مهدی جدیدالاسلامی قلعه نو

The purpose of this research is to assess the risks of wind-blown sediments in the Sistan plain and its impact on Chahnimeh vital reservoirs in the two crisis centers in the northwest of Chahnime Chahar and the northeast of Zahak with an area of about 13166 hectares in the southeast of Zabol located in the north of Sistan and Baluchistan province and in the south It is in the east of Iran. This area includes a sector in the direction of southeast to northwest, which geomorphologically has 2 units, Dashtsar and Playa. Therefore, one of the important goals of this research is to provide appropriate solutions to minimize the damage caused by wind deposits and its secondary damages, as well as to investigate and identify the risks caused by wind deposits, in the sectors of facilities, agriculture, roads, and damages to the region, especially to Chahnimeh water reservoirs. Is. In the southeast, there are forms of wind erosion in the form of barkhans, transverse barkhans, Saif and Silk. To determine the origin of these hills, the method of finding the origin of sand dunes was used and based on that, orientation and location were used in two stages. According to the review of maps and field observations, it was found that the origin of sands is the dry bed of rivers in the region.

the method of conducting research in this research, library and field studies, review of aerial photos, review of satellite images with different time periods, review of general morphology and winds of the region (120 days) and location in terms of the study of geomorphology of the region, sampling of sediments (sedimentology and drawing relevant diagrams) and laboratory studies (XRD "X-ray diffraction" and XRF "X-ray fluorescence" tests, granulometric tests, morphoscopy and determination of statistical parameters). After performing the relevant tests, a comparative analysis and data analysis method will be done. In this research, topographic maps, geological maps, computer software such as ENVI and GIS were used.

The results of the research showed that the direction of the prevailing wind and the direction of sand transport is generally northwest to southeast, which has had the greatest effect in the region with the centrality of the existing sand dunes and 120-day winds.

The dangers caused by the movement of sand dunes in villages include threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public infrastructure, etc. Several factors such as strong and permanent winds, the plain's low slope and low complexity, fine-grained soil, consecutive droughts and poor vegetation play a role in the amount of sand movement on the surface of the Sistan plain and entering the Chah Nimeh reservoirs.On a global scale, the occurrence of storms and floods are among the most destructive natural hazards (Vesterb and et all, 2022), as most accidents are caused by these two hazards (Yakshin and et all, 2022). Hazards mean natural events that potentially cause danger to humans and what is valuable to them. Hazard has the potential to cause damage, for human health, human, economic, educational activity, damage to property, damage to the environment, loss of flora and fauna, pollution and insecurity of natural disasters are dangerous (Rahimi Harabadi, 2019). The active and dynamic nature of the sand dunes causes the movement of sands towards the settlements to be more frequent and creates many dangers such as threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public facilities, and causes financial losses, migration of residents, and finally, a human disaster. (Jadidoleslami, 2019). Therefore, in order to plan fundamentally to solve the problem, it is necessary to analyze the origin of the sands, the role of the morphometric parameters of the sand dunes in the extent of their displacement, and considering the fact that the area is residential, the risks of the sands are identified and solutions are provided to reduce the risks. Sand dunes in the realm of the wind process are considered to be one of the most dynamic geomorphic phenomena on the earth's surface, which are affected by the characteristics of wind speed, direction and frequency on the one hand, and on the other hand by the characteristics of the earth's surface and sedimentary materials (Abbasnejad and Zahab Nouri, 2013). The results of studies on a scale of 1:250,000 show that the sand dunes of Iran include 11 sand seas and 39 hill fields that cover approximately 1.1 million hectares (Abbasi et al., 2019). Sandstorms are one of the most important weather phenomena that spread in many deserts and dry areas of the world, and in recent years, they have received a lot of attention, and every year these incidents cause a lot of damage and casualties in all parts of the world.In order to carry out this research, first, with direct field observations and field operations, to determine the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the transport areas and possible harvesting areas, and based on the mineralogical characteristics and the examination of the genetic relationship of the samples, the primary origin of the sediments was investigated. In order to identify the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the place of accumulation of sands, from different points of possible harvesting areas, and the genetic relationship (similar properties) of the three areas (harvesting, transportation and sedimentation) was investigated through the physical and chemical analysis of the sediments. Took Also, four synoptic stations (Zabol-Zahak-Hirmand-Hamon) were also studied.According to the presented results, the level of heavy metals in the air of Enqelab Street is not hazardous to the health of the residents. Therefore, there is no need to spend enormous expenses in this area. Nevertheless, the health of permanent and temporary residents is threatened by chromium and arsenic due to their high rate of carcinogenesis. The outcome of these investigations indicates that despite recording few different values in some places, the air pollution levels are equal in whole the area, from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square. However, the air pollution level of ValiasCr rossroads is relatively considerable. This difference only has resulted from high volume of traffic in the crossroads. Unfortunately, traffic of students in this area is so heavy that solving Valiasr Crossroad’s traffic issues are considered as an important priority.

