منوچهر معظمی

When dealing with a diverse and rich environment, humans record limited information in their minds, and this information forms a comprehensive, albeit inaccurate, mental image of the environment. On the other hand, living in high-rise residential buildings in Iran is always associated with dissatisfactions that a clear mental image in the minds of the residents can reduce these dissatisfactions. Physical factors and psychological factors can play an effective role in the formation of mental image in people. This research aims to identify the physical factors that create a clear mental image in the minds of the residents of high-rise buildings. Therefore, the explanation of the physical factors affecting the mental image of residents of high-rise residential buildings is a research question. The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose and quantitative in terms of its approach. The research data collection method is a combination of library studies (theoretical) and field studies and a survey based on a questionnaire with closed and semi-open questions. In explaining and analyzing the research, the Echner and Ritchie model is used and the questions of the questionnaire are set based on two dimensions of this model, functional-general and functional-current and experts' opinions. The designed questionnaire was given to all the architects who have an active consulting company in Urmia city and expert professors of the country in the field of mental imagery and architecture, so that in addition to answering, if there is another important factor, they can add it. Then, the questionnaire was given to the residents of high-rise buildings in Urmia city by random sampling method and their answers were analyzed. The results of the research in the functional-general dimension showed that the factors of form characteristics (shape, color, texture and size) and technical safety and view are effective in forming the mental image of residents of high-rise residential buildings. Also, the results of the research in the functional-partial dimension (where all the factors were measured on the parking, access corridors, stairs and elevators, roof, entrance, lobby, pause and rest spaces, yard and interior space of the residential unit) in the order of the factors Technical safety, legibility, light and illumination, visibility and scenery are more effective in forming the mental image of residents of high-rise residential buildings.

Currently, the population increase in Iran leads to an increasing number of high-rise residential buildings. Many studies have been done regarding tall buildings, however, living in tall buildings makes the residents dissatisfied. Though numerous factors are effective in line with residents' satisfaction with living in high-rise buildings, their feelings and needs are focal points in this regard that can upsurge their satisfaction. Due to the fact that residents’ mental image of high-rise buildings is effective in their feelings in line with the environment, studies done in this regard aim to examine and study the mental image to increase the satisfaction of the residents. These dissatisfactions could be reduced via a perfect mental image in the residents’ minds. Physical and psychological factors are really significant in people’s mental image formation, and regarding this fact, in the present article, physical factors are considered. In terms of purpose, present research is fundamental; because it aims to recognize traditional houses and tall residential buildings and spaces that can be effective in creating mental images. Accordingly, traditional houses and high-rise residential buildings in Urmia are investigated and compared via the descriptive-analytical method, and their spaces are analyzed. In the next step, the present study identifies the spaces that are effective in the mental image of the residents of high-rise residential buildings using a quantitative approach and a questionnaire that is scored based on a Likert scale. A combination of library studies (theoretical) and field studies is used to collect the required research data and in this regard, a questionnaire-based survey with closed questions was used as the desired tool. In the present article, first, numerous traditional houses that belong to the first and second Pahlavi periods (Assadollahzadeh, Neshat, Rezqdeh, Teymurzadeh, and Shafipour houses) in Urmia were visited and observed. They have been compared with the high-rise residential buildings of Urmia (Elahiyeh, Golestan, Pezeshkan, Golshahr, and Valiasr buildings). It is evident that all traditional houses of Urmia city have basements and wooden roofs are seen in most of them. At the beginning of the first Pahlavi Era, the residential and service areas were separated by a large yard. Over time, the houses have been renovated and all the spaces have been assigned to one section. Instead, compared to the first Pahlavi period, the number of warehouses decreased in the second Pahlavi period. The building facade constructed with brick and different designs along with large vertical windows is one of the distinguishing features of these houses. To communicate with family members, inner windows and niches are seen in different places. The trunk is part of the main furniture of these houses. The survey of high-rise residential buildings in Urmia City discloses that every residential and service part are limited to one unit. Conversely, the yard and basement are removed or publicly available to everyone. The spaces connection is evident at low height and the houses are high. Likewise, most of the houses are smaller, and closely connected interior spaces can be seen in the house. The comparison of Pahlavi Era houses and high-rise residential buildings revealed that, over time, factors have been removed or even replaced in the high-rise residential buildings. In line with these changed items, one can mention the removal of the private courtyards, removal of the basement, removal of Iranian and traditional designs, shortening of windows, lack of different spaces such as the rooftop, removal of Iranian architecture, removal of traditional furniture, removal of native and natural materials and the connection of internal spaces using internal windows.Then, in three months, via random sampling method, the questionnaire was given to 384 residents of high-rise residential buildings. In the current study, the statistical population is all the residents of residential buildings above 8 floors, which is about 15,000 people regarding the statistics of Urmia City Housing and Urban Development Department. The sample population is obtained from Morgan's table as 375 people. A total of 297 residents filled out the questionnaire, of which 97 questionnaires were discarded due to incompleteness. Consequently, 200 questionnaires were analyzed. The questionnaire results revealed that large and all-around windows with less OKB independent yards, using local materials, availability of different spaces of the building, and brick façade and traditional furniture can be effective in its mental image.

