamic reach of Kivi Chay River in terms of lateral changes. In reach (4) the least amount of lateral changes occurred. The average lateral change of the channel along this reach is about 0.24 hectares.-Evaluation of flood risk in Kivi Chay RiverThe results show that floods with a return period of less than 10 years do not a serious risk to human communities living in the Kivi Chay River banks. These floods mainly affect the agricultural lands along the river banks. The results also show that the parts of Khalkhal City center could be affected by floods with a return period of 25 years.

The results of morphological indices show that the planform of Kivi Chay River channel is developed meanders type. However, based on geological, geomorphological and anthropogenic characteristics, there is a lot of spatial variability in the river palanform. The palnform of the river in the first reache is mainly in the control of human factors. In this reache, the lateral change average was about 0.406 hectares. The river planform in the second reache is also of developed meanders type. Over the past 18 years, the values of the curvature coefficient and the central angle have increased in this reache. In this reache, the lateral change average during the years 2002 to 2020 was about 0.406 hectares. In the Third reache, The width of floodplain is significantly increased. In this reache, the lateral change average was about 1.319 hectares. Lateral change in the fourth reache, due to the limited width of the valley and bankful materials resistance, it has the least lateral mobility. In this research, ArcGIS software was used for spatial modeling of the Kivi Chay River from the HEC-GeoRAS extension. Simulation of Kivi Chay River flood using HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model shows very high spatial variability of flood risk along this river.

The risk of an earthquake always overshadows human societies and causes irreparable damage to them, so be prepared to deal with this crisis by identifying vulnerabilities and addressing them to reduce the damage. It is affected by earthquakes. In this regard, the present study examined the physical vulnerability of the neighborhoods of Varzeqan city concerning the 14 indicators affecting the vulnerability to earthquakes. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been done using spatial layers related to the mentioned indicators. To analyze and overlap the layers, the MAP ALGEBRA (RASTER CALCULATOR) method has been used in the GIS software environment. ANP method was used to weigh the layers. The results showed that a significant percentage of the city of Varzeqan is located in high and very high vulnerability classes. Even more than 70 percent of neighborhoods, such as Boubl Cheshmehsi, are in a highly vulnerable class. Considering the seismic vulnerability zoning of the city and the distribution of vulnerable classes in the city neighborhoods, it can be concluded that the whole area of Varzeqan city is more vulnerable to the occurrence of earthquakes. In neighborhoods with low and very low vulnerability classes, a significant area of the city, barren land uses, open spaces, agriculture, and green spaces occupy a significant percentage of the neighborhood space, and as a result, They have low earthquake resistance.

Floods are one of the most abundant and destructive natural disasters that every year are caused heavy losses of life and property. Due to human activity in river systems and construction in rivers, flood damage has an upward trend. One of the most important actions to reduce flood damage is the provision of flood hazard zoning maps and their use in spatial planning. In this study, the risk of flood in the Nirchay River Basin that located Ardebil province was investigated. For this purpose, the HEC-HMS model was used to simulate rainfall-runoff and to identify flood zones and fuzzy logic in order to overlay the layers and prepare a flood hazard zoning map.The simulation results show the high performance of the HEC-HMS model in simulating rainfall-runoff of the Nirchay River Basin and estimating peak flood discharges. Rainfall conversion to runoff at the Nirchay River Basin controlled by slope and land-use.The most runoff height and peak flow in Nirchay River Basin are located in the upstream sub-basins. This is due to the steep, low permeability soil, frequency impervious surfaces and high CN. The combination of layers using fuzzy logic has shown that about 8.6% of the surface of the basin are located with a high risk of flooding. These zones are located mainly on the floodplain of the Nirchay Basin. Due to the Low valley width and low slope, these lands are always at flood risk. Most settlements in the study area are located at downstream of the basin. This has increased the risk of flooding.

Urban form is based on environmental conditions and planning decisions in the context of time.The study of urban forms,is important due to its effects on urban functions,including the quality of citizens access to services located in the city.Each of the urban forms is compact or scatter are impact in the access of citizens to services.The purpose of this research is to identify the urban form of urban neighborhoods in Maragheh and how citizens access to urban services.Research in terms of the nature of the descriptive analytical type that has been done through the documentary library study.in data analysis from Fuzzy method and GIS and SPSS software were used.The research findings show that the Maragheh urban form pattern has been developed intensively and scattered. That way,the city in the center and the old textures have compact and dense patterns and in the periphery and marginal tissues are scattered and semi-dispersed.On the other hand, the results of the correlation analysis between the dense form and the access index indicate is a significant correlation between these two variables.So that the access to neighborhoods and central areas is better than the marginal and the new ones.On the other hand,some accessibility indicators such as the ratio of communication network in central neighborhoods have a lower share than marginal neighborhoods. This factor,along with the establishment of many activities and facilities in this part of the city, has led a large amount of intra-city trips to the city's central neighborhoods,resulting in heavy congestion and traffic problems.

