فهرست مطالب مهین دخت کاظمی

Due to the transnational nature of carbon dioxide emissions, more countries are required to participate in achieving global emission reduction targets. Designing and selecting policy tools to increase countries' incentives for participation is critical. Because cost reduction is costly, countries are usually looking for ways to maximize net profits. Emission permit trading markets are one of the best and most efficient policies in this field. With the increasing emission share of BRICS and Iran, proper participation and policy-making in these countries have become more important. In order to develop literature and examine the impact of using this tool on Iran's reducing costs, after determining the allowable emission cap and estimating the cost of achieving the allowable cap, the amount of savings resulting from market participation has been calculated. The results show that if Iran does not participate in the formed coalitions, the cost of reducing the emissions will be equal to $ 17125422.5 However, with the formation of the coalition between Iran and the countries of China, India, and South Africa, this cost will be reduced to $ 16689688.9 million, and the amount of savings will be $ 435733.6 million.

Within the last 3 decades, fossil fuels have been the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. Energy intensive industries are the main energy-consuming sectors in Iran. Non-metallic mineral products, basic metals, and chemical products are considered to be the most energy intensive industries in Iran. this paper means to evaluate the environmental efficiency of industrial sector during 2008-2013, using RAM model, one of the slacks based model on DEA and also will separate the desirable and undesirable outputs. According to the results the least environmental efficiency belongs to producers of cement, lime, gypsum, brick, other non-flammable ceramic or crockery wares and non-metallic mineral products.Besides, sectors with the highest potential in reduction of co2 emmisions are listed as cement, lime, gypsum, brick, major chemicals expect for fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds and finally other industries.

The Increasing share of greenhouse gas emissions in emerging economies and Iran will increase the need for their participation in greenhouse gas emissions reduction programs. The proper allocation of CO2 emission quotas could provide a solid foundation for future emission trading between countries. There are many approaches in allocating emission quotas. Based on the radial zero sum gains data envelopment (ZSG-DEA) allocation model, this paper uses a non-radial ZSGDEA model to allocate CO2 emissions between BRICS Countries and Iran. Unlike previous studies treating CO2 as an input variable, we treat CO2 as an undesirable output variable, which can be distributed between countries based on Pareto optimality conditions. Our model results indicate that countries with higher efficiency would witness an increase in their emission allowances. The allocation of CO2 emission quotas according to (ZSG-DEA) allocation model, results in an optimal allocation of CO2 emissions in all countries. Our model results will increase the pressure on China to reduce emissions, while Russia will have less responsibility for reducing emissions. We can thus conclude that optimal policy making should be based on a set of indicators of a country's economic development.

Efficiency is the (often measurable) ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result. In a more general sense, it is the ability to do things well, successfully, and without waste.In more mathematical or scientific terms, it is a measure of the extent to which input is well used for an intended task or function (output). It often specifically comprises the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort. Efficiency of course refers to very different inputs and outputs in different fields and industries.In recent years, financial institutions have experienced a dynamic, fast-paced, and competitive environment at a cross-border scale. One of the fastest growing industries is banks.The banking industry around the globe has been transformed in recent years by unprecedented consolidation and cross-border activities.The bank efficiency ratio is a quick and easy measure of a bank's ability to turn resources into revenue. An increase in the efficiency ratio indicates either increasing costs or decreasing revenues. Considering efficiency of banks in each country is one of the main fundamentals of the financial market and a necessary step to achieve economic growth and development.Especially, in recent years with addition managementresponsibility, this matter became premiere. An efficient bank with use of human force, Deposits, Buildings, equipment and materials obtain output and efficient maximum. A Famous method for efficient calculationis DEA method.Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric method in operations research and economics for the estimation of production frontiers.It is used to empirically measure productive efficiency of decision making units (or DMUs). Although DEA has a strong link to production theory in economics, the tool is also used for benchmarking in operations management, where a set of measures is selected to benchmark the performance of manufacturing and service operations.Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been recognized as a valuable analytical research instrument and a practical decision support tool. DEA has been used for both production and cost data. Utilizing the selected variables, such as unit cost and output, DEA software searches for the points with the lowest unit cost for any given output, connecting those points to form the efficiency frontier. Any company not on the frontier is considered inefficient. A numerical coefficient is given to each firm, defining its relative efficiency. Different variables that could be used to establish the efficiency frontier are: number of employees, service quality, environmental safety, and fuel consumption.As regards, banks accept control on their branches operation and work in this study we measured the efficiency of Mellat bank branches in the North Khorasan province for the years 1386-1388. The studies are in four distinct categories: (1)Presentation of past research short description, (2)Present of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, research model and variables,(3)Interpretation of model estimation result, (4) researchDeduction and suggestion.Types of performance calculated in this study are consist of technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency that they are investigated with two assumption constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS). Technical efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given set of inputs is used to produce an output. A firm is said to be technically efficient if a firm is producing the maximum output from the minimum quantity of inputs, such as labor, capital and technology. Allocative efficiency is a state of the economy in which production represents consumer preferences; in particular, every good or service is produced up to the point where the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of producing. Economic efficiency is implies an economic state in which every resource is optimally allocated to serve each person in the best way while minimizing waste and inefficiency. When an economy is economically efficient, any changes made to assist one person would harm another. The CRS assumption only may operate, if corporation isoperated in optimum scale. The various questions caused institution don’t operation inoptimum scale, for example:competitive effects, financial constraint and whatnot.The CRS assumption, as long as,all institutes don’t operation inoptimum scale,technical efficiencyamounts is computed will be disturbed.In use ofvariable returns to scale is cause technical efficiency (Inclusive:scale efficiency quantity and management efficiency) analyze exactly. In the DEA method use two variablespack: A) entry variable (inputs), B)output variables. Accordingly, the research variables was determinant according to the Intermediate attitude, therefore the input variables are including deposits, fixed assets and personnel and the output variables are including interest-free loans and facilities in the form of swap contracts. The research results show that in average three-year(1386-1388), technical efficiency, allocation efficiency and economic efficiency, with assumption of the CRS, respectively were 0/747, 0/79, 0/59, and with assumption of the VRS, were 0/91, 0/88 and 0/80. Also, in years 1386 to 1388, respectively 33, 27 and 40 percent of branches in both CRS and VRS were efficient. Furthermore, the average economic performance in both CRS and VRS has not changed much. Although, resultswith assumption of theVRS have superioraverage, but that operation only show Short termefficiency and short termefficiencysize cannot be suitable criterion for adjustmentefficiencyrecovery plan.