Nowadays, due to the increase in population in Iran, high-rise residential buildings are expanding and it brings the dissatisfaction of the residents. The mental image of residents of high-rise buildings can affect the residents' feelings about the environment. The current research is fundamental in terms of its purpose; Because it seeks to present a mental image model in the evaluation of tall residential buildings.

In this regard, first, using the descriptive-analytical method, the definition of the concept of residence and its investigation in high-rise residential buildings, as well as the mental image, are discussed. Then, with a quantitative approach and using a questionnaire, it is measured which factors and in what dimensions are effective on the mental image in measuring high-rise residential buildings. The research data collection method is a combination of library studies (theoretical) and field studies and surveys based on questionnaires.

In the first step, the physical and psychological factors affecting the residents' mental image were investigated and identified using exploratory factor analysis. Then, in the second step, recognition of the contribution of the set of factors in explaining the variance of each item (table of commonalities) was done, and finally, in the third step, the total value of explained variance was presented.

The obtained results show that the mental image in high-rise buildings needs to be evaluated in two physical and psychological dimensions, and since the residents are more sensitive to their living place than urban spaces, two partial dimensions and general are also added to the evaluation model. Therefore, according to the examination of different models of the mental image, Echner and Ritchie's model with a slight change and removal of the third spectrum is the most consistent with the goals of the mental image in the evaluation of high-rise residential buildings, why in the functional-general dimensions And a partial function is used to examine physical factors, and psychological-general and psychological-partial dimensions are used to examine psychological factors.

Our understanding of contemporary architecture and its relation to the past has formed historically against the backdrop of a complex network of various individuals and other contextual factors. A prominent figure representative of such an understanding is Vartan Hovanessian. His decades-long activities included diverse fields such as criticism and authorship, corporate activity, and architectural design. This article answers the question of his intellectual position regarding the relationship between the architecture of his time and that of the past. It examines the network of thoughts, individuals, events, interactions, and other factors to draw a comprehensive picture that goes beyond a scholarly monograph of the architect. The research mainly relies on primary sources especially his articles, using the historical method to construct a narrative of his intellectual positions on the relation of past and present architecture during the three decades of his professional activity in Iran. This research shows that “the past” appears in Hovanessian’s thinking in two distinct ways: the “distant past” and the “recent past”. The “distant past” in all of his writings includes all historical periods of Iranian architecture up to its peak, i.e., the Safavid era, while the “recent past” starts a few decades before the publication of his first articles. However, the works and the time frame he suggests for the architecture of the “recent past” vary in the articles he published during the 1320s and 1340s SH. His different intellectual positions towards the past in each period can be explained in relation to modern architecture and to his perspective of the future as manifested in the European and Western ideals of modernism.

Built environments in any region have unique features reflecting the specific culture of that region because environments are formed based on people's mental patterns and these mental patterns are formed in people's minds according to their culture. People's mental images have been formed due to certain factors over time, and have played a significant role in creating sensory and emotional relationships and correct actions and reactions between people and their living environment. Therefore, studying the relationship between culture and architecture requires the investigation of people's mental images influencing the built environment, and the examination of cultural components and how they relate to the mental image. The present study is fundamental qualitative research carried out descriptively and analytically. Using documentary and library studies, the present study examines how clear mental images are formed in people's minds based on the cultural components extracted from Amos Rapaport's viewpoint to relate the two concepts of culture and mental image to show how they influence the built environment, what their important role is in the formation of built environments, and how the interaction between them and built environments is. Also, after extracting the components from Rappaport's viewpoint, for each of the components, according to their classification, two examples of Iranian architecture are selected and analyzed in the form of tables. The results show that culture from Rapaport's viewpoint influences the mental images created in people's minds. Moreover, the examples presented for cultural components indicate that lifestyle (environment-behavior interactions), social relations (caused by culture and mental patterns), customs (as a result of the repetition of behaviors), and opinions and beliefs (created over time) can be part of physical and perceptual-psychological factors of mental images and people form their environments based on these mental images. Therefore, the mental images formed in people's minds are effective in the formation of the environment.