In recent decades, Tabriz metropolis as the largest city in the northwest of the country has faced with increasing population growth and development of industrial, commercial, services and residential structures. Increasing development along with failure to comply with land use planning criteria has led to an increase in air pollution. Current study has been carried out in order to understand factors causing pollution in Tabriz city. Research method is descriptive analytical and the type of the information is documental- library. Eight indicators, i.e. floor area ratio, population density, intersection density, bus stop density, industries density, green spaces density, distance from industries and elevation were used as predictor variable. NO2 concentration was used as dependent variable and wind flow was used as an emission factor. In order to analyze the data, ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression was used. According to the results of ordinary least square, the relationship between predictor variables and dependent variable is significant. So that the concentration of nitrogen dioxide increases with increase in floor area ratio, population density, intersection density, bus stop density, and industries density. In fact, there is a direct correlation between these variables and the concentration of nitrogen dioxide. By increasing the elevation and the distance from industries, the concentration of this pollutant decreases, which indicates an inverse correlation between these two variables and the dependent variable. Based on the results of geographically weighted regression model, considered variables account for 62% of air pollution in the city. Finally, maps of spatial variations of independent variables were drawn by using geographic weighted regression in the city of Tabriz.

Landslides are one of the most important geological hazards worldwide (Chen et al., 2018). Despite advances in science and technology, these events continue to result in economic, human, and environmental losses worldwide (Alimohammadlou, Najafi, & Yalcin, 2013). Globally, landslides cause about 1200 deaths and 3.5 billion dollars of loss each year (Zhang, Han, Han, Li, Zhang, & Wang, 2019). About 66 million people live in landslide-prone areas (Chen et al, 2018). Landslide susceptibility (LS) mapping is essential in delineating landslide prone areas in mountainous regions. Landslide susceptibility is the propensity of soil or rock to produce various types of landslides (Chalkias Ferentinou, & Polykretis, 2014). From the beginning of the 1970s, the interest of both geoscientists and engineering professionals in LS zonation and the increasing emphasis on the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology led to the development of many methods such as weights-of-evidence model (Karami, 2012; Wang, Guo, Li, He, & Wu, 2019) logistic regression (Pham, Pradhan, Bui, Prakash, & Dholakia, 2016; Raja, Çiçek, Türkoğlu, Aydin, & Kawasaki, 2017), artificial neural networks (Chauhan, Sharma, Arora, Gupta, 2010؛ Tsangaratos & Benardos, 2014), neuro-fuzzy (Aghdam, Varzandeh, & Pradhan, 2016; Lee, Hong, & Jung, 2017; Chen et al., 2019). Support vector machines model (SVM) is currently a new pattern recognition method based on statistical learning theory, which shows unique advantages in solving small sample, nonlinear and high dimensional pattern recognition problem (Yao, Tham, & Dai, 2008).Iran has vast mountainous areas that make up more than half of the country due to geological characteristics, seismicity, rainfall and climate change and topographic conditions are among the countries that have experienced numerous landslides. In the meantime, Aharchai basin is located in northwest of Iran. This basin is prone to landslide due to topographic and geological conditions, slopes and other factors. Such conditions reveal the necessity of zoning sensitivity and assessing the potential for landslides in planning and implementing development plans. In this study, SVM model and GIS technology are applied to the evaluation of the susceptibility of landslides for the Ahar-Chai Basin. In addition, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of support vector machine algorithm functions.

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is currently a new pattern recognition method based on statistical learning theory, which shows unique advantages in solving small sample, nonlinear and high dimensional pattern recognition problems (Yao et al, 2008). SVM was first proposed by Vapnik (1995). Landslide inventory mapping is an important step in landslide susceptibility assessment. In this study, historical records, satellite images, field surveys, and Google Earth® were used to analyze landslide locations. Landslide conditioning factors used in the current study are slope angle, slope aspect, altitude, valley depth, NDVI, rainfall, distance to rivers, lithology, distance to faults, land use, topographic wetness index (TWI),  stream power index (SPI), plan curvature, and profile curvature. Using this DEM, slope degree, slope aspect, altitude, plan curvature, profile curvature, were produced. In this study, a Landsat/ETM+ satellite image and sentinell were used for the year 2017. The plan curvature map was produced using a system for automated geoscientific analyses (SAGA) GIS. In this research, a support vector machine with four types of kernel classifiers such as linear, polynomial, radial basis function (RBF) and sigmoid were used in GIS for landslide susceptibility mapping in the study area. A total of 200 landslides were mapped using satellite image and subsequently were verified through field checking. Validation is an essential part of landslide susceptibility and landslide susceptibility maps are meaningless without validation. At present, the area under curve (AUC) method is used by most scholars in the prediction capability of a landslide susceptibility model. The AUC displays the success rate and prediction rate percentage of the model and is obtained for both the training data and the validation data. In general, the larger the AUC value, the better is the model (Intarawichian & Dasananda 2011; Lee and Dan, 2005).

