مهدی بی نیاز

Rainwater storage is very important as a sustainable and practical solution for managing water resources, especially in places with dry and semi-arid conditions such as Iran. This method has been considered as a strategic solution in response to environmental challenges and agricultural and drinking needs. There are various structures for collecting and storing rainwater, the most important of which is the reservoir in Hormozgan. The possibility of using the rainwater stored in this pond to irrigate urban greenery has been the focus and goal of this research. For this purpose, Bibi Pond in Qeshm Island was chosen. For this purpose, the volume of water stored in this pond was calculated. Next, other parks and green spaces around the pond were investigated and their area and details were estimated. The results showed that there are 73 trees and shrubs and about 3400 m2 of green space (grass) in this park and its surrounding area. Estimates showed that the main reservoir of the covered pond and the open side pond are able to store about 400 and 1000 m3 of water, respectively, and this volume of water can supply the water needed for irrigating the green space of the park and the adjacent area in the major part of the year or at least in the stressful time (warm season). This issue will show the unique capacity of such structures for non-drinking purposes in urban environments and therefore should be considered in the planning and management of urban runoff.

Nowadays, the approach of integrated watershed management (IWM) has been widely accepted as a reference and reliable model by scientific experts, executive managers, policymakers, and planners in the country. From the perspective of many experts and professionals in natural resources and environment, the land area of Iran is surrounded by a range of natural, climatic, and social hazards related to watershed areas. In conditions where each of these hazards alone can lead to environmental, economic, and social crises, a critical analysis of IWM as the most accepted management unit in nature is essential. Despite the importance of this reference model for planning and organizing watershed areas, this approach is often subject to personal preferences due to the lack of a comprehensive and widely accepted definition at the macro level, which results in managers and planners not being responsive. Moreover, watershed management plans and comprehensive management of watershed areas in Iran face various challenges and have not been successful despite the allocation of considerable resources. Therefore, it is necessary to address the ambiguities and challenges of the integrated management approach in order to achieve a coherent and comprehensive management in watershed areas. In this regard, the present study focuses on a critical analysis of the hidden challenges in the approach of IWM and provides policy recommendations and practical suggestions for IWM in Iran.

In this study, two tasks were performed to examine and explain the comprehensiveness dimensions. In the first stage, resources related to studies on natural resources and watershed management in the country were reviewed. In this stage, the targeted resources were examined using the term "integrated" and the words, terms, and concepts associated with this term. The result of this review was the determination and identification of six keywords and concepts related to the term "integrated". In the next stage, these six factors and keywords were used as six diagnostic and identification codes for examining watershed management plans and IWM. The focus was on determining the presence or absence of these keywords and terms in the implemented watershed management plans. The objective was to determine whether these six key words and theoretical concepts identified in the first stage have been employed in the practical implementation of the IWM plans. This was accomplished through content analysis of implemented watershed management plans in various regions of the country. In each of the implemented plans, the type and extent of utilization, or, in other words, the level of attention given to the mentioned six factors, were examined and analyzed.

In this study, corresponding to the six dimensions of comprehensiveness in the concept of IWM in Iran, six policy recommendations and implementation proposals have been presented. These policy recommendations and implementation proposals encompass a combination of environmental, economic, social, and cultural factors, as gaps in these factors will hinder the integrated management of elements. This research suggests that the executive responsibility for integrated management should be entrusted to the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization of the country in coordination with other relevant organizations. This organization, if legal barriers are removed and policy-making streams are aligned, will be able to fulfill its main intrinsic duty, which is the management of the country's watersheds. Regarding the components of ecosystem stakeholders, this study emphasizes that the stakeholders should include all ecosystem stakeholders since any form of anthropocentrism jeopardizes the sustainability of ecosystems. In terms of the dimension of interconnectedness of natural boundaries, the results of this study emphasize the importance of interconnectedness in terms of perspectives, planning, and policy-making. In other words, political boundaries at the county, provincial, and international levels pose increasing challenges to IWM. Therefore, the basis for planning should be the natural boundaries of watersheds. Hence, bridging the gaps and achieving interconnectedness in terms of intra-county and intra-provincial boundaries can be achieved through organizational coherence and defining the responsibilities of organizations based on the natural boundaries of watersheds. As for international boundaries, it requires strengthening diplomacy and reaching regional agreements and treaties. Regarding the elements that should be considered in the comprehensive management approach by planners and executive managers, it can be stated that these elements should include all the components present in ecosystems, including water, soil, and vegetation cover.