The occurrence of drought in the Sistan region and the drying up of the Hamon Lake, as well as the 120-day winds, have created suitable conditions for wind erosion and caused a lot of damage to the natural and human life of the region. These factors have caused the movement of loose sand in the region at a high speed and the sand dunes to expand a lot. Field studies indicate that during frequent droughts in the Sistan region, the movement of sand dunes has been so great that it has caused the burial of a large number of rural houses and the loss of agricultural land, which has led to the migration of the natives of the region in recent years. has followed The dangers caused by the displacement of sand dunes at the level of villages include threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public infrastructure, etc. Several factors such as strong and permanent winds, the low slope and low complexity of the plain, the fineness of the soil, successive droughts and the lack of vegetation play a role in the amount of sand movement in the Sistan plain. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the sand dunes of Sistan plain by using time series mineralogy and using Landsat satellite data and to propose some solutions to reduce the movement of sand dunes and in turn, reduce its destructive effects on the lives of the residents of the area. The research was conducted using Landsat satellite images with resolution of 30 meters from 1997 to 2020 to investigate the changes of sand dunes in the Sistan plain. According to the results, the extent of sand dunes in August increased from 8.23% in 1997 to 11% in 2020, and in July from 8.83% to 12.9% of the total area of the studied basin, which is almost the trend. It shows a significant increase. Also, the changes in the area of Hamon Lake from 1997 to 2020 show that the lake's water volume has decreased greatly, and this indicates that the expansion of sand dunes in different years is directly related to the changes in the lake level in different times, and the reason for the displacement of sand dunes is the erosive winds of the region. Which have a north to northwest direction with an angle of 330 to 360 degrees (the 120-day wind of Sistan) and the most important facies of harvesting are the saline and puffy areas of the Hamun lake bed and the northern plains.On a global scale, the occurrence of storms and floods are among the most destructive natural hazards (Vesterb and et all, 2022), as most accidents are caused by these two hazards (Yakshin and et all, 2022). Hazards mean natural events that potentially cause danger to humans and what is valuable to them. Hazard has the potential to cause damage, for human health, human, economic, educational activity, damage to property, damage to the environment, loss of flora and fauna, pollution and insecurity of natural disasters are dangerous (Rahimi Harabadi, 2019). The active and dynamic nature of the sand dunes causes the movement of sands towards the settlements to be more frequent and creates many dangers such as threats to the health of residents, burial of villages, destruction of soil and public facilities, and causes financial losses, migration of residents, and finally, a human disaster. (Jadidoleslami, 2019). Therefore, in order to plan fundamentally to solve the problem, it is necessary to analyze the origin of the sands, the role of the morphometric parameters of the sand dunes in the extent of their displacement, and considering the fact that the area is residential, the risks of the sands are identified and solutions are provided to reduce the risks. Sand dunes in the realm of the wind process are considered to be one of the most dynamic geomorphic phenomena on the earth's surface, which are affected by the characteristics of wind speed, direction and frequency on the one hand, and on the other hand by the characteristics of the earth's surface and sedimentary materials (Abbasnejad and Zahab Nouri, 2013). The results of studies on a scale of 1:250,000 show that the sand dunes of Iran include 11 sand seas and 39 hill fields that cover approximately 1.1 million hectares (Abbasi et al., 2019). Sandstorms are one of the most important weather phenomena that spread in many deserts and dry areas of the world, and in recent years, they have received a lot of attention, and every year these incidents cause a lot of damage and casualties in all parts of the world.In order to carry out this research, first, with direct field observations and field operations, to determine the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the transport areas and possible harvesting areas, and based on the mineralogical characteristics and the examination of the genetic relationship of the samples, the primary origin of the sediments was investigated. In order to identify the harvesting areas, sampling was done from the place of accumulation of sands, from different points of possible harvesting areas, and the genetic relationship (similar properties) of the three areas (harvesting, transportation and sedimentation) was investigated through the physical and chemical analysis of the sediments. Took Also, four synoptic stations (Zabol-Zahak-Hirmand-Hamon) were also studied.According to the presented results, the level of heavy metals in the air of Enqelab Street is not hazardous to the health of the residents. Therefore, there is no need to spend enormous expenses in this area. Nevertheless, the health of permanent and temporary residents is threatened by chromium and arsenic due to their high rate of carcinogenesis. The outcome of these investigations indicates that despite recording few different values in some places, the air pollution levels are equal in whole the area, from Enqelab Square to Imam Hossein Square. However, the air pollution level of ValiasCr rossroads is relatively considerable. This difference only has resulted from high volume of traffic in the crossroads. Unfortunately, traffic of students in this area is so heavy that solving Valiasr Crossroad’s traffic issues are considered as an important priority.