In this study, using the 70% of the landslides as training dataset, the success rate curve was drawn. Using the remaining 30% of the landsides as testing dataset, the prediction rate curve was also drawn. Susceptibility maps were verified and compared using the area under the curve (AUC) method. The success rate curve demonstrated that the AUC for the radial basis, sigmoid, polynomial and linear functions was 0.988, 0.938, 0.652 and 0.506, respectively, and the prediction rate curve showed that the AUC was 0.958, 0.928, 0.642 and 0.543, respectively. Furthermore, results showed that RBF function had the highest accuracy in comparison with other methods. Generally, the three methods showed reasonable accuracy in landslide susceptibility mapping. Results of this study can serve as guidelines to managers and policy makers regarding the prevention and mitigation of landslide hazards. Finally, the landslide susceptibility maps were reclassified into five susceptibility classes: very high, high, moderate, low and very low.

The validation results showed that success rates for four types of function models varied from 98% to 50%. Similarly, results of prediction rates showed that RBF (98%) and sigmoid (93%) functions performed better than other types of functions (polynomial = 65%, and linear = 50%). The result of zonation show that 26.61 % of study area were located in high and very high susceptibility classes.

Provision and development of the required facilities and amenities for the citizens and a convenient access to them in a way that all people are treated equally, is one of the tasks of urban planners. Cities, regardless of their role and duties, cannot be kept away from commercial activities one of which are local and daily markets. The city of Tabriz, as one of the major metropolises in the country, is facing a shortage of this type of service, and 4, 7 and 10 municipal regions of the city, lack this type of urban service. The purpose of this study is to organize the plan and location decision for the daily markets in these municipal regions using an applied research with descriptive-analytical approach. In order to deciding on markets’ location, all the wastelands and unused lands in municipal regions 4, 7 and 10 of Tabriz were identified. Then, taking into account the population threshold (50,000 people), barren lands with an area of 3000 square meters and more were considered. These lands were determined using GIS software. After the initial screening, selected lands were analyzed based on criteria of their size (land area), landform, accessibility, adaptability, population density, parking, centrality and wasteland. And finally, based on the population forecast of 1405 in the studdied areas, seven daily markets were offered in municipal region 4, and for each of the 7 and 10 regions four markets were proposed based on location indices.

  The occurrence of landslides is the result of the interaction of complex and diverse environmental factors. These factors are divided into the trigger and the primary cause. Landslide occurrence triggers include weathering, earthquakes, rainfall and snow melting. Human activity like construction of roads and buildings on steep slopes and dispersal of water from supply systems and sewers could also trigger the occurrence of the phenomena (Cubito et al., 2005). Landslide susceptibility mapping involves handling, processing and interpreting a large amount of territorial data. Thus, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have proved to be very useful in susceptibility evaluation (Aleotti and Chowdhury, 1999; Ayalew et al., 2005), as it allows frequent updating of the database related to spatial distribution of the landslide events and their predisposing factors, as well as the susceptibility assessment procedures (Aleotti and Chowdhury, 1999). Landslide susceptibility mapping relies on a rather complex knowledge of slope movements and their controlling factors. The reliability of landslide susceptibility maps depends mostly on the amount and quality of available data, the working scale and the selection of the appropriate methodology of analysis and modeling. In this research, several quantitative approaches in order to landslide hazard zonation were used for the area along the Khalkhal-Sarcham Road. The study area with geographic coordinates between 37º 19′ to 37º 36′ N latitudes and 48º 50′ to 21º 01′ E longitudes is located in Ardabil province.