One of the contemporary architectural phenomena is high-rise buildings. Because they are multifaceted, they should be seen in interdisciplinary studies. The problem with this research is the meaning of these buildings. One of the semantic aspects of architecture in addition to its physical and functional meaning is its social and cultural meaning, which is the result of the interaction of social connections, community values, the body and the function of buildings.

This study seeks to understand some of the cultural and social meanings of high-rise residential buildings. This has been done by reviewing literature as one of the semiotic sources of social and cultural discourse. To this end, after reviewing contemporary Iranian fiction, the novel “Rahesh” has been selected, which has addressed this phenomenon more than any other story.

This study was conducted in a post-structuralist cognitive paradigm with a qualitative approach using discursive semiotic (post-structuralist) method. The research is descriptive-analytical in terms of type of results and theoretical in terms of purpose. The analytical method used in this study is the analysis of the Holliday Critical Discourse, with the retroductive method, and the data were collected using a library method.

This study showed that high-rise residential buildings in social sustainability discourse, challenge to ideal home, urban nature, visions, citizen health, maternal and spouse role, some social values ​​such as capitalism and luxury and links of these, are in the neighborhood. Thus, the underlying socio-cultural transformations, including the role of women in the family, the pretentiousness and the destruction of traditional contexts and green spaces, are most reflected in large urban communities and are influenced by managers’ decisions and political competition.

The high-rise residential buildings are among the contemporary architectural phenomena, which are multilateral and interdisciplinary phenomena. The question of this research is how to make sense of these buildings. The high-rise residential buildings can be a reflection of social discourses and the impact of cultural-social factors on understanding the meaning. This study was performed in order to understand some part of the cultural and social meanings of high-rise residential buildings, which this paper present them as one of the semiotic sources of social and cultural discourse after interviewing with Tehrani’s citizens. For this purpose, three groups were considered for this study according to multiple indices in 22 regions of Tehran Municipality after examining high-rise construction in Tehran, i.e. Group A: District 1, Group B: District 2, 3 and 6, and Group C: District 22. This research has been performed within post-structuralist cognitive paradigm, by qualitative approach and using discourse semiotics method. The research is descriptive-analytical in terms of type of results and is theory-based in terms of purpose. The analytical method in this study is discourse analysis, relativistic as well as post-probing reasoning method, and data collection was done using library and field study method. Interview data is investigating social interaction by natural data. Tehran’s citizens are tower residents, tower management, tower neighbors and real estate consultants which are target group of the research. This study is aimed to find some part of social and cultural meaning, and to study the effect of citizens’ discourse on reading architectural meaning using discourse semiotics. Accordingly, with the discourse analysis tools, it is possible to understand the meaning of the residential towers in Tehran within discourse distribution and discourse order. This study showed that citizen discourse analysis has two implications; first, the family's social position in high-rise residential buildings indicate a particular focus in semantic, second, in connection with the community and urban community, there is a common opportunity for architecture. Based on this study, the façade of the towers shows the preferences of residents, their life style and social identity. The residential high-rise building is an area where the separation is continuous and, the façade of the towers can be the tool of such separation. Social groups also have their own manifestation and signification of the façade of these buildings, and here it becomes a realm for differentiation of groups. Although the façade is not created by the person and the inhabitants, it is chosen by them and according to their social perspective and is manifestation of their cultural system. On the other hand, the façade represents the probable preferences of residents. Architectural and conventional identity manifestation can be seen in some of the limited samples from Tehran residential towers. The classic Iranian pattern is a fusion of social characteristics and characteristics of Iranian architecture, while in most cases, these are not in accordance with the characteristics of the Iranian house and a Tehrani family.