All economists regard investment as the driving force of economic growth, and consider foreign direct investment as a growth and development factor, which brings about update technology and improves the employment level, management capabilities, trade balances and competitiveness. Thus, today the majority of countries try to attract foreign capital. However, before any investment, multinational companies usually assess the situation in the host country, including its political system, which determines how investing companies are dealt with in that country. More importantly, such companies are interested in investment in politically stable conditions. In this paper, political risks hindering foreign investment are explored. It is argued that political risk is a dissuasive factor for foreign direct investment, particularly in the third world countries. In such circumstances, “political risk insurance” can be helpful for attracting foreign capital to developing countries.

This study, using ARDL model, examines the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and indicators of financial development with variables such as real per capita non-oil income, per capita energy consumption and ratio of import and export to GDP in Iran during the period 1352-1390.The results show that long-run elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions with respect to real per capita income, per capita energy consumption and export in Iran are positive and with respect to import is negative. According to the results, the ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP and private sector debt to the banking system to GDP have positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions in the long run, (0.257) and (0.304) and in the short run (0.175) and (0.233) in Iran respectively. In addition, the effect of the ratio of commercial bank domestic assets to central bank and total assets of banking system on CO2 emissions in Iran in the long run is non-significant and in the short run is estimated at 90% significance level and about (-0.205). The Causality test results show that there is a short run one-way causal relationship of the three indicators of financial development on emissions of carbon dioxide in Iran.

This article seeks to investigate the effect of trading policies on economic growth in number of developing countries via comparison of in-ward and out-ward oriented trade policies effects. To achieve this, a pooling data analysis, panel data regression and fixed effect module were applied to justify the fact that trade liberalization has a positive impact on economic growth rate in mentioned countries and trade restriction will slow down the race of economic growth. This comparison was carried out through countries classified into two major groups of in-ward and out-wards oriented trade policies and following four subgroups: 1. countries with trade policy quite out-ward oriented, 2. countries with trade policy moderately out-ward oriented, 3. The policy states moderately in-ward oriented and eventually 4. Countries with completely in-ward oriented trade policy. The results vividly demonstrate the countries with out-ward oriented policy have developed better than the countries with in-ward oriented policy. On the other hand, among the countries with out-ward oriented trade policy, those that have adopted moderately out-ward oriented trade policy have experienced better results.

Strategic trade policy focuses primarily on trade policy in the presence of oligopoly. This policy is defined as trade policy that alters a strategic relationship between firms. This definition implies that the existence of a strategic relationship between firms is a necessary precondition for the application of strategic trade policy. In this term, domestic government may undertake some trade policy intervention. If it intervenes, it changes the payoffs to the firms arising from the various possible combinations of actions by the firms. Introducing or increasing an export subsidy to the domestic firms causes the output and profit of the domestic firm to rise and output and profit of the foreign firms to fall. In this paper, I show some interesting results as follows: First, It is shown that when the governments decided to subsidize firms in the cournot competition, it increases both firm's output and export. Second, in the cournot competition, when each firm has identical cost, the welfares under the bilateral intervention are smaller than under no intervention. Third, in the cournot competition, when each firm has identical cost, the welfare under the unilateral intervention is bigger than under no intervention. Forth, if the rival government choose intervention policy, national government has to interven to prevent a decrease in export and the market share of internal firms.

These funds which started to establish since 1967 with a political-revolutionary and economic point of view, and continued their operations under the supervision of Islamic Economy Organization as official institutions after the victory of Islamic Revolution, are now regarded as an intricate for the economy of Iran. The problem of bankruptcy of these institutions is going to become as a nation-wide crisis and in addition to negative effects on the economy, it has dangerous social consequences for the money and capital market of the country. The Credit Co-operations and Gharz-al-Hasane Funds which are expanding everyday have practically changed into profit-based money intermediaries. They accept deposits at high rates and lend money to their clients. According to the authorities of the Central Bank of Iran, they are not anymore non-profit Qarz-al-Hasane Funds, because their activities are not limited to small emergency loans. Many of these institutions in addition to accepting Rial deposits, they accept foreign exchange deposits and practically, practice under ground activities. In addition to opening current accounts and time deposits, they pay profit (interest) to depositors, and issue checking accounts, which are some of their violations. Their activities are not under the control of the Central Bank, and create disorder in the money and capital market and some times work on opposite direction of monetary policies.The aim of the present paper is to study the difficulties created by the operation of these institutions without the control and supervision of the central bank. These difficulties include growth of liquidity, the increase of multiplier, extending loans in access to their capacity, without having any legal deposits at the central bank, and more over, conducting artificial activities and money laundering. Some strategies for improving their activities under the supervision of the central bank will be presented at the end of this paper.