In this research, for assessment and landslide zonation ten factors affecting landslide occurrence, which include: elevation, slope, aspect, streams, faults, topographic features, lithology, land use, vegetation and communication road was considered. Required data were obtained from the topographic maps with scale of 1:25000, geological maps with scale of 1:100000, digital elevation model (DEM) 12.5 meter from ALOS – PALSAR satellite, Sentinel (Spatial resolution of 10 meter), Google Earth satellite images and field studies. In landslide hazard zonation using the GIS, the most important part of the study is preparation of the landslide distribution map or landslide inventory. Therefore, field works was done in order to identification of landslides and preparation of landslide inventory. In this study for assessment and landslide zonation were used certainty factor and logistic regression quantitative approaches. In this research, landslide events risk use certainty factor and logistic regression quantitative approaches was evaluated. Certainty factor model is a probabilistic bivariate model and suitable for landslide hazard zonation. This model provides reasonable results for the study area. Also for zonation by using multivariate statistical methods, was used logistic regression, which is one of the most suitable methods for landslide hazard zonation. The results from this method were detected as the most favorable model among the investigated models. For the studied area, 98 large and small landslides were identified and delineated through satellite images of high resolution satellite image and field observations. Most of these landslides have occurred from the north-east, south-west trend, from the Kahran and Esmarud villages to the Gheshlag and Gorjagh villages. A significant number of landslides have occurred around the Khalkhal-Sarcham communication road between of Kabodchi to Gheshlagh villages. The results show that total landslide area of the region is about 650 hectares. In terms of percentage of high and very high risk class area, these methods represent fairly similar results, so that can say that approximately 23 percentage of the study area is located in the high and very high risk class.

This research has been carried out to identify areas of potential Landslide in the Khalkhal-Sarcham communication road. In this regard, logistic regression and certainty factor model were used. This communication road is very important for landslide occurrence. According to the results that between the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the region, lithological conditions play an important role. Construction of a communication road on these landslide sensitive units has increased the risk of landslide events. The slope and elevation variables also have a large effect on the landslide occurrence in the area. The impact of other conditions can be considered locally. Therefore, slope instabilities in all of the spatial planning should be considered in this area

Rivers through production, movement and storage of sediments are one of the most important factors that are modifying the earth’s surface. Historically, some rivers selected as the boundary lines between the countries and have acquired additional importance. Rivers channel, particularly alluvial bed rivers are continuously changing and this can cause many problems. In this study, lateral movement of the Aras River, 15 km away from west of Aslanduz city to exit of the river in Iran’s border, are investigated in two time periods, 2000 and 2014. This river has a great importance in relation to water supply in the northwestern parts of the country. Moreover, in the large distances, forms Iran boundary line with the countries of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Therefore, research on the lateral changes of river becomes necessary. Topographic maps with scale of 1: 50,000, digital elevation model (DEM) with 27 m resolution, and satellite imagery (Landsat 7 ETM satellite sensor& Landsat 8 OLI satellite sensor) are most important materials in this research. Studied channel reach of Aras River for two time periods, 2000 and 2014 were extracted by processing satellite images. Then, channel based on morphology and changes trend was divided into 21 transects, and quantitative indicators were calculated for each transect. To analyze the river plan form, were used central angle and sinuosity coefficient. Finally, the average of channel migration rate was calculated during the past 14 years. Comparison of the central angle and sinuosity coefficient values of the river channel within each transect for the periods 2000 and 2014 represents an increasing trend for most of the transects, which indicates river meanders are active. In fact, large quantities and unusual migration rate in some transects related to the avulsion. Most likely, the avulsion caused by the river flooding, especially in the spring and disturbances due to the confluences. In some cases, combined these factors associated with interventions variables such as effects of confluences has caused the channel movement is very significant, and the unusual. Finally, it can be said that although channels have been changed continuously by lateral migration, cutoffs, and avulsion, But in 2014 compared to 2000, little change has occurred in the channel platform, and decrease or increase the number of bends, central angle and sinuosity coefficient are the result of natural function of meandering rivers. Therefore, the study river is close to dynamic equilibrium.