In recent decades, the nature of cities has been indebted to a set of territorial factors and integrated and multi-layered connections between their constructive factors. However, now a significant part of this nature has been reduced to the presence or absence of signs, functions, and bodies. One of the results of these changes is the increasing formation of functionalist centers such as shopping centers; centers that are introduced as a platform for consumerist events. Evidence suggests that a cultural change has occurred in the function of shopping centers that has led to the emergence of new kinds of cultural consumption and thus, physical changes in these centers. Therefore, by selecting three shopping centers, the present study, based on the attitude obtained from the literature of the related studies, compares the considered indicators in them. This study is applied descriptive-analytical research, in which theoretical data are collected using library research method, and the field data are collected by observation and using questionnaires. After studying the theoretical literature on cultural consumption, 21 criteria are extracted to examine case studies in terms of 10 physical factors. Also, the information required to investigate the samples is obtained by using purposeful observation and completing 300 questionnaires by the clients, and then, processed using data mining technique in IBM SPSS Modeler software. The study results suggest that the proposed hypothesis on the impact of physical factors on consumption patterns in many cases can explain the process of changes. Also, it seems that shopping centers are part of the temporary culture of people who spend their time there; and the spaces in them are not only parts of consumption, but also are consumed themselves

In addition to the many factors leading to the creation of shelter, the role of sociocultural factors in the creation of the effects of immaterial tissue on the transfer of the meaning of architectural works is modeled. One of the architectural phenomena that can be a reflection of social discourse in its reading is "high-rise residential buildings." Meanwhile, the relationship between architecture and cinema, which has been used for many times in both areas, is the venue for review and convincing the audience. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the discourse and semiotic analysis methods can be applied to architectural works and a systematic search for the meanings that have been shown to influence the impact of the cultural and social context on the emotional audience. With this aim, after analyzing the archive of Iranian cinema, analyzes have been presented with the aim of matching and identifying the interconnectedness of the discursive space of cinematic works with architectural works. Research This study, using the library and cinema documents of Iran, in a discursive semantic manner, introduces movies as a semiotic source. It also analyzes the format of discourses in samples of films which deals in a way with the theme of high buildings. Then, through intertextualization, it has received some of the meaning of architecture in an open and fluid form. The findings of this research have been presented through descriptive-analytic method. Discourse semantics can be a logical reason for reading the meaning of architecture. Considering the social cohesion of high-rise residential buildings, one can say that they make privacy and neighborhood borders. Such buildings are the basis of materialism, individualism and ostentation, which are more reflected in the middle class of society. It is also in line with the growth of the social role of women and the new model of the family. Reading these meanings and this mirroring, together with the need for high-rise residential buildings, can lead to a transformation in the design of this architectural example.

In today's modern world, considering the changing lifestyle of people in the community, commercial spaces are an integral part of cities, and individuals spend most of their time in meeting material needs, spending leisure time and social interactions. There is a different typology of commercial spaces such as historical markets, business arenas, orders and stock exchanges, and urban shopping centers that operate on a variety of scales. The review of theoretical literature suggests that the public's efforts have been focused on the historical and social sphere around shopping centers. There are fewer researches that attempt to focus on architectural planning indicators.
The present study aims to analyze the five indicators of the developed shopping centers in Tehran for the last three decades in order to identify the five indicators of the shopping centers from the perspective of the programmatic indicators in order to reach a valid and Repeatable explanation. For this purpose, six shopping centers were investigated by cluster sampling method. Quantitative and qualitative data from observation, field surveys, tracking, graphic drawing, etc. have been evaluated in the form of analytical diagrams.
The results of the research indicate that the shopping centers of Tehran in the last three decades have changed from the purely economic, cultural and social ones to changes in the program, and in indicators such as the type and degree of tenant mix, the ratio of the space to inconsistently, the variety of individual typology, and so on.

