مهران حبیبی رضایی

Fish epidermal mucus protein extraction for bioassay-guided screening is challenging and variable. In this study, four different protein extraction methods, including acetone, trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-acetone, methanol, and solid-phase extraction (SPE), were investigated to study their efficiency in ultrafiltration and to obtain the appropriate peaks in HPLC to measure biological activities. The presented data shows that the solid phase extraction method is better than the other three tested methods in quantity (total protein yield) and quality (protein profile observed in SDS-PAGE) of proteins and peptides from the epidermal mucus of Caspian monkey goby. On the other hand, due to the epidermal mucus hydrophobic nature, all three extraction methods including acetone, (TCA)-acetone and methanol led to the irreversible proteins aggregation, makes ultrafiltration, HPLC, and consequently bioactivity screening impossible. In this study, the highest amount of protein (4.676 μg/ml) (P<0.01) and the best protein profile (13 bands) were related to solid phase extraction. Also, this method simultaneously leads to the extraction, concentration, and initial purification of the samples and therefore improves the efficiency ultrafiltration and HPLC. Thus, we introduce this method for the isolation of active proteins and peptides from various complex biological samples, including fish epidermal mucus.

The causative virus of Covid-19 is from the family of corona viruses, which causes acute respiratory distress syndrome. The virus that causes Covid-19 is structurally similar to the viruses that cause SARS and MERS diseases, and for this reason, this virus has been called SARS-CoV in scientific circles. This virus uses a special receptor that other corona viruses use for pathogenicity and infection.

In this research, the structure and functional characteristics of virus proteins were investigated using a systematic review method and selection of authentic and up-to-date articles from literature.

Four types of proteins play an important role in this virus: Spike protein, which plays an important role in the overall structure of the virus, and its presence on the surface of the virus creates a crown-like appearance in the virus; Envelope protein that causes pathogenicity and causes infection. Nucleocapsid protein and the Membrane protein, which in addition to playing a role in the structure of the virus, have an effect on increasing infection and also altering the cell cycle. Mutations of this virus have been reported in different parts of the world based on the phylogenetic network and geographic locations of the virus. These mutations sometimes give rise to new strains around the world, which include different types of mutations such as deletions and substitutions. In addition to the mentioned cases, the body's reaction to this virus is very important when it causes an infection, because in some cases, the association of stress with viral infection causes severe inflammatory responses and even autoimmune responses.

The different structures and functions of viral proteins in different variants of SARS-CoV-2 virus play an important role in the severity of symptoms of patients with Covid-19. Therefore, acknowledging these genetic variations is very important in designing and making vaccines and treating patients with Covid-19.

One of the significant achievements of Gerty Theresa Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori is the discovery of the basic biochemical mechanisms involved in the use of energy by muscles and the liver, as well as how to synthesize and break down glycogen for use as energy storage, which was a very effective step in the field of understanding the metabolism of carbohydrates. They played a role in the discovery of the process of storing and releasing cellular energy from carbohydrates and what we know as part of the Cori cycle. Their research led to answering one of the most basic questions about the functioning of biological systems. These research achievements resulted in the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1947 for them, making Gerty Cori the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize. Gerty and Carl Cori's acquaintance and collaboration began when they were students at the Medical School of the German University in Prague, where they published their first joint paper in 1916. They began studying malignant diseases at the Buffalo State Institute after immigrating to America from Prague. However, in the continuation of their studies, they focused on the metabolism of glucose and glycogen in the liver and bloodstream, which led to their important achievements. Gerty and Carl's close collaboration played a key role in their scientific discoveries and successes. Forty-one years of living together and joint scientific cooperation, made a great contribution to the provision of knowledge, including in the discovery and clarification of the active stabilization of blood sugar homeostasis with the participation of the liver and its connection with muscles until Gerty passed away in 1957. In recognition of this scientific couple, their picture was installed in the corridor of the School of Biology of Tehran University in January 1401.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 fatty acids that play a remarkable role in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Various reports have noted the preventive and therapeutic effects of omega 3 fatty acids on inflammatory diseases such as asthma, as well as cardiovascular diseases, oxidative stress-related diseases including Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), together with rheumatoid arthritis, and mental and psychiatric disorders. Moreover, these fatty acids have revealed some preventive effects against cancer and fatty liver disease. Since polyunsaturated fatty acids are not capable to be synthesized in the human body, also humans diet is mostly provided by vegetable oils that contain a high level of omega-6 fatty acids, accordingly, they should be supplied by food sources. Globally, marine resources, especially fish oil, are widely used, as the main providers of these fatty acids. Additionally, the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA, and DHA differ based on the species of the fish. Moreover, the main sources of fish oil are pelagic species, namely salmon, tuna, anchovies, herring, and caplin, which have fatty meat and are suitable to be used for the production of fish feed and fish oil. Alternatively, fish wastes can be used to supply fish oil.

