منیر دودی

Urinary tract infections have significant complications and high costs and can lead to death. Appropriate treatment has been challenged due to high drug resistance. The aim of the present study was the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles/banana peel on multi-drug resistant uropathogenic bacteria in children under two years of age.

In this study, bionanoparticles of zinc oxide/banana peel were synthesized and the structural, optical, morphological, and particle size characteristics were investigated using X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet absorption spectrum, and scanning electron microscopy. Biochemical tests and Colony-PCR technique were used to identify bacteria. The antibacterial properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated by the Agar dilution method on isolated bacteria.

According to the XRD, SEM, and UV-Vis results, the synthesized zinc oxide had a hexagonal structure with a size of 100 nm and absorption at a wavelength of 258 nm. Bacterial strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae multidrug-resistant Uropathogenic bacteria were identified using morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. The results of antibacterial tests showed that bionanoparticles of zinc oxide/banana peel at a concentration of 0.6 g/L were effective against all bacteria.

The findings of this research showed that zinc oxide/banana peel bio-nanoparticles had an effective antibacterial effect against multi-drug resistant UTI bacteria in children under two years of age.

Vaginal infections of mothers during pregnancy can be a threat to the health of the fetus and also increase the chance of abortion. This study aimed to investigate the frequency distribution of Streptococcus agalactiae in the vaginal secretions of women with a history of abortion compared to the control group.

In this descriptive-analytical study, a total of 220 samples of vaginal secretions from women who had abortion and controls were collected. Bacterial isolates were identified using culture and biochemical methods. Then, the antibiogram test of the isolates was performed using the disk diffusion method in Kirby-Bauer agar.

In the present study, 20 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae (3.64% in the control group and 14.54% in the abortion group) were isolated from vaginal secretions samples. The isolates had the highest sensitivity to the antibiotics Ceftriaxone (30 μg) and Vancomycin (30 μg) and the highest resistance to Clindamycin (2 μg) and Tetracycline (30 μg). Based on the results of the demographic characteristics of the patients, the highest frequency of abortion belonged to blood groups A+ and B+. Urinary tract infection in 55%, vitamin D deficiency in 60%, and stress led to abortion in 75% of women infected with S. agalactiae.

S. agalactiae was observed in the vagina of women with a history of abortion, 3.5 times more common than healthy women. Factors such as the high stress of patients, deficiency of vitamin D levels, and frequent urinary infections during pregnancy can lead to an increase in the risk of abortion in women. The highest resistances were observed in Beta-lactam (Penicillin), Macrolides (Erythromycin), Lincosamides (Clindamycin), and Tetracycline antibiotic groups.

The unfettered usage of antibiotics has engendered a mounting resistance of bacteria to these agents, thereby necessitating the discovery and development of novel compounds and medications to a greater extent than previously. The focal point of this research was to explore the chemical constituents of acetone and methanol-extracted samples of Cupressus sempervirens and Juniperus excelsa, as well as their potential inhibitory actions against a prevalent food-borne pathogen.

Experimental: 

This experimental investigation was conducted on standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1430), Bacillus cereus (PTCC 1431), Listeria monocytogenes (PTCC 1298), Escherichia coli (PTCC 1399), and Shigella dysentery (PTCC 1188). Following the preparation of methanol and acetone extracts derived from Juniperus excelsa and Cupressus sempervirens using Clevenger apparatus, the antimicrobial efficacy was assessed by both qualitative agar well diffusion method and quantitative macrodilution method. The active constituents present in the methanol and acetone extracts of the plants were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical method. Means were compared with Duncan's test at the 5% probability level.