The central point of this paper is that changing the dreams of Iranians over the ages and decades has caused a different world in comparison to their existing world. This includes changes from time to time, which has led to crises changes and transformational crises; In turn, this has undermined the necessary social concentration in addressing “experiences from history” and “norms of society”; In such a situation, the transformation that is like life and growth for culture, does not fit into the proper context and goes away. In the contemporary Iranian architecture, we are witnessing such developments. Among the crisis changes that have occurred in many cities of Iran without the proper provision of the 1960s, the issue of immigration has led to a crisis of civilization and caused profound changes in architecture. The Iranian city and architecture from the beginning of the 60s, faces with the changes in and transformation of concepts and meanings. In other words, the “change of dreams”, as well as the overcoming quantity of quality and the changed aspect of most issues to quantitative or numerical factors (like economics) can show the importance of quantity while the concept of quality is expressed by quantitative indicators. The dreams of the Iranian society and the architectural changes affected by
this quantity orientation have been studied in four periods, respectively. The first spit on the necessity of changing the past system governing Iran’s society and history was led by Abbas Mirza, following the defeat in the Second Iran-Russia War and thus, the study of the initial period of this change of attitude was conducted under the name of Abbas
Mirzaie status and the dreams of the Iranian community; Following this, and in the next period, the dream of a change appears in the stature of the Constitutional Revolution and then, in the first Pahlavi period, the dream of change is intensified; The peak of dreaming is happening in the second Pahlavi era. With the Occurrence of the Islamic Revolution,
this dream changes. Dreaming of the Iranian Society to change and pass the status quo, eventually with Negligence, led to a Sleepiness, which ultimately led to a break with the continuous flow of architecture. These discontinuities eventually affected the product of architecture (as the physical manifestation of culture). These conditions were influenced by the state of the society, represent the architecture that rebuilds this cycle, and cause the decline in the value of the architecture. As a result of the evolution of dreaming in Iranian society, “architecture” over the past decades has first become a “dependent architecture” (dependent on Western thinking and achievements) and “speculative architecture” and the “architecture of imitation” (imitation of the appearance of world architectures), “architecture of deception” (an intrinsic structure with a glamorous and advanced look), and it has become wandering and lost among the minds and massive physical faces, and ultimately becomes a “miraculous architecture” (the design or construction of dreams and physical imaginations). In the contemporary period, due to the speed of the changes and the fluidity of the culture, the recognition, and the subsequent control of the cultural components of the architecture is simply not possible and has been largely forgotten. This can be seen as the root cause of the decline in value aspect of contemporary architecture of Iran. The cultural architectural breakdowns and disturbances are the result of similar ruptures and failures in Iran’s culture and society. Today, the lack of familiarity with the biological and cultural features in each corner of the land of Iran as well as the incorrect recognition of its relation to the surrounding environment (on a variety of scales and in various aspects) is one of the most important neglects of the cultural breakdown in architecture. A neglection that drives all of this diversity by one stick and prescribes a single copy for building a building in its place. The impact of contemporary cultural transformations of Iran on Iran’s architectural transformations has been captured in four areas in this way; “The transformations of the face and the tone of architecture”, “interacting with patterns and versions of the Western world”, “foundation of thought transformation” and ultimately “the interaction and interaction of the thoughts of sovereignty and people.” This paper, in search of cultural discussions in the current status of Iranian architecture, points to the cultural discontinuities contained therein and has resulted them as in similar discrepancies in the culture and society of Iran. Reviewing the changes in the face and tone of architecture of Iran in contemporary period and addressing various ideas in the field of architecture and culture, by looking at the status of global developments and the relation between Iran and the West, show that what has undergone today’s architecture in the crisis, is its cultural-social point.