The first and most important step for the purification of omega-3 fatty acids is the extraction of fish oil. In the following, the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids can be done in the extracted fish oil. So far, various methods such as alkaline digestion, Bligh and Dyer method, extraction with isopropyl solvent of alcohol, and... have been reported. But, in this review article, different methods of fish oil extraction including Wet pressing (WP), Cold extraction, enzymatic extraction, and Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), also miscellaneous technologies of omega 3 concentration including Urea complexation (UC), Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC), molecular distillation (MD), and Enzymatic extraction has been investigated.

Due to the growing consumption of omega-3 fatty acids as one of the most important dietary and pharmaceutical supplements, more research and production are needed in this area. Among the methods mentioned above, the wet pressing (WP) method is used as an industrial method for fish oil production. Also, molecular distillation (MD) is a more common and industrial method for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in the world. The concentrated omega-3 fatty acids are mainly in two forms, namely, ethyl esters (mostly in molecular distillation, SFE, and SFC methods) and Triacylglycerols (TAG), the latter have more bioavailability

The production of biotechnological drug proteins plays an important role against disease. The process of producing drug recombinant proteins is not a direct path, because it requires a lot of work and on the other hand, one of the important and significant aspects in the production of proteins is the discussion of their stability and solubility during the expression and purification process. Proteins are stable only in a limited range of temperature and acidity conditions and are highly susceptible to physical and chemical degradation. Today, various solutions have been proposed to increase the solubility and stability of proteins, including guided changes in the protein molecule, and optimization of the instructions for expression, purification and solubility of proteins, which is often the first approach that is not possible. This review article provides solutions to increase the stability of proteins at different levels, including the study of the effect of expression construct design, protein tags and sequences on stability, optimal host cell selection and improved expression conditions. The effect of optimizing buffers used in pharmaceutical formulations such as selecting appropriate amino acids and osmolytes to increase protein stability and how sugars and polyols affect the stability of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins is also investigated.

Bioeconomy, or the part of the economy driven by research and innovation in biotechnology and life sciences, is going to become a major player in the global economy and paint a more beautiful picture of the future of the "current-challenging world." Biotechnology, which has historically and by nature been influential in the biomedical and agricultural sectors, has now dominated other fields. This has been made possible by reducing the cost of developing biological processes, such as DNA synthesis and sequencing, and by increasing the accuracy and efficiency of gene and genome editing tools, such as CRISPR. This coincidence in biological developments and innovative advances in biology has made the occurrence of deconstructive innovations easier and more cost-effective than ever, and has led to the further development of bio-technologies. Following the COVID-19 crisis and the success of biologists in producing vaccines against the pandemic, the McKinsey & Company predicts that the bioeconomy will have a positive economic impact of up to $ 4 trillion a year over the next 10 to 20 years. This leading institute in global economics and management believes that the combination of molecular biology, biological systems, machine learning and computational science will enable humans to produce nearly 60% of the world's raw materials biodegradable. New biotechnology, as it provided the best response to the global challenge of COVID-19, will be able to respond and provide effective solutions to other major global challenges, such as climate change and the gradual destruction of biodiversity. Therefore, it seems that a new era is emerging, bio-revolution. Like all historical moments that have given rise to fundamental changes and deconstructions in economics and technology, the present age is a time of emergence of great opportunities, just as the world will witness remarkable uncertainties. In this article, an attempt has been made to address the cognitive and nature dimensions of this new actor in the global economy, namely bioeconomy.