The findings of this investigation pertaining to the antimicrobial potency of the extracts, ascertained via the qualitative agar well diffusion method, indicated its efficacy against Gram-positive strains including S. aureus and B. cereus. The methanol extracts of the J. Excelsa were found to produce smaller inhibition zones on the tested bacteria compared to other plant extracts. The highest sensitivity to the acetone extract of C. sempervirens and J. excelsa observed in S. aureus and B. cereus. The extracts obtained from the two plant did not demonstrate any discernible impact on the Gram-negative bacteria that are commonly associated with foodborne pathogens. The findings obtained through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) indicated the presence of efficacious components such as Benzene 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl, and Cyclopropane cyclopenta in J. excels extract. The acetone extract of J. excelsa showed more potent antimicrobial constituents than its methanolic counterpart. It is anticipated that in forthcoming times, the acetone extract derived from this botanical specimen may be employed to prevent bacterial-induced foodborne illnesses.

Recommended applications/industries: 

Duo to the existence of a range of bioactive compounds in the acetone extracts obtained from C. sempervirens and J. excels, these extracts have the potential to be used against the development of foodborne infections and diseases caused by bacterial agents.

Plant diseases have a significant impact on plants and their crop yields, causing extensive epidemics and recurrent damages that result in profound negative effects. Bacteria such as Erwinia, Pectobacterium, and Klebsiella have a very wide host range and can play a pathogenic role for a large number of ornamental and agricultural plants or even establish a symbiotic relationship with the plant. This group of bacteria that cause all kinds of plant diseases are able to affect seed tubers and the soil microbial community. The objective of this investigation was to identify and classify the distinct symbiotic pathogens associated with Trifolium resupinatum plants obtained from the Shahreza region located in the southern part of Isfahan, Iran. In this investigation, T. resupinatum specimens harboring nodular root structures were initially identified and subsequently retrieved from various locations in the southern region of Isfahan (Shahreza), before being transported to the laboratory. The Yeast Mannitol Agar (YMA) medium underwent a cultivation procedure, subsequent to which the bacterial samples were subjected to molecular identification utilizing morphological and biochemical tests. Additionally, the colony-PCR technique was employed to achieve definitive identification. This study examined the molecular features of three distinct species namely Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pectobacterium carotorum, and Klebsiella oxytoca. It was revealed that the former two species exhibited a symbiotic pathogenic relationship with the T. resupinatum plant, while the latter species posed a threat to human health as a pathogen.

Electronic wastes are the remnants of electronic devices buried in the soil without processing and contain toxic substances such as heavy metals. Lead is one of the heavy metals in many electronic goods that, if not properly processed, can cause toxicity in the soil and may harm living things in very low concentrations. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biosorption of lead metal by Bacillus tropicus isolated from soils containing electronic wastes in Isfahan.

In this cross-sectional study, sampling of contaminated soils in several areas of the Zainal Pass hills of Isfahan, which is the landfill of electronic wastes, was performed. After measuring the temperature, pH, TOC, and the amount of metals in the soil sample, lead-resistant bacteria were isolated. The growth rate of bacteria was evaluated at concentrations of 5 to 35 mM of lead. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The morphology, antibiogram, and molecular identification of the bacteria were performed by colony-polymerase chain reaction method and bioabsorption of bacteria was evaluated by ICP-OES. Finally, XRD, SEM images, and EDS were evaluated to investigate the fabrication of lead nanoparticles. The raw data were analyzed by SPSS software, using an independent t-test.

Based on the findings of this study, the pH of the evaluated soil was 9.4, its temperature was 27.8 ° C, the TOC of the sample was 1.8%, and the amount of soil lead was measured at 658.4 ppm based on ICP-OES analysis. It was significantly higher than normal. The lead-resistant bacterial strain isolated to lead had 99/69% genetic affinity with Bacillus tropicus, which had a high biological removal potential (56.35%) of lead metal.  The XRD, SEM, and EDS results showed the conversion of adsorbed lead metal to nanoparticles.

Considering that Bacillus tropicus showed high resistance and adsorption to lead metal, it can be a suitable option for the bio-removal of lead from electronic and other industrial wastes in the future after the removal of antibiotic resistance genes.