Some of the experts in the two fields of cultural domain and Iranian society, believe in “historical experience accumulation”, which is the outcome of historical cohesive idea; on the other hand, some experts believe that compared to historical experience accumulation, we are facing “historical rupture” and the repetition of past experiences; our “temporary society” concept, comes from this school of thought which is a consequence of studying and observing Iranian culture, character and attributes through the course of history. According to temporary society concept, society has faced essential changes during two brief periods and as a result its history has changed into short period strings, attached to each other. Unfinished searches to find architectural space and a safe haven and some other, different city has filled Iranian history with fear and hope. Iranians have always had ideals for themselves in the course of civil evolution and were in pursuit of making spaces and housings with bright futures, but the real crisis started at the time when news came in from other parts of the world expressing that there had been occurrences on the other side of the planet that had resulted in a better city and life for people, and specially in contemporary era, the society started dreaming and fantasizingabout those ideals. In Pahlavi era, this fact combined with the appeal of urbanization and emigration, directed the society toward civilization crisis and failure of dreams.What Pahlavi government did to reform the society economically and socially, had some direct effects on structure and skeleton of urban and rural architecture; but its deepest and most noticeable effect was the change it initiated in Iranians perspective toward the dream they had about their past. Iranian addressee’s dreaming had trapped him in the conflict between his internal and external life, and his desired being unfulfilled in the surrounding world, caused a passive rupture to emerge which has caused the internal crisis in contemporary Iranian people.In a situation like this, “architecture”, which, after “language”(or as a demonstrative language) is considered to be the most important symbol of culture and “vessel of life”; has been the subject to change and crisis due to cultural crisis. A kind of excitement, uncertaintyand multiplicity is clear when looking at creations of architects and the class and position of architecture has been given to construction and installation. There are as many views, criterions, tastes and demands for construction as there are people in the society and this makes “being different” to be the most cardinal aspect of the contemporary architecture. The realm of architecture and the scenery of contemporary Iranian cities, especially those like Tehran, are filled with fascinating developing designs which are different from the past and different with eachother. The dominance of contemporary thought school combined with attributes of idealism and development, is a fixed issue, taking a new form every day and while seeming to end, it will reborn in a new form.In the new constructive perspective, architecture is regarded as a form of “commodity” and not a “place to live”, city as a “commodity warehouse” and not “civil ground”; as a result, Iranian architecture is becoming more of a “simple architecture”.Although, rays of hope have always been visible in a temporarily manner in Iranian architecture, character and behavior of Iranian people, extreme mental uncertainty and unpredictability of the future, have never allowed them a long term perception of life, or a long term dream for architecture and city (as the structural place of residing); but they have given an unreliable identity to the optimum quality of contemporary architecture. In a short term perspective, architecture does not mature enough and does not take a solid form, and is ready to produce a newer form.The main source of the present disordered condition of Iranian architecture is the dominant confusion on mental state and dreams of Iranian society and lack of cultural awareness and also the ruptures and cultural degradation (cultural confusion) in the Iranian society. A society in which being “short term” is its most obvious feature and the speed, volume and process of transformations in it, have had a deepening and intensifying effect on its changes and on enduring and unfinished dreaming of society; in a way that when we consider the contemporary era, we see a clear recessionary effect.

The present article is extracted from a multi-dimensional research around “space”, how architecture instructors interpret it and how this interpretation can influence their instruction. To fulfill this end, special attention has been paid to different spatial patterns of architecture besides a thorough study of opinions stated on the subject by different patterns. Following a lexical investigation of “space”, the philosophical bases of the concept and also stances of different architects on it will be studied to form a theoretical ground for analyzing opinions stated in the survey. Space has tight bonds with life, and how we interpret meanings induced by it is rooted in our worldview and earlier cognitions. Hence, contemplating over interpretations of different philosophers and thinkers of the subject of space can help us further richen the architectural implication of the term. Nevertheless, their definitions of space do not seem to be in concert with those of architects. Equipped with the study of existing opinions, the present research focuses on analyzing the opinions of a number of lecturers and professors at two architecture schools in the city of Tehran. These opinions certify that despite their agreements on the definition of “space”, differences among them carry a greater weight. These differences of opinion are especially evident in the questioned authorities’ opinions about teaching “spatial creation” – in other words means of getting the instructor’s interpretation of space through to the students. Furthermore, the instructors’ definitions of space consist in a range from clear-cut definitions to non-definitions or, in other words, disbelief in any existing definitions of space at all. In a similar trait, instruction practices ranged from “Knowledge-Accumulation” (for all student and design-subject types) to methods based on “Catechization” (Based on the mentalities of individual students and properties of different design-subjects); hence the logical induction that instructors have either false interpretations of the concept of space or they have trouble reflecting their interpretation over to their students.The end results of the research can be listed as below: 1. Despite frequent literal references to the concept of space, it is treated vaguely in educational practice. 2. In different level of Presence of students in various architectural spaces and their trying to observe and describe or criticize and analyze these spaces is of significant importance to help them achieve a deeper understanding of the concept. 3. Stressing environmental psychology in architectural design education can help students’ feel, understand and perception of different spaces. 4. According to the importance of the subject of space in architecture and architectural education, it is essential to refer to architectural schools and views of architects who belonged to them in theoretical subjects such as history of contemporary architecture. In addition it is important to find the relationship between philosophical point of view of architects and different educational styles. 5. Successful application of educational tools and spatial modeling is requiring of students’ mastery in the recognition of volumes and their powers of imagination, which indicates the importance of workshop practical instruction in early years of academic education.