Biomimetics and bioinspiration science is not only provide the quality improvement of technological products and processes, but also a promising solution for human beings to get out of the problems caused by modern technologies and lifestyles. One of the achievements of this knowledge is the efficient replacement of natural materials such as biopolymers with synthetic chemicals. One of the most abundant biopolymers is chitin and its deacetylate form, chitosan. Chitosan has unique characteristics including biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, non-toxicity, and antimicrobial activation. This biomaterial has found many biomimetics applications in biomedical today, including tissue engineering, wound dressing, drug delivery, bio imaging, and ophthalmology. Chitin is commonly extracted from the waste skin of shrimp and then converted to chitosan. In recent years, researchers have considered an important alternative source of chitin, including insects, due to the limited marine resources. This work reviews the sources, physicochemical, biological, and usages of chitosan in biomedical fields.

The first attempt to organized nomenclature of the inorganic and organic chemicals dates back to the second half of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, the international standardization of chemical nomenclature came to the founding of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1919. Despite the use of the term catalysis with the concept of accelerating chemical reactions in the second half of the eighteenth century, the modern concept of catalysis was introduced in the third decade of the nineteenth century almost at the same time as the introduction of the first enzymatic activity. Nevertheless, the international standardization of enzymes nomenclature was delayed until the sixth decade of the century when the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), (which was renamed as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology or IUBMB) was founded at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. The IUB began to publish reports on the classification and naming of enzymes based on the type of reaction, through organizing the Enzyme Commission (EC), first in consultation with and then in cooperation with the IUPAC. The result was the publication of six reports and 13 supplements naming and classifying enzymes by the end of the twentieth century. Based on this, enzymes were named and classified into 6 classes. Until, 70 years after the international and organized effort to name enzymes and 60 years after the publication of the first report of the Enzyme Commission, a group of enzymes were named as “Translocases” and classified in the seventh class (EC 7). Here, while informing about the addition of the seventh class to the pre-registered 6 classes of enzymes by the Enzyme nomenclature working group from of IUBMB (EN-IUBMB) and the IUBMB/IUPAC Joint Biochemical nomenclature commission (JCBN), the history of enzyme classification and nomenclature from the beginning to the present is reviewed.

In recent years the advent and spread of diverse multidrug-resistant bacteria have been a main object of concern to the medical field and the public health. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, usually positive charge and hydrophobic molecules observed in an extensive array of life forms from prokaryotes to eukaryotes including humans. Introducing the group of molecules has been promising as that has some benefits over the significant world well-being concerns. This research describes the antimicrobial activity of the epidermal exudates extract of Neogobius fluviatilis pallasi and its size-based fractionations for the first time. The results showed that epidermal mucus extract and its fractionations were toxic to Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus with radial of inhibition 12.25 and 19.25 mm, respectively. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi, Yersinia ruckeri were resistant. Proteolytic treatment with proteinase K led to depleting the antibacterial properties of fractions, indicating that the active agent possess a proteinaceous nature. Overall, these results propose that fish skin mucus is a rich and valuable source for finding novel AMPs with potential applications in aquaculture and medicine.

Omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are essential fatty acids that have been shown high potential for preventing many diseases and playing role in human health. Today, the epidemiological evidence for the effects of this group of fatty acids on oxidative stress-related disease including cardiovascular disease, many inflammatory diseases, various types of cancer, fatty liver, mental illness, etc., have been well studied and various studies have been conducted with different perspectives in this regard. These effects are mediated by various biological processes, including changes in the composition of cell membrane fat, gene expression, cellular metabolism, signal transmission, metabolite production, and so on. Omega-3s are essential for people in society, especially those in stressful situations (such as soldiers and military personnel) or depression (such as some veterans), and they are one of the few recommended supplements by the FDA. Therefore, the purpose of this review at first is to study the structure of omega-3 fatty acids and then review the performance of this group on various diseases (with more focus on their anti-inflammatory effects) and the health of the military staff.