Microbial communities occupy a significant position in the functioning and productivity of agricultural ecosystems. The taxonomic genus Pseudomonas encompasses a group of bacterial species that can establish mutually beneficial partnerships with different plants. The objective of this study was to ascertain and isolate Pseudomonas strains that were obtained from the rhizosphere soil of M. officinalis. Furthermore, an examination was conducted on the morphological characteristics of M. officinalis that had been treated with standard and rhizospheric Pseudomonas. The experimental treatments consisted of 3 different groups: a rhizosphere Pseudomonas inoculation with a concentration of 106 and 109 CFU /ml, standard Pseudomonas inoculation with a concentration of 106 and 109 CFU /ml, and a control group that did not contain any bacteria. To effectively separate bacteria, specialized culture medium, such as the King B medium, were employed. The biochemical and molecular result revealed that the isolated strain was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The standard Pseudomonas treatment with a concentration of 109 CFU/ml exhibited the greatest root length of 24.1 cm, while the treatment lacking the presence of Pseudomonas displayed the lowest root length of 12.9. Treatments with rhizospheric P. aeruginosa showed the greatest values for stem length, as well as root and stem weight. Meanwhile, the control treatment resulted in the lowest measurements for these mentioned characteristics.

The main objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on some Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria and consequently, on the liver of male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, nanoparticles in the form of spheres of 20 nm in diameter were synthesized through co-precipitation method, and their antibacterial effect on several bacterial strains was evaluated based on agar well diffusion and macrodilution methods. In addition, the activities of liver enzymes, i.e., ALT, ALP, and AST, and liver tissues in the mice were examined. The obtained data were compared using one-way ANOVA. The results confirmed the ability of these nanoparticles with the concentration of 640 (mg/L) to inhibit the growth of clinical and standard strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecium, and Staphylococcus aureus. In the case of the activities of liver enzymes AST and ALP, the mentioned concentration of nanoparticles caused a significant decrease in the structure of liver tissue with some disorders. The findings of this study revelaed that these nanoparticles halted the growth of some pathogenic bacteria. However, after intraperitoneal injection into the mice body, the mentioned nanoparticles reduced the activity of liver enzymes and tissue abnormalities.

The emergence of Escherichia coli resistance to common antibiotics in burn wound patients has become a controversial problem in Iran trauma and burn hospitals. The emergence of more and more drug resistance by infectious pathogens paves the way for further study of the nature of phages, and phage therapy can significantly address this crisis. In the first phase, this study aimed to isolate and identify the biochemical and molecular nature of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, which causes burn wound infections. The second phase of this study isolated the specific phages of the bacteria in these wounds and then evaluated the morphological characteristics of the phage and the host area.

In this study, 50 bacterial strains were isolated from specialized accident and burn hospitals in Isfahan, Yazd, Tehran, and Rasht. Accurate identification and study of antibiotic resistance profile was performed by disk diffusion method on agar. The 16S rRNA coding gene was amplified using the PCR technique. The PCR product was then sent to "Gene Azma" laboratory for sequencing. In order to isolate the possible phages, a sample was taken from the raw wastewater (entrance of the northern treatment plant) in Isfahan, Iran. Phage morphology was assessed and reported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); moreover, phage plate count and host range were assessed for this bacteriophage.

Bacterial 16S rRNA sequence was located in NCBI with MW844043 Accession Number. The specific phage PϕBw-Ec01 was significantly able to infect resistant E. coli bacteria. TEM demonstrated that the isolated phage was dsRNA and belonged to the family Cystoviridae with prototype ɸ6. PϕBw-Ec01 lytic phage was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli strain ADB_66-1 in this study.

The results of this report showed that E. coli isolated from burn wounds of hospitalized patients had high resistance to common antibiotics. The studied phage in this study can be a good choice and a suitable option for controlling and inhibiting these resistant pathogens in the burn wounds of hospitalized patients. It is hoped that with more extensive research on the identity and study of the effectiveness of phages, the rate of bacterial lysis will be investigated. This issue will reduce the microbial load caused by resistant and infectious pathogens and can be used as an effective adjuvant against burn wound infections.