The findings of this study indicate the possibility of employing integrated, cohesive, and coordinated management in the natural environments of Iran as a suitable, precise, scientific, and systematic guideline. The recommendations and proposals of this research can lead to interconnectedness, comprehensive perspectives, organizational coherence, coordination among decision-making bodies, enhancement of policy and legal effectiveness, community satisfaction, alignment of activities between planners and watershed residents, and ultimately, improvement in social responsibility and widespread participation of stakeholders in watershed management. Implementing the recommendations provided in this study in future plans and projects can contribute to improving the environmental conditions of watershed inhabitants and ensuring the sustainability of natural ecosystems by addressing the existing challenges.

The Earthchr('39')s environment and ecosystem is an extensive and complex set of different components and factors that have been formed as a result of the gradual evolution of living organisms and the components of the Earthchr('39')s surface. This collection includes nature and all living things. As one of these beings and a part of the environment, man is affected by nature and is also affected by it. This effect, which manifests itself in various forms, is mainly due to the various activities. From the past until now, nature has been used and exploited in multiple ways. As a result of this impact on the environment, it has mainly manifested itself in the form of degradation and has increased in recent decades for various reasons. This issue means that the increasing trend of exploitation of nature, due to the intensity and nature, causes various concerns that manifest themselves in the form of ambiguities and essential questions. In the general case (exploitation of nature), the general and key questions are what mechanism follows this growing process of exploitation of nature, to what extent it is correct and logical, and the primary purpose of this exploitation?One of the forms (types) of use and exploitation of nature globally and in Iran is mining activity. Naturally, the general and key questions raised above, both in general and in the discussion of specific uses (here mining activity) can be examined and explored. However, in recent years, this activity can be examined in various situations (in terms of exploitation intensity and increasing mining trend. But it seems that a general explanation and the nature of the action and activity, not based on the intensity of activity, also has sufficient credibility and an excellent position. Is. However, as stated, the purpose is to investigate basically and in general the relationship between nature exploitation in Iran in the form of mining activities with nature? Basically, in this regard, the only and always the aforementioned goal in such industrial (economic) activities, or does nature itself have a place and importance in this? This study aims to provide an appropriate answer to the key question that to what extent economic activities and exploitation of nature, mining here, are in line with naturechr('39')s capacity and follow the principles of sustainable development? In summary, the present study seeks to properly assess the environmental sustainability or instability of mining activities and, in this regard, the degree of proportionality between the positive (mainly economic) and negative (mainly environmental) effects on the environment of residents in affected areas. To become clear.

 In summary, the recent research was carried out in several stages as follows: In the first stage, based on the nature of the issue and attention to factors such as the proximity of the mine to residential areas and people, as well as the importance of different factors affecting the mine and Bastak area and In particular, Paytaveh gypsum mine was designated for research. In the next step, general and specialized questionnaires were designed by considering different aspects of my impact. A general questionnaire for surveying the general public and, in fact, residents of areas adjacent to the mine, and a specialized questionnaire for obtaining more technical and comprehensive data and information from relevant experts (environment, natural resources, industry, and mining), environmental activists and villagers and responsible people in that village. Paytaveh village) was designed and used for use in the final tables of the evaluation method (RIAM method). In the last step, these data and scores, and status classes were used to determine the environmental stability or instability of the mine in a method called the Phillips method.