Coeliac disease, or celiac sprue, is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine with a genetic background. As a result of immunological responses to gluten consumption, small bowel villi will have damaged and cause malabsorption of nutrients. The symptoms of this disorder appeared due to presence of Gluten, a stored protein in the endosperm of grains such as wheat, barley and rye in the patient’s diet. Gluten made up of two protein components called gliadin and glutinine. An alcohol-soluble component, gliadin, is the main cause of Coeliac disease symptoms. The "N" terminal of gliadin usually has repetitive sequence rich in glutamine, proline, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. Due to the mechanism of Coeliac disease, trans-glutaminease and glutamic acid in the N terminal of Gluten are played very important role. On the other hand, a human leukocyte antigen, HLA-DQ2, as an internal factor, plays a major role in the immunological response. In this study, in addition to introducing the mechanism of celiac disease, the molecular structure of gluten and it interacts with HLA-DQ2 will be reviewed.

Due to the ease of transportation in the modern world and the lack of familiarity with the human immune system, the new coronavirus quickly crossed the borders of the country after it first appeared in China late 2019. Through the rapid spreading to more than 171 countries in the world, it now becomes the biggest challenge after World War II. Tens of thousands of people, including many medical staff, have been infected and thousands have died, but effective and definitive treatment has not yet been reported. On the other hand, concerted global efforts to halt epidemi of the killer virus have been started few months ago and continue by now. To this end, many governments, organizations, institutions and charities around the world have begun to provide serious support to universities and pharmaceutical companies. Because of this monetary support, dozens of vaccines and antibodies have been developed that are in clinical trial stages and are likely to be released soon. In addition to the design of new vaccines and antibodies, other drugs, particularly those used for viral infections, and traditional herbal remedies have also been given the opportunity to re-emerge. Also, many projects have used the potential capacity of stem cells to control this infectious disease. The construction of new and innovative drugs is also on the agenda of scientists. Considering the genetic information of spike protein, several DNA, RNA and protein vaccines have been developed, so far. The spike protein is also a good target for many of the antibodies that are being made, which will neutralize the virus by binding to this protein that protruded from the viral surface. Some pharmacological antibodies, such as Kevzara, Leronlimab, and Actemra, which have previously been used to treat other conditions, have recently been suggested to reduce pulmonary inflammation and facilitate the pulmonary ventilation in the patients. Also, the antiviral medicines Lopinavir, Ritonavir, Remdesivir, Galidesivir, Oseltamivir, Darunavir, Triazavirin, and the antibiotic Brilacidin, and several other important drugs, have attracted the attention of physicians and researchers to combat the disease. The plant-based compounds such as the anti-malarial drug chloroquine, glycyrrhizinate diammonium from licorice root juice, and the Flavonoid baicalin have also shown positive results in controlling this viral disease. This article describes the pioneering plans in the field of trial drugs in various stages of clinical trials for the treatment of covid-19. Throughout the thousands of years of history, mankind has repeatedly experienced the epidemi/pandemi of infectious and fatal diseases, and the recent pandemi will not be the last of them. Therefore, investing in strengthening the scientific and practical infrastructure of our universities and pharmaceutical companies, will bring about lower costs for our country through the similar health crises that will unavoidablyhappen in the future.

In recent decades, there has been considerable interest in magnetic nanoparticles study field, which is an applicable, high, productive, effective since it can be utilized as an agent for the wide bio, experimental, scientific and industrial applications.As the wide range of application ofsuperparamagnetism nano Fe3 O4, especially in bio fields, Magnetite and Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles composed of Fe3 O4 particles stabilised by Silane derivations prepared by the co-precipitation method. For characterization of core-shell crystallographic structure of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles, X-ray diffractometer used. Produced MNPs morphology andtheir size distribution observed by scanning electron microscopy. In order to confirm the modification of magnetite surface with alkyl Silane some physical techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, element analysis (CHNS), and for magnetic measurement of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, and finally for measurement of MNPs surface’s zeta potential and hydrodynamic diameter, zetasizer and Dynamic light Scattering used respectively.Results of referred techniques indicated that all the core-shell MNPs synthesized successfully and major step of functionalization of MNPs well have done.