The emergence of new sciences such as nanotechnology and its convergence with engineering, biology and medicine, it is raising hopes for the treatment of infectious diseases. One of the infections that has affected a wide range of people in the community Infection of diabetic wounds, one of the causes of which is the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, using nanoscience and combining it with the old herbal medicine plant nettle, which is a perennial herb. And ZnO has great nutritional and medicinal value. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by nettle coating. Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles was performed by wetting the nettle plant by chemical method. Structural evaluation of minister nanoparticles of ZnO synthesized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed. The antibacterial effect of this nanoparticle on antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetic wounds was investigated. The antibacterial performance of ZnO/Urtica diocia nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) isolates was evaluated by qualitative agar well diffusion test at concentrations of 0.032 to 0.256 g/ml of synthesized nanoparticles. The results of this study showed that the size of the synthesized nanoparticles was 100 nm and spindle-shaped and the highest antibacterial properties of these nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.256 g/ml on antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates with a halo diameter of 20 mm and the lowest an inhibition of growth was observed at a concentration of 0.032 g/ml. According to the findings of this study it seems that ZnO/Urtica dioica nanoparticles had good antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetic wounds.

Environmental pollution with heavy metals is increasing with the development of the industry. The aim of the present study was to examine the isolation and molecular identification of chromium-resistant bacteria from contaminated wastewaters to investigate the bioremediation of chromium by them.

Chromium-resistant bacteria were isolated from tannery and leather factory effluents. The temperature, pH, BOD, COD, and the amount of heavy metals in each sample were determined. Bacterial isolation was performed by the agar dilution method in the presence of different concentrations of chromium from 1 to 128 mmolL-1. Then, the MIC and MBC for the selected strains were determined. The molecular identification of the resistant strains was done by colony PCR. The biological removal of chromium was evaluated by the selected strains under in vitro conditions.

The results of the study showed that the temperature, pH, BOD, and COD in the leather factory effluent were 28.7 ° C, 7.10, 100, and 330 mgL-1 and in the tannery effluent were 26.03 ° C, 6.84, 110, and 480 mgL-1, respectively. In this study, Bacillus subtilis H1F and Bacillus sp. H1D were isolated from leather wastewaters and Bacillus cereus H2C was the selected strain from tannery effluents. Among them, B. subtilis H1F showed the highest chromium resistance with an MIC value of 64 mM. Chromium removal of this strain was 68.5 ppm and it had the highest capacity among the three selected isolates.

Considering that B.subtilis H1F had the highest resistance and adsorption of chromium compared to other two bacteria, it is a suitable candidate for the biological removal of chromium from polluted effluents.

Pollution of the environment with metals is a serious treatment to    human health and the environments. The purpose of this study of arsenic biosorption was from     several industrial effluents.

This cross-sectional study was carried out by sampling in May 2018 from one of the natural habitats of birch trees Batula Pendula in Alborz Province, Iran. After isolation of yeasts using selected media and purification of yeast colonies with various pink to red colors, yeasts genomic nucleic acids were extracted and molecular screening for astaxanthin-producing detection of isolates was performed by multiple polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex-PCR).

The concentrations of arsenic in effluents (1) and (2) were 0.730 and 1.895 mg/L, respectively and the pH of both effluents was neutral. The effluent BOD and COD effluent (2)was within the standard range, but the BOD and COD effluent (1) was somewhat higher. The number of heterotrophic bacteria in effluent (1) was higher than effluent (2), but there was no significant difference between these two effluents . Arsenic-resistant isolates in both effluents were Bacillus syphenis OPL, Pseudomonas aeruginosa IAUF-11ZBK, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia IR-Isfahan (G) and 5633. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ZBK showed the highest sensitivity to antibiotics, which was able to biosorption  of arsenic from  municipal wastewater up to 1.4 mg/L in vitro.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa  ZBK had a good ability to biosorption  of arsenic and low resistance to antibiotics. This strain is recommended for biosorption of arsenic from effluents.