Research method and Purpose In order to investigate the sedimentology in the disputed area, field surveys, aerial photos, satellite images with different time periods, surveying the general morphology and winds of the area (120 days) and locating in terms of studying the geomorphology of the area, sampling sediments (sedimentology and drawing relevant diagrams) and Laboratory studies (XRD "X-ray diffraction" and XRF "X-ray fluorescence" tests, granulation tests, granulometry, morphoscopy and determination of statistical parameters) were carried out. After conducting the relevant tests, a comparative analysis and data analysis method will be done. In this research, topographic maps, geological maps, computer software such as ENVI and GIS were used. To determine the intensity of wind erosion in the lands of the study area and to prepare a map of land sensitivity to wind erosion, according to the scores obtained in each of the work units with geomorphological facies and the conformity of all available information with the above-mentioned facies, which is considered as the basis and basis of the studies. The land sensitivity map of the study area to wind erosion was obtained based on the mentioned table. This map has been prepared and digitized with a scale of 1:50,000.

The purpose of this research is to assess the risks of wind-blown sediments in the Sistan Plain and its impact on Chahnimeh vital reservoirs in the two critical centers of Niatek and Jezink in the southeast of Zabol, Sistan and Baluchistan province. The results aimed to provide the possible causes of damage to facilities, agriculture, roads, and damages to the region, and especially its effects on Chahnimeh water reservoirs.

The method of conducting this research was field surveys, aerial photographs, satellite images with different time periods, surveying the general morphology and winds of the region (The 120-day wind) and locating in terms of studying the geomorphology of the region. In this research, topographic maps, geological maps, computer software such as ENVI and GIS were used. Sampling of sediments (sedimentology and drawing relevant diagrams) and XRF (X-ray fluorescence) laboratory studies, comparative analysis and data analysis method has been done.

According to the results of the research, the main risk factors are the erosive winds of the region, which have a north to northwest direction with an angle of 330 to 360 degrees (the 120-day wind of Sistan), and the most important areas of harvest, abandoned lands, sandy lands, and salty and swollen areas of the Hamun lake bed. and the northern plains (Afghanistan). The interpretation of topographical maps and satellite images in different years showed that the speed and direction of movement of the sand dunes in the region are proportional to the prevailing wind of 120 days and in the northwest-southeast direction. In addition, the height of sand dunes and the volume of sand are an important factor in the speed of movement and the amount of progress of sand dunes in the Sistan Plain and entering the Chahnimeh reservoirs.

The knowledge about spatial relationships of vegetation with sediment yield (S.Y) in watersheds is essential for optimal controlling and managing of water and soil resources. The purpose of this study was to recognize and determine the relationship between vegetation cover and annual S.Y of Sabalan catchments, N.W Iran. In this regard, the possibility of presentation of regional S.Y estimation models based on correlation and regression analysis were considered. Independent variables include average, minimum and maximum NDVI (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index), extracted through the processing of Landsa.t 8 satellite imagery in the ENVI environment. The dependent variable, which was the annual S.Y, was obtained through calculations on sediment load data of 10 sample hydrometric stations. Results of correlation test showed that there was a strong and significant relationship between the average NDVI and the annual S.Y in the catchments (r = -0/758). This inverse relationship emphasizes the importance and apparent role of vegetation in reducing sediment production and transporting in the region. Moreover, the results of regression tests showed that is possible to present the regional estimation models regards to annual S.Y by fitting linear, quadratic and power functions. In this regard, the quadratic model has the highest performance and explain 75% of the annual S.Y variance. The linear relationship was also able to explain 57% of the annual sedimentary variance.

