مهدی هاجری

Today, by shifting the main sources of economics from assets and physical resources to knowledge and technology, technology plays a crucial role in the economic progress of countries and their per capita income growth. This increasing role of technology in the economy, has led to technology being taken into account in new economic schools. On the one hand, the successful performance of new industrialized countries in the 70's and 80's inspired new perspectives in the global economy, which emphasized on efficient technological activities at the core of its analysis. On the other hand, because of changes in the global economy and the transformation of the nature of the beneficial economic activities, due to rapid technological changes, economists have also been unwittingly focused on the dynamics of the economic structure. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to study various economic schools from the three perspectives of the global conditions that school emerged in, considering the approach of schools to the dynamics factor and, finally, their approach to the technology and its development, the position of each school Economics is presented in the form of a typology based on attention to two factors of attention to dynamism and technology.

One of the factors that determines which technology valuation method should be selected, is the set of special features of that technology in point and the context around it. This paper aims to identify technology valuation methods in the field of fermentation within the field of biotechnology as an important and widely used technology and rank the valuation techniques for them accordingly. The research methodology is based on a survey carried out and the data collection methods are interviews and distribution of questionnaires. After reviewing the literature, the paper presents its findings which shows 36 indicators identified as key indicators affecting the selection of appropriate technology valuation methods. These indicators are categorized in organizational policies, political and legal environment, and market and industry characteristics, as well as technology features category. Then, the technology valuation methods are ranked within the field of fermentation, by using the questionnaires of the TOPSIS decision-making model completed by technology management experts. The results show that "binomial model," "bargaining power," "Black Scholes" and "market-oriented" are, respectively, the foremost appropriate methods for technology valuation within the field of fermentology.

Nowadays, considering the importance of the role of science and technology in the country’s economic development, the role of knowledge-based firms has become more important in the economic growth of countries. In this regard, financial supports from knowledge-based firms, especially in early stages and in right mechanism, is important. One of the important financial supports is the tax system which help to enhance Knowledge-based firms. Therefore, the design of tax enhancement system for knowledge-based activities is important. So, in this research, the affecting factors on the development of the tax system which is supports knowledge-based activities are identified based on case study research strategy. First, the 14 preliminary affecting factors were identified based on the literature review and interviews with experts and categorized in 4 categories. Then, based on this factors, the policy pattern of tax support from knowledge-based activities is presented. Subsequently, the knowledge-based firms and institutions support laws and commercialization achievements, as this research case and based on the presented policy pattern of tax support from knowledge-based activities, is studied.

Since the concept of knowledge-based economy emerged, the knowledge-based firms, as a main driver of economic growth and development, has become more important. Therefore, identifying and solving their challenges is important too. One of the main challenges of knowledge-based firms is providing their essential funding which need different mechanisms because of their different nature from other enterprises. Understanding the importance of these firms funding, increase the importance of financing funds in technology such as the Innovation and Prosperity Fund. Thus the interaction knowledge-based firms with financial funding and increasing their satisfaction from getting services tailored to their needs has become one of the policy issues for financing funds in innovation area. In this regard, in this research, the affecting factors on reducing satisfaction of knowledge-based firms in cooperation with the Innovation and Prosperity Fund from the viewpoint of the executives and policymakers are identifiead and analyzed based on quantitative and qualitative combination methodology and focusing on the case study research strategy. In the first step, 18 factors that affect on reducing satisfaction of knowledge-based firms in cooperation with national financial funds were identified and classified in 6 categories. After that, based on case study research strategy, these factors are examined in the Innovation and Prosperity Fund and a framework, which shows the affecting factors on reducing satisfaction of knowledge-based firms in cooperation with the Innovation and Prosperity Fund from the viewpoint of the executives and policymakers , is presented.

Stock as the core of the capital market by creating interaction between investors and savers, mobilization and allocation of financial resources is the main determinants of sustained economic growth. With impact of knowledge components on the mobilization of financial resources in the Stock Exchange, this role is more clearly visible, because knowledge as the main resource of innovation and technical changes in the production process causes improvement of the technology, and thus, it causes increasing of productive capacities and productivity of stock's firms. Therefore, knowledge components due to increasing return of stock's firms cause increasing of mobilization of financial resources in stock exchange. The purpose of this study is evaluating of the effect of knowledge components on the mobilization of financial resources in the Iran's stock exchange with quarterly data during the 1998-2014 and using of Ordinary Least Squares. In addition to the knowledge components that include information infrastructure, institutional and economic regimes, the innovations system and education and human resources, stock market development has been considered as one of the determinants of financial resources. The results indicate that each of knowledge components and stock market development, have significant positive impact on the mobilization of financial resources in Iran's stock exchange.