Aim and Bacteria types that live in the plants rhizosphere can improve the plants growth via taking advantage. In coexistence of leguminous plants with rhizobium bacteria, in addition to the fact that the main part of nitrogen is stabilized, the soil is also strengthened in terms of nitrogen. The purpose of this study was Three-Rhizobia Screening On the amount of photosynthetic pigments of The Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) Plant Which Was Under Nickel Stress. In this study, two standard samples of Rhizobium (PTCC 1654) (and (PTCC 1684) and strain isolated from the node were performed and PCR steps were performed on it and the strain as well as nickel was inoculated with clove bean plant. To do so, the samples in three bacterial concentrations, namely 1.5 × 106 CFU/ml, 1.5 × 107 CFU/ml and 1.5 × 108 CFU/ml, and nickel in three concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 µM were inoculated. The samples were studied after ten days. The experiment was implemented in a factorial manner within the format of a completely randomized plot in three iterations. At the end of the period, the amount of the photosynthesis pigments was statistically analyzed by making use of SPSS software ver.19. Generally. The results showed that the concentration of inoculant strains isolated from node 1.5 × 107 CFU/ml and 200 mM nickel increased photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll) in the plant.
Discussion and Finally, it can be concluded that the use of growth promoting bacteria isolated from nodules on plant biochemistry of photosynthetic pigments cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) nickel was effective stress.

  Nowadays, antibiotic resistance is a major problem for the Iranian society. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on gram-negative bacteria causing urinary infections resistant to multiple antibiotics.

This study was conducted on gram-negative bacilli from multitude of speciesstrains, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Citrobacter freundii. A total of 140 samples (i.e., 20 samples from each) were selected through a variety of biochemical tests to isolate and identify the bacteria. The samples were all the primarily cause of urinary tract infections and resistant to multiple antibiotics. The sensitivity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with the size of 10 nm were assessed through in vitro methods, such as disk diffusion, agar-well diffusion, and broth microdilution.

The results of agar-well diffusion and agar disk diffusion methods on silver nanoparticles with the concentration of 1000 ppm indicated that the largest and lowest values for the diameter of growth were in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia, respectively. Moreover, macro dilution analysis of silver nanoparticles revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were at their lowest levels in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, similar in size and shape to silver nanoparticles, had no effect on bacteria.

Discussion & Regarding two metal types of nanoparticles, the obtained results of in vitro revealed that silver nanoparticles could significantly affect the investigated types of bacteria, whereas, titanium dioxide nanoparticles had no effect on them.

Urinary tract infection as one of the most common bacterial infections is known as a second cause of infection. However, sensitivity to a various health hygiene pads in children and Easy Life in elderly as well as poor sanitation can make people susceptible to infections of the urinary tract. For this reason, antibacterial textiles used in the preparation of health and medical textiles can deal with infections especially urinary tract infections effectively.

First, the 550 clinical isolates were collected from several hospitals and laboratories in Shahreza city, among which, 100 bacterial isolates were positive and resistant to several antibiotics. Then the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were established by using sol-gel method and under ultrasonic irradiation on linen bandages. Antibacterial activity of nano-fibers bacteria samples, based on zinc oxide by disk diffusion method in agar were assessed. Results and

According to the results of nanofibers of zinc oxide have more antibacterial properties against gram-positive bacteria, causing urinary tract infections compared with negatives ones. It is hoped that the fibers introduced in this study in the future after the tests (in-situ) will be able to provide clothes for patients and personnel, gloves and surgical masks, and most importantly suture yarns, bandages, wound dressing and sanitary napkins should be used.

Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of kambucha tea on oxidative stress induced by high cholesterol diet in New Zealand rabbits. In this experimental study, 32 New Zealand rabbits (weighing 2500-2000 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8. The first group (control) received a standard diet and the second group (hypercholesterolemia) received a high cholesterol diet (1%) for 40 days. The third group received kambucha tea (gavage-day), and the fourth group received a high-cholesterol diet plus kambucha tea (10ml/kg). Eventually, serum levels of cholesterol, malondialdehyde, antioxidant capacity, and nitric oxide were determined. Group receiving high cholesterol diet plus kambucha tea and group receiving only kambucha tea had significantly lower cholesterol level than the group receiving only high cholesterol diet (p < 0.0001, p = 0.03). Serum levels of MDA (malondialdehyde) in rabbits that received kambucha alone and kambucha plus high cholesterol diet were significantly lower compare with hypercholesterolemic groups (p = 0.001, p = 0.02). The group received the only kambucha, serum antioxidant capacity significantly increase compared to hypercholesterolemic group (p < 0.0001). Serum NO (nitric oxide) levels in rabbits that only received kambucha significantly decreased (p = 0.001). It can be argued that kambucha tea may be able to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis by improving the antioxidant defense system and preventing the oxidation of lipids

Aim and Due to the high prevalence of diseases caused by the presence of lead in soil contaminated with petroleum industrial centers, then transfer the metal to plants and animals and eventually humans and high risks for human health and other living things. It seems that identify and isolate microorganisms with high strength steel and the biological removal can be an important step in the evolution of contaminated soil cleanup systems considered industrial centers.
Material and The was sampling of three areas of oil contaminated soils C-branch Masjed Soleiman. To isolate resistant bacteria lead ΙΙ PHG agar dilution method and the culture medium containing concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 mMol per liter of lead were used. To identify of resistant bacteria lead , first was used of biochemical tests and then molecular methods PCR- colony.
In this study, 5 resistant bacteria lead from oil contaminated soils were isolated and identified that among of them Proteus mirabilis strain AOUC-001 bacteria and showed maximum resistance to lead (MIC=4mM).
Discussion and According to the bacteria examined in this study could lead bioabsorption in -vitro and growth rather appropriate in the presence of the metal showed, so it seems a good candida for bioremedation of lead from oil contaminated soils in the future. Provided that the contaminated soils to isolate the bacteria to be filtered out treatment.

Heavy metals are environmentally sustainable and durable pollutants that have become a world problem. As microorganisms show high resistance to heavy metals and can purify the environment and produce nanoparticles, the present study was designed to produce copper nanoparticles from copper-resistant bacteria isolated from wastewater of two copper workshops in Isfahan.
In this cross-sectional study, wastewater samples were collected from two copper workshops in Isfahan. The physicochemical factors of the wastewater, the minimum inhibitory concentration of bacteria (MIC) to copper and their resistance to several antibiotics were investigated. Morphological, biochemical and molecular identification tests were carried out on samples. Then the biomass of copper-resistant bacteria was added to the copper sulfate pentahydrate stock (CuSO4.5H2O) and the results were evaluated by Ultraviolet-Visible
spectrophotometer (UV-VIS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transient Electron Microscopy (TEM).
Among the studied bacteria, the Bacillus toyonensis strain NE2 with the MIC of 3.5 mM and Arthrobacteragilis NE1 with MIC of 4 mM from copper workshop 2 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain 5633 with the MIC of 6 mM from copper workshop 1 were isolated. Among these isolates, only S. maltophilia strain 5633 was able to synthesize copper nanoparticles. Peaks created in the range of 250-430 nm confirmed the presence of Copper (Cu) and Copper Oxide (CuO) particles.
The findings of this study showed that the isolated bacteria could be a good candidate to remove copper from wastewater and to biosynthesize copper nanoparticle.

