مهدی مصطفایی

The fifth century in the history of compiling the principles of Sunni jurisprudence is the era of the formation of comprehensive works based on different schools of thought. One of the important features of this group of compilations is the citation of the fundamental opinions of the scholars of the previous centuries such as Abu Ali Jobbayi, his son Abu Hashem, Abu Abdollah Basri, and Ghazi Abd al-Jabbar, whose books have not reached us, and therefore, there is no other way to know their opinions except to study the fundamental books written in later centuries, especially the fifth century. This century is also considered a turning point in Twelver Shiism. It was the time when the principles of jurisprudence were compiled in an inclusive and comprehensive form, in which there are many citations of Sunni fundamentalists, which can, along with other Sunni sources, be considered as a source for knowing the sayings of Sunni elders, especially those whose writings became impossible to access in later centuries. In this article, by choosing the book "Al-Oddah fi Osul al-Feghh" by Sheikh Tusi, written in the fifth century, and by examining some of the topics of the book, which contain the opinions of Sunni fundamentalists, we have tried to determine the position of the book and the opinions expressed in it from the aforementioned perspective.

The Web 2.0 creates a collaborative and interactive space that can be achieved by launching its features and capabilities in a software environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the priorities of using Web 2.0 features in the Iran's Public Library Management System (Saman) from the perspective of librarians working in the public libraries of Tehran Province.

The present study is a descriptive-survey study which is practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this research included 559 librarians in Tehran public libraries from whom 240 persons were selected based on the Morgan’s table. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire consisting of 103 items, i.e. features, which were categorized into seven main criteria. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by several experts in the area of knowledge and information science (KIS) and its reliability was calculated by the Cronbach's alpha at at 0.98. The questionnaire had questions with a range of five Likert values ​​from 1 to 5. Finally, the Friedman's statistical test was used to analyze the research hypotheses.

The results show that the ability to have a personal profile (included in the criterion of “user's profile”), providing full bibliographic information and the details of documents production (included in the criterion of “full view of souces”), providing guidance (included in the criterion of “content”), and asking the librarian (included in the criterion of “user participation”) have the highest priority from the librarians' viewpoint, and the features of other criteria have equal priority. Furthermore, in the criteria surveyed, those features having characteristics related to social platforms received had lower mean ranks than than other features, and it seems that the main concern of librarians is to search for resources and providing more services in order to identify the resources needed by users in whatever way they will using Web 2.0 features.

Since the priorities of using Web 2.0 features in the Iran's Public Library Management System (Saman) have not been examine till now, results of the present research can be useful for upgrade the Saman software. Moreover, according to the findings, the Saman software support the main feature of Web 2.0 such as user's profile, user participation and notification in a lesser degree than the common features of library softwares such as searching and viewing documents. Therefore, the findings of this research can help the decision makers in this area to make the necessary plans for the future of this software.

In order to study the effect of intercropping of corn with bean and bitter vetch and farmyard manure (FYM) on corn nutrition, a factorial experiment was carried out on the basis of randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The factors were types of intercropping systems at levels of sole bean, bean+corn, sole bitter vetch, bitter vetch+corn, sole corn, and FYM at levels of 0, 30 and 60 tons per hectare. The results showed that intercropping of corn with bean and bitter vetch increased significantly concentrations of N, P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn of corn shoot compared to the sole corn, while it had not significant effect on concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na of corn shoot. The interactive effects of cultivation type and FYM on concentrations of N, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn and Cu of corn shoot were not significant but the effects of cultivation type on concentrations of P, K and Mn of corn shoot were dependent on the level of FYM application. Application of 30 and 60 tons FYM per hectare increased significantly concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn of corn shoot compared to the control. In general, the intercropping of corn with bean and application of FYM at the rate of 60 tons per hectare can be recommended for improving corn nutrition and its forage quality in the study area and similar conditions.

In order to study the effect of intercropping and farmyard manure (FYM) on the growth characteristics, yield and crude protein concentrations of corn (Zea mays L.), bean (Vicia faba L.) and bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia L.), a factorial experiment was carried out on the basis of randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Khalatpooshan Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, during the 2010 growing season on field conditions. The factors were types of intercropping systems at levels of sole bean, bean+corn, sole bitter vetch, bitter vetch+corn, sole corn, and FYM at levels of 0, 30 and 60 tons per hectare. Application of FYM increased forage dry weight, crude protein concentration and stem height of corn, but had no effect on leaf number per plant. Intercropping of corn with bean and bitter vetch decreased stem height and forage dry weight of corn compared to the sole cropped corn. Intercropping of corn with bean and bitter vetch increased crude protein concentration of corn. The biological and grain yield of bean decreased by intercropping of corn with bean, but had no effect on number of seeds per pod and 100 grains weight. Intercropping of corn with bean increased crude protein concentration of bean seeds. Application of FYM increased biological and grain yield, number of seeds per pod, 100 grains weight and crude protein concentration of bean seeds. Intercropping of corn with bitter vetch decreased biological and grain yield, number of axillary shoot and number of seeds per plant of bitter vetch. FYM application and intercropping of corn with bitter vetch increased harvest index, number of pods per plant, 1000 grains weight and crude protein concentrations of bitter vetch shoot and seed. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was more than 1 in all intercropping systems, indicating the high relative efficiency of intercropping over the sole cropping. In general, the intercropping of corn with bean and application of FYM at the rate of 60 tons per hectare can be recommended for improving forage quantity and quality in the study area and similar conditions.