Aim: the aim of this study is to provide a systematic and paradigmatic model of the development of scientific diplomacy based on interviews with experts and officials involved in the field of science and technology and diplomacy.
this study is based on a management strategy with a grounded and autonomous approach to scientific diplomacy and follows the model of development paradigm. To this end, 17 professors, experts and professionals in the field of scientific diplomacy were identified and interviewed. Then, by using data processing concepts, categories of Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 and a paradigmatic model were extracted.
Findings: by using a grounded approach, different stages of the categories identified in relation to the relevant issues, therefore, the categories of ultimate cause, essential causes, efficient cause, conditions, obstacles, capabilities, inductors and outputs were classified.
given the motives resulted from ultimate causes and exigencies related to the essential causes, the development of scientific diplomacy is considered a critical issue by the authorities in the Islamic Republic of Iran by taking conditions, obstacles and capabilities to depict appropriate inductors. Finally, outputs are indicated as the practical and objective results of the development of scientific diplomacy

In recent years, traditional economy replaced with knowledge-based economy in which knowledge, innovation and technology are key determinants of economic growth and wealth creation for countries. Knowledge-based firms which have important role on GDP growth and added value for countries are known as heart of knowledge-based economy. Therefore, solving Knowledge-based firms challenges become more important in decision and policy making. On the other side, science and technology diplomacy is an emerging form of international diplomacy for facing with challenges which science and technology have important role on them. Science and technology diplomacy means using of science and technology capacities to achieve foreign policy objectives and using of diplomacy capacities to advance science and technology. In this study, knowledge-based economy characteristics’ are reviewed, and then knowledge-based firms challenges in terms of innovation system, weak research and development, disproportionate human resource development, inappropriate economic and commercial environment and sanctions are introduced based on library research. Then, based on latent capacity of science and technology diplomacy, numbers of solutions are presented.

Today diplomatic and political relations between countries in order to strengthen science and technology, are increasing under the concept of science and technology diplomacy. Science and technology diplomacy can be defined as a set of strategies and tactics that are employed in foreign policy of a country, and this system operate scientific and technological achievements to upgrade their capacities and this result to fields of science and technology development and then wealth creation and outreach emerge in a country. The aim of this research is to provide a framework for developing science and technology diplomacy in the country. Therefore, key factors which influence science and technology diplomacy of the country are identified through qualitative thematic analysis and a framework inclusive of 4 global theme including of scientific and technological image of country in the world, diplomatic image of the country in the world, the track two diplomacy and institutional arrangements and 25 basic theme are presented.

Technology intelligence is a concept that enables firms to detect technological opportunities and risks which influence their future progress and performance of trade, therefore using this concept by organizations and corporations can be noteworthy. On the other hand, literature has dealt with different models for realization of technology intelligence, and in any of them, multiple stages are introduced. Hence in this research, surveying four models and concluding relevant stages of each, we introduced a model for implementation of technology intelligence concept. In this model three elements which are ignored by existing models - time, requisite activity and management of technology intelligence - are regarded as proposed factors. In this research we used information from libraries to collect the literature. At the end of this article, there is also a suggestion in order to implement further researches.

The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize thewhole country universities’ cultural fund allocation indicators in the ninth and tenth government.
The method of the study is mixed. The research community comprised of 150 experts. 75 returned questionnaires was used for statistical analysis and AHP method, based on 8 cultural experts of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, was used to rank the components.
The results of the research indicate both cultural-political and administrative structure dimensions, which considered in this study, have a significant impact on universities’ cultural fund allocation. In experts view, the cultural-political dimension has more priority than administrative structure.
The article concludes cultural activities implementation with leader statement, commitment to religious activities, prayer, benediction and Islamic Awakening, prioritizing Islamic-Iranian culture, level of relation between universities’ cultural deputies and managers with Staffarea and cooperation with staff in activitiesare indicators which have priority in universities’ cultural fund allocation in ninth and tenth governments onclusion: The authors of the article conclude When using outsourcing strategy of staff training, managers must first evaluate the benefits, costs, opportunities and risks of the outsourcing and then with regard to these cases, in case of usefulness of this strategy for their organization, do further actions in order to implement it.

Today diplomatic and political relations between states are icreasing in order to strengthen science and technology, as well as scientific and technological relations among countries with the aim of improving diplomatic relations between them. This bilateral relations is mentioned as Science and Technology Diplomacy in the scientific and political literature. Codification of science and technology diplomacy policies and use of oppourtunities in order to enhance and develop science and technology and also achieving political goals of our country is only possible with enough recognition of STD aspects and also other countries performance in STD. Therefore, this study is tried to introduce the concept of science and technolgy diplomacy and to evaluate the performance of other countries in STD. United States of America, Germany, Japan, England, France and Islamic Republic of Iran are studied in this research. While there are similaritie, differences and initiatives are shown in the selected countries STD experiences. Obviously, identifying this initiatives will promote Islamic Reppubic of Iran optimal science and technology diplomacy policies.