Floods are among Earth's most common and most destructive natural hazards. Floods create geomorphic hazards via changes in sediment transport and channel configuration (e.g. channel width, lateral migration, planform changes, etc). In this context, floodplain zoning and its application in spatial planning is important in non- structural measures in order to reducing flood damages. One-dimensional models are the simplest option existing for modeling the flow conditions within a river channel. HEC-RAS, a commonly used one-dimensional hydrodynamic model, has the capability to perform both steady and unsteady state simulations. HEC-RAS is a hydraulic model developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The model results are typically applied in floodplain management and flood insurance.
The objectives of the current paper are flood hazard zoning and evaluating the geomorphological effects of flooding on Zarrineh-Roud River. This river is located in the northwestern Iran. It drains a watershed of 11788 km2. Zarrineh-Roud River, the most important river in the Urmia lake basin, supplies about 48 percent of the lake’s water.
Material and The West Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority topographic maps (1:2000 scale) are base data in the present study. Also, data from Sari-Qamish hydrometric station located in the main stream and Qureh-Chay and Janaqa stations on tributaries were used for calculation of return periods and discharge – stage relation. To determine the friction coefficient distribution of channel and floodplain, land cover maps was generated using Google Earth satellite imagery.
HEC-RAS uses a number of input parameters for hydraulic analysis of the stream channel geometry and water flow. For steady, gradually varied flow, the primary procedure for computing water surface profiles between cross-sections is called the direct step method. The basic computational procedure is based on the iterative solution of the energy equation. Given the flow and water surface elevation at one cross-section, the goal of the standard step method is to compute the water surface elevation at the adjacent cross-section. The flow data for HEC-RAS consists of flow regime, discharge information, initial conditions and boundary conditions (HEC, 2010). Hydraulic modeling of floodplains requires accurate geographic and geometric data for both river channel and floodplain. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow collection and manipulation of geographic or geometric data. Model geometry input and model output were done using the HEC-GeoRAS extension for ArcGIS. HEC-GeoRAS is a set of procedures, tools, and utilities for processing geospatial data in ArcGIS. Therefore, the GeoRAS software assists in the preparation of geometric data for import into HEC-RAS and processing simulation results exported from HEC-RAS (Cameron and Ackerman, 2012). Finally, we used the stream power index to evaluate the geomorphological effects of floods, which is a measure of the main driving forces acting in a channel and determines a river’s capacity to transport sediment and perform geomorphic work.
The studied reach of Zarrineh-Rud River was divided into two sub-reaches according to geomorphological characteristics: reach (1) from the beginning to Mahmudabad city and reach (2) from Mahmudabad city to Noruzlu dam. In the reach (1), due to the narrow floodplain, flood prone areas is limited. In this reach, a recurrence interval of 25 year flood, approximately covers the entire floodplain. In the reach (2), coincides with increasing of floodplain width, flood prone areas becomes wider. Floods with significant increases in stream power, play an important role in the morphological changes of river channel. In general, a decreasing trend could be seen in the studied river from upstream to downstream, due mostly to gradient reduce and therefore the decrease of flow velocity and shear stress of river channel.Although, potential perform geomorphic work of stream power in the reach (1), particularly in meander bends, is too much, but for the most part, river bed consisting of pebbles and cobbles; as a result, capability to perform geomorphic work is limited. Also, because of the armoring bed, ability for bed incision is very low. The same is true in the case of bank erosion, the channel banks in this reach, either formed from coarse sediment, which is often well-cemented, or as a result of the migration of the river channel bends, are directly connected to the mountains and hills. Mountain unit in the studied reach consists mainly of various types of conglomerate and limestone which are considered as a major obstacle in the channel changes. In this reach, sedimentary point bars are very limited. Therefore, it can be said that the limited sedimentary point bars are evidence of dominant the sediment transport process and limited deposition in many parts of studied reach. In the reach (2), although the stream power is lower than the upper reach, but, what is of utmost importance, is high erodibility of bed and banks of channel in the many parts of the reach. Thus, in this reach the flooding plays a major role in bank erosion and lateral changes of channel. So that, the erosional effects related to bankfull and overbank floods can be seen in abundance in the river margins. In this reach, the erosional and depositional features frequently can be seen adjacent to each other, which can be attributed to local changes in the stream power. Significant increase of stream power in meander bends associated with high erodibility of banks, leads to severe erosion during floods and large amounts of sediment entered in river channel. Conversely, in parts where the stream power is reduced, the deposition process occurs. Abundance of point bars, either in and side of convex banks of the meander bends evidence that during floods, large volumes of sediment entered into the river channel, which are not able to move all of them. So that, in some parts, river channels show threshold behavior (transition from meandering pattern to braiding pattern).
The results show that the river floods in the studied reach no threat to settlements, because, cities and villages are located at the piedmont and high terraces. However, the floods are a serious threat to agricultural activities existing on the floodplain. For example, nearly 1713 hectares of agricultural land in the floodplain was inundated with a recurrence interval of 25 years flood. In upper reach, although the power stream is high during floods, because of low erodibility of the bank materials and bed armoring, ability for forming is low and the dominant process in the reach is sediment transport. But in the reach (2), in addition to increasing inundated areas due to erodibility of banks materials, lateral dynamic of channel is high.

Northwest of Iran due to semi-arid and mountainous climate and hence high precipitation variability including area of the country which is exposed to destructive floods. Therefore study of drainage basin flooding is essential in these areas. The study area is Murdu Chay drainage basin which located in eastern Azarbaijan province in northwest of Iran.