Results :

As mentioned in the research method, the raw information and data extracted from the opinions of different people were used to score and determine the status of various factors. The results showed that among the 15 factors studied in this study, 7 factors have a negative effect, 5 factors have a neutral effect (ineffective), and 3 factors (all in the category of economic factors) have a positive effect. Meanwhile, socio-cultural factors did not affect, and all four factors in this category were completely neutral and ineffective. By placing the numbers in the said formulas, the final number S in the Phillips formula was determined to be zero. Therefore, according to the classification, the resulting number, zero, is in the instability range. In simpler terms, the calculations show that the mining project is considered unstable and has led to environmental instability.

 The Phillips method was used to investigate and determine the environmental stability or instability due to mining activity in the Paytaveh Bastak area based on information obtained from the RIAM method. The results showed that this project has different effects in the study area. ‌‌‌But in general, the result of the effects indicates the dominance of negative effects over positive effects, and as a result, the environment caused by these effects is unstable. Finally, there is a key issue to consider: the balance between the benefits of mining and its environmental impact is essential to achieving sustainable exploitation of mineral resources. Although the results showed that in the study area, there is no balance between the positive and negative effects of mining activity, but the evaluation and analysis of the views of residents show that the efforts of miners to increase the weight of positive effects (mainly economic: employment of villagers in mining and cooperation with villagers in to carry out the necessary construction and infrastructure activities of the residents) will help increase the satisfaction of the residents and at least in the short term the continuation of the project will be acceptable from the residentschr('39') point of view and will lead to relative relative positive effects in the short term (employment and income for residents). Development and essential infrastructure of residents) will help increase residentschr('39') satisfaction, and at least in the short term, the continuation of the project will be acceptable to residents. It will lead to the relative maintenance of tangible positive effects in the short term (employment and income for residents. However, the use of the word sustainability and especially sustainable development for this activity in general and in this region will not have a proper scientific and logical aspect. In short, mining, as one of the main pillars in many developed and developing countries has always faced many economic, social, and environmental challenges concerning its stakeholders. This has led mining companies to pay more attention to better interact with their stakeholders in recent decades. Therefore, achieving sustainable development has become one of the industrychr('39')s priorities. This key issue will be achieved only if the exploiters try to increase the positive effects, reduce the negative effects of mining and generally pay attention to the demands of the residents of the adjacent areas of the mine, as the main stakeholders, to improve their quality of life and environmental concerns. Perhaps only then will it be appropriate and effective to talk about the environmental sustainability of mining activities in such areas.

Studying climatic processes provides plan makers with a suitable tool in different sectors to plan future policies for optimizing cost and maximizing productivity while bearing these studies in mind. Precipitation is associated with complex atmospheric processes including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that is inextricably linked to the oscillations in the surface water temperature of the Pacific Ocean. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between rainfall in wet seasons of the year (cold season for six months) and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. After conducting adequate investigations, 12 synoptic stations with appropriate statistical period were selected and the homogeneity and adequacy tests of the data collected were carried out on rainfall amounts. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) was used to investigate the effect of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. The warm and cold phase was determined using the SOI index. Also, the longest droughts and wet years were identified and the wet and dry years associated with the warm phase (El Niño) and the cold phase (La Niña) was specified as well. The results showed that the wet years occurred in warm phase and droughts occurred during the cold phase so that at the same time as the dry years, rainfall in the stations under investigation was lower than normal, and the numerical value of the SOI index was lower than normal. The numerical value of the SOI index obtained in dry years was negative. While, at the same time as wet years, the amount of rainfall at the stations is more than the average annual precipitation of the investigation period and the numerical value of the SOI index is also positive and indicates higher values than normal.Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the correlation between rainfall and SOI index. The correlation was carried out on a monthly, seasonal, annual, and moving window basis. The results showed that on the monthly basis, the highest correlation was registered at Konarak station, on the seasonal basis, at Bandar Abbas, Bandar-e-Lengeh, Jask, Kish, Konarak, Bushehr and coastal Bushehr stations, and on the annual basis, at Abadan and coastal Bushehr stations at a significant level of 99%. It is also possible to conclude from the correlation of the moving window that the signal has the most effect on Bushehr, coastal Bushehr, Bandar Abbas, Kish, and Konarak stations in autumn and winter.