 The occurrence of drought in Sistan region and consequently the entry of sediments into the water reservoirs of semi-wells has provided favorable conditions for the formation of dust storms and has caused great damage to the natural and human life of the region. One of the important objectives of this study is to investigate the destructive effects of droughts on the region, especially on Chahnimeh. The studies performed in this study include the use of physical and chemical analysis methods of samples to determine statistical parameters and use its results in interpreting the transport and sedimentation conditions of particles, determining critical foci of wind erosion, drawing curves Granulation and interpretation of multiple phases of the samples, which together with the results of the study of sediments in the desired location, leads to determining the type of sedimentation environment and determining the origin. Drought analysis using five indices of normal percentage of precipitation (PNPI), standardized Z criterion (ZI), precipitation amplification classification (PC), mean deviation (SDI) and precipitation anomaly (RAI), on seasonal precipitation information and statistics And four synoptic stations were performed annually in Zabol, Zahak, Hirmand, Hamoon. The results showed that the index (SDI) compared to PNPI, ZI, Sd and RAI methods on a seasonal and annual scale provided more acceptable estimates. Zabol has experienced droughts on a seasonal and annual basis based on the SDI. The highest frequency of drought in spring is from the index (PC) and in summer is related to PNPI, ZI, Sd and RAI indices. On an annual scale, the highest and lowest frequency estimates were observed with 64% and 41%, respectively, in the PC and PNPI method indices. The origin of sediments in the wells is based on the results of the erosive winds in the region, which are north to northwest with an angle of 330 to 360 degrees (120-day wind in Sistan) and the most important harvest facies, abandoned lands, sandy lands and areas they are the bedrock of Hamoon Lake and the northern plains.Drought is a natural phenomenon of ecosystems that can occur in any region and have major impacts on that region (Freire et al, 2019). Drought is one of the most important natural disasters that causes a lot of damage to agriculture and water resources (Pirmoradian et al. 2008). In addition, this phenomenon is called calm and creeping phenomenon. For this reason, drought is said to be more complex than other natural disasters in that it covers a wider area. In other words, it is the most costly (Fontaine et al, 2009 is a natural disaster in terms of reduced agricultural production and the suffering of farmers. (Downing and Bakker, 2019). Occurrence of drought in Sistan region and consequently decrease of vegetation and drying of Hamoon Lake as well as 120-day winds, have provided suitable conditions for wind erosion and occurrence of dust storms. The chahnimeh are large natural pits at a distance of 50 km from the city of Zabol, to which the excess water of the Helmand River is directed through a canal. These pits are organized to store water and are drained from two Helmand branches with an area of one canal. ChahNimeh water reservoirs, which are the only source of drinking water for the people of Sistan, will be seriously threatened by quicksand in the next few years, and if the influx of sand into these reservoirs is not prevented, the life of this important and very sensitive water source in the region will be endangered. In Sistan region, in a period of almost 30 years, in 1318, 1328, 1337 and 1349, ie almost every 10 years, a drought has been fatally repeated and since 1997, this region has experienced the effects of the recent drought. Bears. Studies show that 14 provinces of the country are affected by wind erosion, of which Sistan and Baluchestan province with 229174 hectares has the highest rank (Iranmanesh et al., 2005). Undoubtedly, the main cause of wind erosion in the study area is the occurrence of sandstorms due to 120-day winds in Sistan. During the last two centuries and especially in the last few decades, destructive and harmful effects have entered the human environment and due to the misuse of natural resources, deserts have expanded rapidly (Ahmadian, 1999). According to the estimation of the wind potential intensity in 60 meteorological stations of the country, Zabol station has the highest frequency and speed. This region is also the second largest occurrence of sandstorms in Asia with an average of 80.7 days per year over a five-year period (1990-1995) (General Department of Natural Resources of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, 2004).In order to conduct this research, first, with direct field observations and field operations, to determine the harvest areas, the sediments in the chahnimeh, transport areas and possible harvest areas were sampled and based on mineralogical characteristics and study. The genetic relationship of the samples to the primary origin of the sediments was investigated. In order to identify the harvest areas, sampling was done from the sand accumulation site, from different points around the reservoirs and from possible harvest areas, and the genetic relationship (similar properties) of the three areas (harvest, transport and sedimentation) was analyzed. Physical and chemical sediments were studied. Also, four synoptic stations (Zabol-Zahak-Helmand-Hamoon) were studied for this research. In order to analyze the seasonal and annual drought, five indices of normal percentage of rainfall (PNPI), standardized Z criterion (ZI), precipitation amplification classification (PC), mean deviation (SDI) and precipitation anomaly (RAI) are used. Drought is an exceptional and unfortunate event that always changes human, plant and environmental ecology in general. Field studies have shown that in the last few years drought, the movement of sand dunes has been so great that it has caused the burial of a large number of residential houses and the invasion of agricultural lands. The damage to water supply facilities and canals is not less than other centers, so that compensating for all this damage will impose a lot of cost and time on society.