Aim and Identification of strains resistant to the toxic metal is an effective step in the process of bioremidation. This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacteria resistant to copper and some antibiotics bacteria isolated from copper smiths’ workshop in Isfahan.
In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacteria was determined against copper and then the final identification colony- PCR was performed using the technique and evaluted copper -resistant bacteria and resistance against several .
•:Among the resistant bacteria isolated highest MIC (2 mM) of the copper from waste copper were determined. Resistant bacteria including antibiotic-resistant strains of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which was than most.
•: Due to the large number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and resistant bacteria at the same time as the copper, unfortunately, these bacteria can in the future be used for the biosorption of copper from the environment unless they removed the gene for antibiotic resistance.

Irregular consumption of common antibiotics increases antibiotic resistance in the urine pathogens. The topic of this study was selected based on this great community problem and considering the fact that a large number of diseases are being treated using gold and copper nanoparticles yet not much is known of their effects on gram negative bacillus bacteria that cause urine infection.
The study included 140 cases of Multiple drug resistance (MDR) bacteria strains: E.coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Enterobacteraerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacterfreundii, Acinetobacterbumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (each genus of bacteria, 20 samples), all of which were MDR causing urinary tract infections. A variety of biochemical tests for identification of bacteria were used and laboratory methods (Agar well diffusion, Agar disk diffusion and Macrodilution method) were utilized to assess their sensitivity to copper and gold nanoparticles.
Gold nanoparticles did not show any effect on these bacteria. According to agar disk diffusion and the Macrodilution method, copper nanoparticles (in 1000ppm dilution) showed the highest and lowest mean inhibition zone diameter in Acinetobacterbumanii and Entrobacteraerogenes 23 and 15mm, respectively. The MIC for all of the bacteria stood at 250µg/ml while Acinetobacterbumanii was 125µg/ml.
Gold nanoparticles were not effective on these bacteria. Copper nanoparticles had a relatively strong effect on all of the bacteria causing urine infection and MDR.

Leishmaniasis, has created enormous global health problem. Side effects, drug resistance and the lack of effective vaccines and to make the new compounds effective due to plant.
The traditional medical plants such as black alfalfa can be a valuable source of new pharmaceutical agents against leishmaniasis.
Alcoholic extracts were prepared by maceration method. L. major promastigotes (Leishmania major) in Schneider and then were cultured in RPMI- 1640. Then, using MTT (Methyl Thiazole Tetrazolium), the IC50 (Inhibitory Concentrations 50%) for extract and Glucantime was determined. MTT assay did for each sample, 3 times.
IC50 for alcoholic extract of alfalfa black against L. major promastigotes in vitro after 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively 165, 98 and 45 micrograms per ml and for Glucantime also equal to 27, 12 and 8 mg l respectively. IC50 between Extract and Glucantime after 24, 48 and 72 hours there was a significant difference (P As regards, plant extract had anti- leishmanial effects in vitro, further works are required to appraise the exact effect on Leishmania agent in animal models.

Vaginal disease has always been a great concern of women. Medicinal plants as natural resources with fewer side effects can effectively treat these infections given the diversity of these infections, resistance to antibiotics and side effects of existing drugs. The present study aimed to compare antimicrobial effects of methanol extract of Francoeuria Undulata on growth of several gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria causing vaginal infections. Francoeuria Undulata as an indigenous Iranian plant was collected in two harvest times (T1 and T2). Methanol extract of aerial parts of the plant was prepared. The effects of various concentrations (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/ml)of methanol extracts were studied onKlebsiella and Enterobacter as gram-negative pathogens. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of bacterial growth and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using macro-dilution method. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA. The results showed that methanol extracts of aerial parts of Francoeuria Undulata inhibit bacterial growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes. MICs varied from 125mg/ml to 250 mg/ml in the old and new harvest times. Therefore, the smallest diameter of inhibition zone belonged to Klebsiella pneumoniae at 62.5mg/ml concentration in the old harvest time and the largestdiameter of inhibitory zone belonged tothe second strains of Klebsiellapneumoniae at 500mg/ml concentration in the new harvest time. The findings of the study indicated that methanol extracts of Francoeuria Undulata at two old and new harvest times had strong antibacterial and inhibitory effects on gram-negative bacteria causing vaginal infections.