Inulinase with high thermal stability is preferred to hydrolyze inulin and produce high fructose syrup to increase the rate of conversion, prevent microbial contamination and make inulin more soluble. The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural and functional characteristics of endo inulinase after modification with PLP. To determine the thermal stability, the residual activities of the endo inulinase before and after modification with PLP was measured after 130-minute incubation at 25-65°C while, their activities were measured daily to estimate the shelf stability. Circular Dichroism, absorbance in 280 nm, extrinsic and intrinsic fluorescence were carried out to assay the structural changes and the secondary and territory structure of the endo inulinase before and after modification with PLP. Chromatograms of inulin hydrolysis products were plotted after hydrolysis with either native or PLP modified endo-inulinase using HPLC and the catalytic parameters of both enzymes were calculated. α-helix content increased after modification with PLP. The results of assaying the territory structure including UV-vis and fluorescence emissions confirmed the improved thermal stability of endo inulinase after PLP modification. The results of the shelf stability proved the reduced activity loss of PLP modified inulinase, compared to the native one. Efficiency improvement of PLP modified inulinase for inulin hydrolysis was demonstrated by HPLC. After enzyme modification, Vmax increased and Km decreased which proves the improved efficiency of the PLP modified enzyme.

Artemia is not only a useful food with high nutritional value for most of aquatic larval stage but can also carry many additives. Under the controlled stress stimulates Artemia can manufacture heat shock proteins (HSP) that can induce the growth and survival of existing better. In present work the effect of feeding with nauplii without stress and having stress, Chicory root as a kind of prebiotic compared to formulated feed (control treatment) in a total of 7 tretments, on the growth indices and biometric parameters of post larval stage of Guppy (Poecilia reticulate) were investigated. 51 fishes in each treatment with the almost same size, was randomized in a 3-liter containers and fed for 35 days on 9% body weight. In the early and at the end of experiment the fishes were analyezed and compared biometricaly. The results of the studied parameters such as weight gain, elongation, specific growth rate, condition factor and percent of the weight gain showed that feeding feeding with stressed Artemia nauplius had better effect with exception on condition factor (P<0.05). The treatments fed with Chicory root and formulated food lost the competition with live foods treatments (P>0.05).

Due to limitations in the exploitation of cline water resources, aquaculture cannot meet the growing demand of populations. Artemia is known as one of the important model organisms in researches and the most important live food in the aquaculture industry. In order to investigate the possibility or rearing and quality of cultured Artemia in present study, four different populations of A. urmiana, harvested from different areas of Urmia Lake, were reared in 75g/l salinity in two treatments of fresh water and chlorinated (3 ppm) waste water. The animals were fed with a combination of single-celled algae and single-celled yeast according to standard protocols. The growth and survival of the Artemia were measured on the third, seventh, eleventh, fifteenth and twentieth day of culture. At the end of the period, resistance to high temperatures of 35 and 38 centigrade and high salinities 360, 280, 240, 180, 120ppt were examined by adult Artemia. This study showed there are significant differences in the growth and resistance to environmental stresses (p<0.05) between different populations of A. urmiana obtained from different areas of the Lake. According to the results, rearing by the waste water was very effective in all growth factors, survival and resistance to environmental stresses compared to fresh water (p <0.05). The results of present study revealed that the chlorinated municipal wastewater is suitable for artificial rearing of Artemia which could produce a biomass with better growth rate and resistant to environmental conditions.

Curcumin as the biologic active of turmeric has many biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-cancer activities. Although poor solubility of curcumin leads to limitation of its medical and biological properties, but many high quality studies show that it has major benefits for digestive and defensive systems of both humans and animals, and displays activities against a variety of diseases. Curcumin’s effective ability of inhibition protein fibrillation and inhibition of ROS production studied by this group confirms these claims. It reacts to more than 30 proteins, and modulates their function by direct or indirect reactions. Extensive research has been done on increasing its activity, solubility and curative effects on human health. But it is imperative that well-designed clinical trials, supported by better formulations of curcumin or novel routes of administration be conducted to improve its bioavailability. In this review, we describe some of the biological and physicochemical properties, the mode of actions, and the therapeutic usages of curcumin.