In recent years the emergence of resistance to opportunistic fungi (e.g. Candida albicans) has dramatically increased worldwide. The toxicity of antibacterial drugs and the occurrence of resistance to fungi and the resultant drug interactions make it necessary to assess new drugs. The aim of this study was to compare the antifungal effects of gold and silver nanoparticles on patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis.
In order to identify the samples, the conventional mycological methods (morphology on corn meal/chrome agar and germ tube production) were utilized. To evaluate the antifungal effects of spherical silver and gold nanoparticles the diameter of inhibitory zone was measured using disk diffusion method. In addition, the minimum fungicidal concentration (MIC) and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MFC) of samples were determined by microdilution method.
Among the total identified isolates of Candida albicans (C. albicans), 58 samples were inhibited using spherical silver and gold nanoparticles with 10 nm diameter. The inhibitory zone diameter was between 0-19 mm. The MIC and MFC for silver and gold nanoparticles were 21.31±11.40; 32.15±25.77 ppm and 16.68±9.37; 7.93±4.72 ppm, respectively.
The results of the present investigation showed that spherical gold and silver nanoparticles with 10 nm diameter have some antifungal effects against the Candida albicans. Probably in future the silver and gold nanoparticles have the potential of treating the vulvovaginal candidiasis.

This study aimed to investigate the discovery of antibiotic resistance in isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antibiotic susceptibility patterns and also, identify the gene encoding beta-lactamase in the isolated strains, isolated from nosocomial infections in patients admitted to the hospitals of Isfahan province.
In this cross-sectional study, 51 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from patients in various hospitals and clinical laboratories in North, South and Central Isfahan. Then, antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was determined, using standard methods and disk diffusion method. The carbapenemase genes of blaVIM and blaIMP were detected by PCR test.
Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were most resistant to ciprofloxacin (96/08 %), carbenicillin (92/16%), imipenem (80 %), ampicillin (72/55%) and nitrofurantoin (78/43%), respectively. On the other hand, among the highest rates of infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were wounds, by the rate of %33/33 . Of 51 cases with drug resistance, 32 strains (63%) had beta-lactamase-producing blaIMP gene , while none of the gene were blaVIM.
The results of this study showed that resistance to antibiotics among strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients, were prevalent. Therefore, fast and precise evaluation of antibiotic resistance is necessary, because the strains producing beta-lactamase, among hospital strains are on the rise.

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease with high prevalence. Various medicines are used for treatment of Leishmaniasis but because of their side effects and drug resistance, the medical society seeks new effective compounds. The aim of this study was the evaluation of Zizyphus spina- Christi as source of new medicinal factor.
The methanolic extract was prepared by percolation method. Leishmania major promastigotes cultured at 25±2°C in stationary phase in RPMI-1640 medium complemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) and antibiotic Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL). By using MTT assay, the biological activity of plant extracts was evaluated in comparison with Glucantime against L.major promastigotes and IC50 values (50% inhibitory concentrations) were also studied. All tests were repeated for three times.
Zizyphus spina- Christi extracts and glucantime inhibited the growth of promastigote forms of L.major in vitro after 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation. IC50 of glucantime was 21.96μg/ml, and IC50 values for methanol and the aqueous extracts of Zizyphus spina- Christi were 60 μg/ml and 80 μg/ml, respectively. All plant extracts had profound effects on promastigotes of L.major.
As regards, methanol and aqueous extract of Zizyphus spina-Christi have anti-leishmanial effects in vitro, further works are required to appraise the exact effect of these extracts on Leishmania agents in animal models.