Aim and Amyloids are fibrilar protein structures produced from aggregation of proteins and peptide together. In recent years amyloid fibrils are being noticed as new experimental nanomaterials and from this view the induction of proteins to amyloids could be beneficial. In this study, the fibrillation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein is optimized.
Different pHs of 1, 2, 3, 4.7 and 7.4 of Bovine Serum Albumin were prepared in Mixed Citrate–Phosphate buffer and agitated for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hour in 100 RPM in various temperatures (40–80 ºC) for preparing protein fibrils. Then the amount of amyloid fibrils was detected by spectrophotometric congored binding assay.
In this research, effect of four variables include temperature, pH, time of incubation and protein concentration was investigated on fibrillogenesis and results were confirmed by congored spectrophotometric method as λmax and absorbance in λmax (Aλmax) accompanying with transmission electron microscopy. The optimum condition for fibrillogenesis was specified in 5 mg.ml-1 of protein and buffer pH of 3 after 72 hour incubation in 70ºC.
Simple congored spectrophotometric method could be used as primary test for evaluating protein nanobiofibrils and absorbance in λmax is introduced as a valid indicator in this way.

Amigdalin (also known as laetrile or vitamin B17) a cyanogenic compounds, is widely distributed in plants, especially in the rosaceous plant seed, for example, apricot, peach, cherry, etc. It is a natural product that owns antitumor activity, less side effects and relatively low priced. Numerous studies have documented that amygdalin has antitussive and antiasthmatic effects, as well as an effects on the digestive system. Moreover, the pharmacological effects also include inhibition of renal interstitial fibrosis, prevention of pulmonary fibrosis, resistance to hyperoxia induced lung injury, immune suppression, immune regulation, antitumor, anti inflammatory and antiulcer. Different scientist tried to investigate the pharmacological activity, toxicity and antitumor effect in recent years, providing new insights for the development of new anticancer drugs, new targets searching and natural antitumor mechanism. In this paper summarizes published reports including different positive and negative utilization aspects of amigdalin and gives a better understanding of the known

Besides nutritional value, honey has been widely appreciated in medicinal use since ancient times. The antibacterial properties of honey on a wide variety of microorganisms, particularly bacteria causing wound infections, has been demonstrated. Due to the resistance of many bacteria to antibiotics, this feature of honey is particularly important. Honey composition is diverse according to plant origin, geographical area and also processing methods. Proteins and enzymes are the most important components of honey, which are crucial in determining its quality. Floral origin is one of the most important parameters of honey quality and is economically important. For attribution of floral and geographical origin in the composition and therapeutic properties of honey, the necessity of assessing and evaluating new honey types from different floral species and various environmental conditions will be approved. Considering the advantage of the climate diversity and vegetation of Iran, improving the quantity and quality of production, processing and supply of honey in the country, not only impact on the public health promotion and increase participation in agricultural products, can improve the country’s pivotal role in providing the regional standards is honey.

The industrial application of enzymes which can withstand in harsh condition such as high salinity and temperature has greatly increased. An extracellular halophilic and moderately thermophilic pullulanase was produced under stress conditions by a newly isolated extreme haloarchaeal strain designated as Ha25 in culture medium with 23% of total salt. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis with phenotypic characterization places strain Ha25 in the genus Halorubrum. The enzyme production corresponded with growth and reached a maximum level during the mid-stationary phase. The isolate was capable of producing pullulanase in the presence of sodium chloride and the maximum enzyme production was at 3-4 M NaCl (85 U/ml). Optimum pH and temperature for enzyme production were 7.0 and 45 °C, respectively. Various carbon sources including maltose, starch and pullulan was inducing enzyme production, while glucose repressed production of enzyme. No cell growth and enzyme production was observed in the lack of Magnesium ions and the optimum concentration was 0.1 M. The maximum pullulanase activity was obtained in the medium containing 3 M NaCl at 50 °C, with 25% and 72% activity reductions at temperature 45 and 35°C, respectively. The optimum pH for activity of enzyme was 8.0, with 49.5% and 32.4% residual activities at pH 6 and 9, respectively.

Halophiles، especially haloarchaea are one of the most important groups of extremophiles. Halophilic hydrolases have been studied worldwide and have been considered for biotechnology and industrial technologies. This study is the first report in amylopullulanase production in halophilic microorganisms. Materials and method s: A halophilic archaeon، Halorubrum sp. strain Ha25، produced extracellular halophilic organic solvent-tolerant amylopullulanase. The enzyme was purified using ethanol precipitation and anion exchange chromatography method. Molecular mass of purified enzyme was determined by SDS–PAGE method. After purification، the enzyme was characterized. To study the effects of organic solvents in the stability of the enzyme، the enzyme solution was incubated in the presence of various organic compounds and then، residual enzyme activity was measured. Mode of action of the enzyme was determined by thin-layer chromatography. Molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 140 kDa by SDS–PAGE method. Optimum temperature for amylolitic and pullulytic activities was 50 °C. Optimum pH for amylolitic activity was 7. 0 and for pullulytic activity was 7. 5. This enzyme was active over a wide range of concentrations (0-4. 5 M) of NaCl. The effect of organic solvents on the amylolitic and pullulytic activities showed that this enzyme was more stable in the presence of non-polar organic solvents than polar solvents. The enzyme solely hydrolyzed pullulan and soluble starch to glucose. Discussion and Halorubrum sp. strain Ha25 produces thermophilic and extremely halophilic amylopullulanase. The catalytic function under multi extreme condition of high temperature، high salinity، and low water activity might possess biotechnological and commercial values such as treatment waste solutions with starch residues، high salt content and solvents.

Hemoglobin (Hb) variability is a commonly used index of phylogenetic differentiation and molecular adaptation in fish enabling them to adapt to different ecological conditions. In this study, the characteristics of Hbs from two Sturgeon species of the Southern Caspian Sea Basin were investigated. After extraction and separation of hemoglobin from whole blood, the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), cellulose acetate electrophoresis,and isoelectric focusing (IEF) were used to confirm Hb variabilities in these fishes. We showed that although both species have variable Hbs with different isoelectric points, their dominant Hbs can be identified. Ion exchange on CM-cellulose chromatography was used for purification of the dominant Hbs from these fishes. The accuracy of the methods was confirmed by IEF and SDSPAGE. Spectral studies using fluorescence spectrophotometery indicated that although the Hbs from these fishes had similar properties. A comparative study of Hbs alpha-helix secondary substructures was performed by circular dichroism spectropolarimetry (CD) analysis. The thermal denaturation properties of the Hbs were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). UV–vis spectrophotometery was also utilized to measure oxygen affinity of Hbs by sodium dithionite. Oxygen affinities of these Hbs were compared using Hb–oxygen dissociation curves. Together, these results demonstrate a significant relationship between oxygen affinity, hydrophobicity, themostability and alpha-helix secondary substructures of fish hemoglobins and environmental partial pressure of oxygen.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of protein hydrolysate on rainbow trout alevine survival after bacterial challenge. Six diets based on different levels of sardine (Sardinella gibossa) protein hydrolysate (SPH) and poultry by-products protein hydrolysate(PPH) (10% , 25% and 50%) were tested. After nutrition period, the gastrointestinal section was separated by the sterile method and content of total count and Lactobacillus bacteria was measured. Also 60 fish was challenged by the Aeromonas salmonicida for 24 hours. Intestinal bacterial flour was higher in the FPH 25% and 50% treatments in compare to 10% and control (p 0.05). Results showed that FPH had better effect than PPH and this two protein hydrolysates in 25% replacement by fish protein in diet enhances the survival and non-specific immunity to Aeromonas salmonicida.

Various approaches have been offered for resolution of pain resulting from spinal cord injuries. One approach is the use of herbal and natural products. In the present research، as a preliminary study، we investigate the effect of crocin on chronic pain induced by contusion in the rat spinal cord (SCI). We randomly divided female Wistar rats into five groups. Groups I and II were contused at the L1 level and immediately treated with crocin (50 mg/kg). These groups were sacrificed after 2 hours and 1 week، respectively. The remaining three groups consisted of group III (control group)، group IV (treated with crocin and no contusion)، and group V (the contused group that underwent no treatment). Groups III-V were sacrificed after one week. The mechanical behavioral test that used Von Frey hairs; the thermal behavioral test that used a hot-plate and the locomotor recovery test with Basso، Beattie and Bresnahn (BBB) scoring were conducted daily to evaluate the extent of injury and recovery of the rats. The calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) was determined in the animals'' plasma by the ELISA kit. The results showed a significant increase in plasma CGRP of contused rats that significantly reduced following crocin treatment. The behavioral tests were not changed significantly due to this treatment. The present study shows the beneficial effects of crocin treatment that may occur by decreasing CGRP on chronic pain induced by SCI. This project is continuing using higher dose of crocin for longer time.